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微观经济学词汇完整版
Ten Principles of Microeconomics
#1: People Face Tradeoffs
#2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It
#3: Rational People Think at the Margin
#4: People Respond to Incentives
#5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off
#6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity
#7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes
#8: A Country&s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services
#9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money
#10: Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and Unemployment
scarcity 稀缺性the limited nature of society&sresources
efficiency 效率the property of society getting themost it can from its scarce resources
equity 公平the property of distributing economicprosperity fairly among the membersof society
opportunity cost 机会成本whatever must be given up to obtainsome item
marginal changes 边际变动small incremental adjustments to aplan of action
market economy 市场经济an economy that allocates resourcesthrough the decentralized decisionsof many firms and households asthey interact in markets for goodsand services
market failure 市场失灵a situation in which a market left onits own fails to allocate resourcesefficiently
externality 外部性the impact of one person&s actions onthe well-being of a bystander
market power 市场势力the ability of a single economic actor(or small group of actors) to have asubstantial influence on marketprices
productivity 生产力the amount of goods and servicesproduced from each hour of aworker&s time
Phillips curve 菲利普斯曲线a curve that shows the short-runtradeoff between inflation andunemployment
circular-flow diagram 循环流向图a visual model of the economy thatshows how dollars flow throughmarkets among households and firms
production possibilities frontier 生产可能性边界a graph that shows the combinationsof output that the economy canpossibly produce given the availablefactors of production and theavailable production technology
microeconomics 微观经济学the study of how households andfirms make decisions and how theyinteract in markets
macroeconomics 宏观经济学the study of economy-widephenomena, including inflation,unemployment, and economicgrowth
positive statements 实证表述claims that attempt to describe theworld as it is
normative statements 规范表述claims that attempt to prescribe howthe world should be
reverse causality 反向因果关系
competitive market竞争性市场a market in which there are manybuyers and many sellers so that eachhas a negligible impact on the marketprice
price takers& 价格接受者those who have no impact on price but can only accept the price
Perfectly competitive markets 竞争充分市场
One such market, called an oligopoly寡头市场, has a few sellers that do not always compete aggressively
law of demand：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises
law of supply：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises
normal good正常商品：a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand
inferior good劣质商品：a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand
substitutes替代品：two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other
complements互补品： two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other
demand schedule 需求表：a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
supply schedule：a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
ceteris paribus其它条件不变：a Latin phrase, translated as &other things being equal,& used as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant
A 10 percent increase in the price causes a 12 percent drop in teenage smoking （这句话让我说肯定是in smoking among teenagers）
At an even lower price, you may choose to go out of business altogether (这个词的用法以前没怎么注意，此处可以翻译为&直接&)
Equilibrium 均衡a situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balance
equilibrium price均衡价格the price that balances supply and demand
equilibrium quantity均衡数量the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the price has adjusted to balance supply and demand
The equilibrium price is sometimes called themarket-clearing price市场出清价格because, at this price, everyone in the market has been satisfied: Buyers have bought all they want to buy, and sellers have sold all they want to sell
There is no upward or downward pressure on the price
law of supply and demand供需法则the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance
shortage短缺a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied
surplus过剩a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded
Elasticity弹性a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants
price elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price
income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers& income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income
cross-price elasticity of demand需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage changein quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good
price elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price
Demand for a good is said to be elastic if the quantity demanded responds substantially to changes in the price. Demand is said to be inelastic if the quantity demanded responds only slightly to changes in the price.
midpoint method 中点法经济学中计算弹性的一种方法
elastic demand 弹性需求
inelastic demand 非弹性需求
price ceiling 最高限价a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold (impose a price ceiling/floor)
price floor 最低限价a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold
When the government imposes a binding price ceiling on a competitive market, a shortage of the good arises, and sellers must ration the scarce goods among the large number of potential buyers.
tax incidence 税收归宿the study of who bears the burden of taxation
payroll tax: 工资税
A tax burden falls more heavily on the side of the market that is less elastic.
welfare economics 福利经济学the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being
willingness to pay 支付意愿the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good
consumer surplus 消费者剩余a buyer&s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays
producer surplus生产者剩余the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller&s cost
marginal buyer 边际买家the buyer who would leave the market first if the price were any higher
marginal seller 边际卖家the seller who would leave the market first if the price were any lower
efficiency效率the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society
equity公平the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society
In some markets, a single buyer or seller (or a small group of them) may be able to control market prices. This ability to influence prices is called market power 市场势力.
market failure市场失灵&the inability of some unregulated markets to allocate resources efficiently
deadweight loss无谓损失/社会净损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax
Taxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from realizing some of the gains from trade.
The greater the elasticities of supply and demand, the greater the deadweight loss of a tax.
marginal tax rate 边际税率
underground economy 地下经济
Laffer curve 拉弗曲线
supply-side economics 供应经济学
world price 世界价格the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good
import quota 进口配额a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically
deadweight loss 无谓损失/社会净损失：是指由于未处于最优运行状态而引起的, 也就是当偏离时, 所损失的和。
externality 外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有害或有益的影响
positive externality 正外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有益影响
negative externality 负外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有害影响
social cost 社会成本：是从社会角度来看的成本，等于生产成本加上给他人和社会所带来的损失
internalizing an externality 外部性内化altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions
technology spillover 技术外溢：指外商投资、跨国贸易等对东道国相关产业或企业的产品开发技术、生产技术、管理技术、营销技术等产生的提升效应
technology policy 技术政策Government intervention in the economy that aims
to promote technology-enhancing industries is called technology policy
property right 财产权
Coase theorem 科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own
transaction costs 交易成本the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain
Command-and-control policies （命令-控制性政策）regulate behavior directly
Market-based policies （市场性政策）provide incentives so that private decision makers will choose to solve the problem on their own
Pigovian tax 庇古税 a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality
If you have ever been stuckin bumper-to-bumper traffic
Tradable pollution permits 可转让污染许可证
Right to pollute /pollution right 污染权
A moment&s thought （稍作思考）reveals a long list of goods that the songwriter could have had in mind
Excludability 排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it
Rivalry 竞争性the property of a good whereby one person&s use diminishes other people&s use
private goods 私人物品goods that are both excludable and rival
public goods 公共物品goods that are neither excludable nor rival
common resources 共有资源goods that are rival but not excludable
natural monopoly 自然垄断/自然独占
excludable goods 排他性物品
rival goods 竞争性物品
toll road 收费公路
free rider 搭便车者/免费享用公共物品者a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it
profit-seeking firms tend to free ride（作动词用）on the knowledge created by others
cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing apublic good
Tragedy of the Commons 公地悲剧a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole
Today, all taxes taken together&including personal income taxes, corporate income taxes, payroll taxes, sales taxes, and property taxes&use up about a third of the average American&s income
In many European countries, the tax bite is even larger.
The family&s tax liability (how much it owes) is then based on its total income.
charitable donation/giving慈善捐款
When the government runs a budget surplus, it uses the excess receipts to reduce its outstanding debts
average tax rate 平均税率total taxes paid divided by total income
marginal tax rate 边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income
benefits principle 受益原则the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services
vertical equity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts
horizontal equity 横向公平the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount
proportional tax 比例税a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income
regressive tax 累退税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
progressive tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
Would it be more fair to give the Smiths a tax break 税收减免 to help them offset their high medical expenses?
flypaper theory 粘蝇纸理论of tax incidence. According to this theory, the burden of a tax, like a fly on flypaper, sticks wherever it first lands. This assumption, however, is rarely valid
flat tax单一税率
total revenue总收益 the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output
total cost 总成本the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production
explicit costs显性成本input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm
implicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm
economic profit经济利润total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs
accounting profit 会计利润total revenue minus total explicit cost
production function 生产函数the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good
marginal product 边际产量the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input
diminishing marginal product 边际产量递减the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases
fixed costs固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced
variable costs 可变成本costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced
average total cost 平均总成本total cost divided by the quantity of output
average fixed cost 平均固定成本fixed costs divided by the quantity of output
average variable cost 平均可变成本variable costs divided by the quantity of output
marginal cost 边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production
efficient scale有效规模 the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost
average total cost is high because the fixed cost is spread 分摊 over only a few units
economies of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases
diseconomies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases
constant returns to scale规模报酬不变the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same asthe quantity of output changes
water-efficient shower heads 莲蓬头
competitive market 竞争性市场a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker
each seller can sell all he wants at the going price 现行价格
To keep matters concrete, let&s consider a specific firm
average revenue 平均收益total revenue divided by the quantity sold
marginal revenue 边际收益the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold
At the profit-maximizing level of output, marginal revenue and marginal cost are exactly equal
the land lies fallow 休耕
sunk cost 沉没成本a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered
shutdown 歇业
While a competitive firm is a price taker价格接受者, a monopoly firm is a price maker 价格制定者
A firm is a monopoly/monopolist 垄断者if it is the sole seller of its product and if its product does not have close substitutes.
The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry 进入壁垒
An industry is a natural monopoly自然垄断when a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.
In competitive markets 竞争性市场, price equals marginal cost. In monopolized markets 垄断性市场, price exceeds marginal cost.
Sometimes companies merge not to reduce competition but to lower costs through more efficient joint production. These benefits from mergers are sometimes called synergies 协同效应
Yet in many cases firms try to sell the same good to different customers for different prices, even though the costs of producing for the two customers are the same. This practice is called price discrimination 价格歧视.
To understand why a monopolist would want to price discriminate
In particular, one such force is arbitrage 套利, the process of buying a good in one market at a low price and selling it in another market at a higher price in order to profit from the price difference.
We begin by assuming that the monopolist can price discriminate perfectly. Perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视describes a situation in which the monopolist knows exactly the willingness to pay of each customer and can charge each customer a different price.
Economists call this situation imperfect competition不完全竞争
Oligopoly 寡头垄断a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products
The essence of an oligopolistic market 寡头市场 is that there are only a few sellers. As a result, the actions of any one seller in the market can have a large impact on the profits of all the other sellers
monopolistic competition垄断竞争a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical
oligopolistic market寡头市场
oligopolist寡头
duopoly双寡头垄断
collusion串通an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge
cartel卡塔尔/垄断联盟a group of firms acting in unison
Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen
game theory博弈论the study of how people behave in strategic situations
prisoners& dilemma囚徒困境a particular &game& between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial
dominant strategy优势策略a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players
resale price maintenance转售价格维持
fair trade公平交易
predatory pricing掠夺性定价 a pricing strategy intended to force competitors out of market with a short-term big price cut in order to gain a monopoly position in the long term.
Over time, Microsoft has added many features to Windows that were previously stand-alone products单独销售产品
excess capacity 产能过剩
No ethical principle says that programmers are more deserving
factors of production 生产要素the inputs used to produce goods and services
The demand for a factor of production is a derived demand 衍生需求. That is, a firm&s demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in another market
marginal product of labor劳动边际产量the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor
value of the marginal product 边际产量价值the marginal product of an input times the price of the output
physical capital实物资本
human capital 人力资本
technological knowledge 科技知识
compensating differential 补偿性工资差别a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs
union 工会a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions
efficiency wages 效率工资above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity
comparable worth 可比价值a doctrine according to which jobs deemed comparable should be paid the same wage
poverty rate 贫困率the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty line
poverty line 贫困线an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in poverty
in-kind transfers 实物转移transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash
life cycle 生命周期the regular pattern of income variation over a person&s life
permanent income 持久收入a person&s normal income
utilitarianism 功利主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in society
utility 效用a measure of happiness or satisfaction （according to utilitarians, is the ultimate objective of all public and private actions. The proper goal of the government, they claim, is to maximize the sum of utility of everyone in society.）
liberalism 自由主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a &veil of ignorance&
maximin criterion 最大最小准则the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in society
libertarianism 放任自由主义the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute income
welfare 福利government programs that supplement the incomes of the needy
negative income tax 负所得税a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income households
中英翻译有多难--看案例
2008年，中国经济内忧外患，国内宏观调控用力过猛，国际金融危机又袭，叠加效应下，经济直线滑落。出手快、出拳重的&四万亿&稳住了当年经济下滑的局面，药效之好为其他经济体所未见，但天量信贷的投放，也带来了两年后的恶性通胀，以及持续至今的国进民退，不仅结构调整迟滞，整体经济活力显著下降，时至今日，地方政府融资平台债务风险始终存在，银行业潜在的坏账损失也可能随之增加。尽管&救经济是第一要务&可以为当日政策之辩护，但既有前车之鉴，提振经济就不能重蹈旧日覆辙。
In 2008, China&s economy was fraught with both internal and external problems. The combination of over-strengthened domestic macro control and global financial crisis resulted in plummeting economic growth. In response, a massive 4-trillion stimulus package was quickly introduced, which reversed the economic downturn and achieved outcomes unrivalled by other economies. However, pumping excessive credit into the economy also triggered hyper inflation two years later and led to advance of state-owned enterprises and retreat of private enterprises that persists until today. As a result, structural adjustment also slowed down and the overall economic vitality declined. As of today, financing vehicles of local governments still face the risk of not being able to pay debt, and banks may see their bad loans increased. Of course you can say &saving the economy is the top priority& to defend the current policies, but to revitalize economy, we can never repeat the mistakes we once made.
如何翻译国进民退？一般国外在报道中国特色词汇的时候，会用汉语拼音，然后加以注释。可以先用Guo Jin Min Tui 尝试搜索，然后看母语人怎么说。鉴于汉语拼音并非通行说法，建议翻译出意思。上文翻译参照纽约时报的报道。
天量信贷投放。翻译这个词语的时候，可以找国外媒体对于4 trillion stimulus package的报道，看别人是怎么说的。本文翻译参考维基百科对于本主题的报道。
恶性通胀，可以通过网络搜索，确定正确译文。正确的搜索方法是&恶性通胀 inflation&。
地方政府融资平台，就是地方政府的融资公司（financing companies/vehicles），所以个人建议不要翻译为（financing platforms）。搜索financing vehicles of Chinese local governments可以出来关于中国地方政府过度负债的报道，对于翻译这句话比较有用。
债务风险含义模糊，其实就是指可能无法偿还债务。翻译的时候需要把意思具体化，按照李长栓老师的说法，不能rubbish in, rubbish out。
出手快，出拳重，通过副词quickly和形容词massive表达。
只是为了说明问题，加之个人能力有限，以上翻译仅供参考。
英语表达学习与翻译（一）
seismic shifts/changes翻天覆地的变化
vibrant economic growth/economic vibrance经济增长充满活力
engulfed by a pervasive sense of anxiety普遍陷入焦虑情绪
at a critical juncture&处在关键时期
position sb in the best possible manner to do让某人处在最有利的状态做某事
think in "silo" terms/silo thinking个体思维/孤立思维
think in holistic terms/holistic thinking整体思维
embrace &under one umbrella把&纳入统一体系
in a state of flux处于不停变化的状态
All risks, be they of an economic, geopolitical, environmental, societal or technological nature, intersect with each other through an extremely complex web of causal links.所有风险，无论是经济类、地缘政治类、环境类、社会类，还是技术类风险，都通过因果关系相互交织成一个高度复杂的网络
The resultant crisis is of systemic proportions因此产生的危机就有了系统性影响
put a considerable strain on sth给&带来很大压力
The provision of these resources comes at a considerable cost&
the debate remains clouded by uncertainty about causes and effects&
It will affect disproportionately poor countries that will find it much more difficult to adapt&
a disconnect between &talent& production and the &talent& requirements人才培养与人才需求的脱节
These trends would have less significance on a global scale if they could be dealt with in isolation one from the other如果这些问题相互孤立，能被逐一解决，那么它们在全球产生的影响就会减弱，但是这种情况不可能再发生
we have a situation where the sum ends up being much more than the addition of the parts整体力量远远大于个体简单相加的力量
The list of examples goes on and on这样的例子不胜枚举
we may reside in different cabins, but we are on the same boat&
a culture of immediacy快餐文化
different groups may have different time-horizons不同的人身处不同的时间段内
spread virally像病毒一样传播/扩散；快速传播
It has dramatic effects both at the societal and personal levels&
propagate globally在全球扩散/传播
in &crisis alert& mode处于&危机警惕&状态
一个非常不错的听力练习网站，都是一些专题性报道。每个专题一个小时到两个小时不等，对于深入了解一个专题，还是非常不错的听力训练材料。
一些经济学术语及其它（九）
While a competitive firm is a price taker价格接受者, a monopoly firm is a price maker 价格制定者
A firm is a monopoly/monopolist 垄断者if it is the sole seller of its product and if its product does not have close substitutes.
The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry 进入壁垒
An industry is a natural monopoly自然垄断when a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.
In competitive markets 竞争性市场, price equals marginal cost. In monopolized markets 垄断性市场, price exceeds marginal cost.
Sometimes companies merge not to reduce competition but to lower costs through more efficient joint production. These benefits from mergers are sometimes called synergies 协同效应
Yet in many cases firms try to sell the same good to different customers for different prices, even though the costs of producing for the two customers are the same. This practice is called price discrimination 价格歧视.
To understand why a monopolist would want to price discriminate
In particular, one such force is arbitrage 套利, the process of buying a good in one market at a low price and selling it in another market at a higher price in order to profit from the price difference.
We begin by assuming that the monopolist can price discriminate perfectly. Perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视describes a situation in which the monopolist knows exactly the willingness to pay of each customer and can charge each customer a different price.
http://hbr.org/不论你做什么，《哈佛商业评论》都是值得一读的。
这里有很多职业翻译和各高翻学院毕业的职业翻译，用微博的人可以关注一下。群有个公共邮箱，里面有一些分享的资源。邮箱地址；密码是2yingyu2fanyi，欢迎大家投放和保护资源，让这个邮箱更有价值。
Some Points for Would-be Translators
一些英语成语的正误
1. A watched pot never boils.[误译] 眼睛盯着看的壶永远不会开。[正译] 心急锅不开。&2. Better safe than sorry.[误译] 安全比遗憾好。[正译] 最好不要去冒险。&3. Good wine needs no bush.[误译] 好酒不需要做广告。[正译] 酒好不怕巷子深。&4. I am all ears.[误译] 我浑身上下都是耳朵。[正译] 我在洗耳恭听。&5. If the cap fits, wear it.[误译] 如果帽子合适，就戴着吧。[正译] 要是言之中肯，就接受吧。6. In for a penny, in for a pound![误译] 赌一便士是赌，赌一英镑也是赌。[正译] 一不做，二不休。&7. It takes two to tango.[误译] 跳探戈舞需要两个人。[正译] 一个巴掌拍不响；孤掌难鸣。&8. It's all my eye![误译] 都是的我的眼睛。[正译] 我根本不相信；胡说八道。&9. It's not my pigeon.[误译] 不是我的鸽子。[正译] 不关我的事；跟我没关系。&10. Like father, like son.[误译] 儿子像父亲。[正译] 有其父必有其子。（也可以说Like mother, like daughter.）&11. Money doesn't grow on trees.[误译] 钱不是长在树上的。[正译] 钱是有数的；不要花钱如流水。&12. My ears are burning.[误译] 我的耳朵在发烧。[正译] 有人在其议论我；我怀疑有人在说我坏话。&13. My fingers are all thumbs.[误译] 我的指头都成了大拇指了。[正译] 我的手指头发僵，不听使唤。&14. Pigs might fly![误译] 猪也许会飞起来。[正译] 根本不可能的事！天下事无奇不有。（变体：Pigs may fly!和When pigs can fly!）&15. That makes two of us.[误译] 现在是我们俩了。[正译] 我跟你有同感。&16. The ball is in your court.[误译] 球在你的场内。[正译] 该你行动了；看你的了。（说法来源于网球）&17. The die is cast![误译] 色子已经扔出去了。[正译] 已成定局；木已成舟。（这是恺撒将渡Rubicon河时说的一句话，表示&木已成舟&，或&破釜沉舟&。(名词die是古代的用法，意思是&骰子&或&色子&。现在的&色子&用dice，单数、复数相同。)
Economics of English Majors
伤不起啊，不懂英语
推荐一本词典：Oxford Collocations Dictionary，在电骡子上可以下载，不确定的搭配可以在上面查一下。这本词典也许不能帮助写出有灵性的搭配，但至少可以保证你的搭配不会错误
对美国《独立宣言》（The Declaration of Independence）中一句话的解读
不知道被哪位大师翻译成了&人人生而平等&，然后就这样以讹传讹传了下来，并被某些组织和个人所推崇。如果是这个意思，原文应当是，可惜原文不是，原文的作者是基督教徒，不是马克思主义者，也不是无神论者（），写这个词的时候，心里想的上帝造人，而不是医院的产房。如果人人生儿平等，那么这个世界上就不应该有婴儿死亡率出生缺陷（），孕产妇死亡率这些词。
人人生而平等是一种遥不可及的完美状态，现实情况是有些人出身高贵（），天资聪慧（）；有些人出身寒门（），天生愚钝（）。有些人的起点（）可能是另外一些人一辈子奋斗的终点（）。即便是死，有些人可以死得平静，而有些人死得痛苦，所以&人人生而平等&，可以作为口号来喊，却不可以用来在现实中生活。
再说（造物主赋予他们不可剥夺的权利），作为语言学习者，首先这个用法和这个搭配要学会，然后再来看这句话的意思。（造物主）在英文词典中的解释是很明确的，就是上帝。美国人因为相信上帝，所以就相信天赋人权，这些权利不可剥夺。我们是中国人，是无神论者。既然不相信上帝存在，那么天赋人权的前提也就不存在，所以《独立宣言》中的那些权利只适合美国。所以如果你主张美国人的权力，先加入基督教再说。
最后一句就是（这些权利包括生命、自由和追求幸福）。还是那句话，&生命、自由和追求幸福&是美国的基督教徒信封的权利，不要把这个当成普世价值（）搬到中国。我们伟大祖国现在面临的主要问题是发展和稳定（），所以强拆（）、自由（包括言论自由（）和媒体自由（）都不是我们中国人目前应该关心的问题。
追求幸福的权利（，这个词曾被用作电影名，叫做《当幸福来敲门》，建议大家看看），这个词告诉我们，你有追求幸福的权利，但是至于你是否得到幸福，那就是另外一码事了。顺便说一下，做翻译是有立场的，有什么样的意识形态（），就有什么样的翻译结果。
有兴趣的人可以把这篇文章也翻译一下，下面是我自己的译文，仅供参考
一些经济学术语及其它（五）
A moment&s thought （稍作思考）reveals a long list of goods that the songwriter could have had in mind
Excludability 排他性the property of a good whereby aperson can be prevented fromusing it
Rivalry 竞争性the property of a good whereby oneperson&s use diminishes otherpeople&s use
private goods 私人物品goods that are both excludableand rival
public goods 公共物品goods that are neither excludablenor rival
common resources 共有资源goods that are rival but notexcludable
natural monopoly 自然垄断/自然独占
excludable goods 排他性物品
rival goods 竞争性物品
toll road 收费公路
free rider 搭便车者/免费享用公共物品者a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it
profit-seeking firms tend to free ride （作动词用）on the knowledge created by others
cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析a study that compares the costs andbenefits to society of providing apublic good
Tragedy of the Commons 公地悲剧a parable that illustrates whycommon resources get used morethan is desirable from the standpointof society as a whole
一些经济学术语及其它（四）
world price 世界价格the price of a good that prevails inthe world market for that good
import quota 进口配额a limit on the quantity of a good thatcan be produced abroad and solddomestically
deadweight loss 无谓损失/社会净损失：是指由于未处于最优运行状态而引起的, 也就是当偏离时, 所损失的和。
externality 外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有害或有益的影响
positive externality 正外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有益影响
negative externality 负外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有害影响
social cost 社会成本：是从社会角度来看的成本，等于生产成本加上给他人和社会所带来的损失
internalizing an externality 外部性内化altering incentives so that peopletake account of the external effects oftheir actions
technology spillover 技术外溢：指外商投资、跨国贸易等对东道国相关产业或企业的产品开发技术、生产技术、管理技术、营销技术等产生的提升效应
technology policy 技术政策Government intervention in the economy that aims
to promote technology-enhancing industries is called technology policy
property right 财产权
Coase theorem 科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own
transaction costs 交易成本the costs that parties incur in theprocess of agreeing and followingthrough on a bargain
Command-and-control policies （命令-控制性政策）regulate behavior directly
Market-based policies （市场性政策）provide incentives so that private decision makers will choose to solve the problem on their own
Pigovian tax 庇古税 a tax enacted to correct the effects ofa negative externality
If you have ever been stuck in bumper-to-bumper traffic
Tradable pollution permits 可转让污染许可证
Right to pollute /pollution right 污染权
The Accidental Peacemaker
Source: /articles//the_accidental_peacemaker?page=0,0
China did something very unusual in the United Nations this week: It did not abstain from, much less veto, a resolution threatening to impose sanctions unless Sudan stopped killing civilians in South Sudan. China has long treated Sudan as a client state (特定语境下的&友邦&可以用这个词), and it stood by Khartoum during the long years when Western powers tried to stop the atrocities the regime was committing in Darfur. Yet, after a discussion that a Security Council diplomat described as "substantive but not acrimonious," China voted for , which demands that both Sudan and South Sudan put an end to cross-border attacks and return to negotiations.
China has not, of course, become a convert to human rights, as the current standoff over activist Chen Guangcheng proves all too vividly. Nor is it having second thoughts about its foundational（好词） foreign-policy doctrine of "nonintervention," which has made China the defender of authoritarian regimes the world over. A recent on Chinese foreign policy by the British group Saferworld concludes that "At least for now, non-interference, stable regimes and stable relations that are conducive to maintaining China's global economic engagement, will retain precedence in guiding Beijing's diplomatic relations with conflict-affected states."
But something important has happened: Facing a situation in which the principle of nonintervention doesn't tell it what to do, China has been forced to join the United States and other countries, as well as the African Union, in actively trying to end a brutal conflict. China has supported Sudan over the last decade because Sudan supplied China with oil. Last year, however, when South Sudan became independent, Khartoum lost most of its oil-producing territory. China immediately began courting the new country with visits from senior officials and a blizzard of （不要老是用a large number of 了）proposed investment deals. Only last week, while South Sudanese President Salva Kiir was in Beijing, China an $8 billion loan to the new country to build major infrastructure projects. But though South Sudan has most of the oil, Sudan has the pipelines and the refining equipment（炼油设备）. So China needs both countries -- and the rising spiral of violence between them, provoked largely though not wholly by Khartoum, has forced China to get off the sidelines（不再置身事外）.
It has been instructive watching Beijing try to avoid taking responsibility. Soon after partition, Khartoum began a savage campaign of aerial bombardment against civilians in the border area of South Kordofan. Sudan claimed that the region fell within its territory, and China obligingly blocked all attempts to raise the issue in the Security Council. Sudan was in fact using violence, as well as the threat of further violence, to improve its position in negotiations with South Sudan on issues over disputed borders and the sharing of oil revenues. Then Khartoum tried to blackmail South Sudan by refusing to deliver oil pumped in South Sudan to its intended（这个词要学会用） customers, bringing talks over revenue-sharing to a sudden halt. This finally provoked a visit from a Chinese envoy, who tried to encourage the two sides to reach a deal. It South Sudanese officials didn't trust Khartoum or Beijing. This year, South Sudan simply stopped pumping oil and then demonstrated its impatience with Chinese support for Khartoum by booting (kicking) a leading Chinese oil company executive out of the country.
That finally got China's attention. As one Chinese official a researcher from the International Crisis Group, "We canno we need to be a player. Can you imagine how any Western country would engage if they had all these interests?" China didn't change its view of its own interests, but, rather, recognized that it could not defend its narrow mercantile interests through narrow mercantile means. China had become too central a player to let others deal with the mess of conflict. Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi was dispatched to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to meet with, and mollify (安抚), K in March, a new special envoy for Africa came to Juba, the South Sudanese capital, and made a point of（特地&） meeting with the U.S. special envoy for Sudan, Princeton Lyman. In late March, U.S. President Barack Obama discussed Sudan with Chinese President Hu Jintao on the sidelines of （新闻中经常出现的表达）the nonproliferation summit in Seoul. In his official statement Hu , "China and the United States should continue to exert their own influence [and] encourage Sudan and South Sudan to resolve their outstanding issues through negotiation."
At a very perilous moment for U.S.-China relations, Sudan is the rare diplomatic issue on which the two can work constructively together -- an odd prospect given the history of intense disagreement. Lyman accompanied Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to Beijing for this week's U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue, and he has been meeting with his Chinese counterparts, presumably not only from the Foreign Ministry -- an increasingly marginal player -- but also from the military and the Commerce Ministry. Lyman is said to be seeking to enlist China in a Sudan "contact group" that would also include Britain, Norway, and perhaps Ethiopia, Qatar, and Turkey. He may also be asking Beijing to apply pressure on Khartoum to comply with the terms of the Security Council resolution.
China is the key to any possible solution of the crisis. The United States can exert pressure on Juba, but Khartoum is by far the more recalcitrant（unwilling to obey orders or difficult to deal with） party. Additionally, Sudan is profoundly dependent on China -- diplomatically, economically, and even militarily -- because China is the country's chief arms supplier. The one thing that might get Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir to call off his militias and his warplanes is the fear that failing to do so would damage relations with China. For this reason, this week a group of 150 African and Middle Eastern human rights organizations sent a
(联名信) to Chinese and U.S. authorities asking them to use their influence to bring the violence to an end. The letter points out that over 140,000 people have already fled from Blue Nile state and South Kordofan. It does not say that the number of Sudanese who have died in the violence almost certainly exceeds the 10,000-plus who have been killed in Syria to this point. The authors may have recognized that China would not be moved by the comparison.
In fact, Bashir is much like his Syrian near-namesake（同名人，学会near的用法） Bashar al-Assad, but worse -- more brutal, more cynical. He and his predecessors fought a civil war with the south that took the lives of 2 million people. Bashir seems to now regret that he allowed South Sudan to declare independence without a fight. He has lately taken to calling the South Sudanese "insects," and he recently , "We will not negotiate with the South's government because they don't understand anything but the language of the gun and ammunition." That sounds frighteningly like the prelude to a new civil war. Even if that's not Bashir's plan, it could be the result of his actions.
How resolute will China be in the face of such a catastrophe? Not very, in all likelihood. Thabo Mbeki, chair of the African Union High-Level Implementation Panel on Sudan, is to report back to the Security Council within 15 days on compliance with the new resolution. Even if he says that Sudan has refused to withdraw its forces from the disputed areas, China is very unlikely to vote for a new resolution spelling out sanctions. And because Russia, still in a rage over the intervention in Libya, is virtually certain to veto such a move, China won't have to lift a finger. Beijing might be happy to accept credit for playing a mature role in conflict prevention without having to actually confront its recalcitrant ally.
But as an increasingly confident China engages ever more deeply with the world, the contradiction between its sloganeering "win-win" foreign policy and the complex tangle of its own interests（复杂的利益纠葛） will become increasingly glaring. Beijing has now put a toe in the murky waters of soon it will find itself wading in much deeper（非常好的一句话，值得一学）.
Global Business Speaks English--from Harvard Business Review
Ready or not, English is now the global language of business. More and more multinational companies are mandating English as the common corporate language&Airbus, Daimler-Chrysler, Fast Retailing, Nokia, Renault, Samsung, SAP, Technicolor, and Microsoft in Beijing, to name a few&in an attempt to facilitate communication and performance across geographically diverse functions and business endeavors.
Adopting a common mode of speech isn& it&s a must, even for an American company with operations overseas, for instance, or a French company focused on domestic customers. Imagine that a group of salespeople from a company&s Paris headquarters get together for a meeting. Why would you care whether they all could speak English? Now consider that the same group goes on a sales call to a company also based in Paris, not realizing that the potential customer would be bringing in employees from other locations who didn&t speak French. This happened at one company I worked with. Sitting together in Paris, employees of those two French companies couldn&t close a deal because the people in the room couldn&t communicate. It was a shocking wake-up call, and the company soon adopted an English corporate language strategy.
Similar concerns drove Hiroshi Mikitani, the CEO of Rakuten&Japan&s largest online marketplace&to mandate in March 2010 that English would be the company&s official language of business. The company&s goal was to become the number one internet services company in the world, and Mikitani believed that the new policy&which would affect some 7,100 Japanese employees&was vital to achieving that end, especially as expansion plans were concentrated outside Japan. He also felt responsible for contributing to an expanded worldview for his country, a conservative island nation.
The multibillion-dollar company&a cross
and eBay&was on a growth spree: It had
in France,
and FreeCause in the U.S.,
in the UK, Tradoria in Germany, Kobo eBooks in Canada, and established joint ventures with major companies in China, Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand, and Brazil. Serious about the language change, Mikitani announced the plan to employees not in Japanese but in English. Overnight, the Japanese language cafeteria menus were replaced, as were elevator directories. And he stated that employees would have to demonstrate competence on an international English scoring system within two years&or risk demotion or even dismissal.
The media instantly picked up the story, and corporate Japan reacted with fascination and disdain. Honda&s CEO, Takanobu Ito, publicly asserted, &It&s stupid for a Japanese company to only use English in Japan when the workforce is mainly Japanese.& But Mikitani was confident that it was the right move, and the policy is bearing fruit. The English mandate has allowed Mikitani to create a remarkably diverse and powerful organization. Today, three out of six senior executives in his engineering organization aren&t J they don&t even speak Japanese. The company continues to aggressively seek the best talent from around the globe. Half of Rakuten&s Japanese employees now can adequately engage in internal communication in English, and 25% communicate in English with partners and coworkers in foreign subsidiaries on a regular basis.
Adopting a global language policy is not easy, and companies invariably stumble along the way. It&s radical, and it&s almost certain to meet with staunch resistance from employees. Many may feel at a disadvantage if their English isn&t as good as others&, team dynamics and performance can suffer, and national pride can get in the way. But to survive and thrive in a global economy, companies must overcome language barriers&and English will almost always be the common ground, at least for now.
The fastest-spreading language in human history, English is spoken at a useful level by some 1.75 billion people worldwide&that&s one in every four of us. There are close to 385 million native speakers in countries like the U.S. and Australia, about a billion fluent speakers in formerly colonized nations such as India and Nigeria, and millions of people around the world who&ve studied it as a second language. An estimated 565 million people use it on the internet.
The benefits of &Englishnization,& as Mikitani calls it, however, relatively few companies have systematically implemented an English-language policy with sustained results. Through my research and work over the past decade with companies, I&ve developed an adoption framework to guide companies in their language efforts. There&s still a lot to learn, but success stories do exist. Adopters will find significant advantages.
每天一个小时内容，很适合泛泛而听。几年前在高翻学习的时候，很多同学都喜欢听这个节目，不知道现在院里是什么情况了。
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