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你可能喜欢gotta是“got to”还是“have got to”的略写？_百度知道
gotta是“got to”还是“have got to”的略写？
如“There&#39？，怎么区分？.”这里的gotta应该是指“have got to”吧;s gotta be something wrong with him”这里的gotta应该是指“got to”吧？gotta是“got to”还是“have got to”的略写！！究竟gotta是哪一个的缩写呢！！如“I gotta go？？我觉得以上两个都有可能？如果两个都有可能
提问者采纳
相当于have to，比如sorry 我错了
帮你查了下gotta表示必须，i have got to move out?因为老外习惯把have 讲得很快;ve gotu move out，have got to.口语发音是i&#39. 为什么省略成gotta
其他类似问题
其他8条回答
[ˈɡɔtə]
[俚](=(have) got to)必须两个都是
have got to
have got to的缩写I gotta go. 我得走啦【我不得不走拉】
&美俚& =（have）got to必须例句：I gotta/I've gotta go.我得走了
gotta=got to, 其实是读音自然连在一起的, 但意思上有没有have 都是一样的...
gotta相当于have to的意思就是“不得不，必须（表肯定）”意思，gotta没什么缩写，都是美国佬口语中的I gotta go =i have to go(我必须走了）像这一类词很多啊，比如：wanna、gonna、等等， 这些美国俚语很多滴。。楼主明白了么
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出门在外也不愁百度知道搜索_about 230years agoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the genus Rattus.
For pet rats, see .
For other uses, see .
Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed
. "True rats" are members of the genus Rattus, the most important of which to humans are the , Rattus rattus, and the , Rattus norvegicus. Many members of other rodent genera and families are also referred to as rats, and share many characteristics with true rats.
Rats are typically distinguished from
by their size. Generally, when someone discovers a large
rodent, its
includes the term rat, while if it is smaller, the name includes the term mouse. The muroid family is broad and complex, and the common terms rat and mouse are not
specific. Scientifically, the terms are not confined to members of the Rattus and
genera, for example, the
A river rat
A rat in a city street
The best-known rat
(Rattus rattus) and the
(Rattus norvegicus). The group is generally known as the
rats or true rats, and originated in . Rats are bigger than most Old World , which are their relatives, but seldom weigh over 500 grams (1.1 lb) in the wild.
The term "rat" is also used in the names of other small
which are not true rats. Examples include the
, a number of species loosely called , and others. Rats such as the
(Bandicota bengalensis) are
rodents related to true rats, but are not members of the genus Rattus. Male rats are called bucks, unmated females are called does, pregnant or parent females are called dams, and infants are called kittens or pups. A group of rats is either referred to as a mischief.
The common species are opportunistic survivors and often therefore, they are known as . They may cause substantial food losses, especially in developing countries. However, the widely distributed and problematic commensal species of rats are a minority in this diverse genus. Many species of rats are
and some have become endangered due to habitat loss or competition with the brown, black or .
Wild rodents, including rats, can carry many different
pathogens, such as , , and . The
is traditionally believed to have been caused by the micro-organism , carried by the tropical rat flea () which preyed on black rats living in European cities during the epidemic outbreaks of the Middle A these rats were used as transport hosts. Another zoonotic disease linked to the rat is the .
A rat in a
The average lifespan of any given rat depends on which species is being discussed, but many only live about a year due to predation.
The black and brown rats diverged from other
during the beginning of the
in the forests of Asia.
Main article:
Specially bred rats have been kept as pets at least since the late 19th century. Pet rats are typically variants of the species , but
are also known to be kept. Pet rats behave differently from their wild counterparts depending on how many generations they have been kept as pets. Pet rats do not pose any more of a
than pets such as
or . Tamed rats are generally friendly and can be taught to perform selected behaviors.
Main article:
A laboratory rat strain, known as a Zucker rat, bred to be genetically prone to , a
also found among humans.
() established a population of domestic albino brown rats to study the effects of diet and for other physiological studies. Over the years, rats have been used in many experimental studies, which have added to our understanding of , , the effects of , and other topics that have provided a great benefit for the
and well-being of humankind. Laboratory rats have also proved valuable in psychological studies of learning and other mental processes (Barnett, 2002), as well as to understand
and overcrowding (with the work of
on ). A 2007 study found rats to possess , a mental ability previously only documented in humans and some primates.
Domestic rats differ from wild rats in many ways. They are calmer and they can toler they breed earlier and pr and their , , , , and
are smaller (Barnett 2002).
are often used as
for scientific research. Since the publication of the rat genome sequence, and other advances, such as the creation of a rat , and the production of , the
has become a useful genetic tool, although not as popular as . When it comes to conducting tests related to intelligence, learning, and , rats are a popular choice due to their high , , , and . Their , in many ways, seems to be similar to humans. Entirely new
or "lines" of brown rats, such as the , have been bred for use in laboratories. Much of the genome of Rattus norvegicus has been sequenced.
This article or section possibly contains
of published material that conveys ideas not
to the original sources. Relevant discussion may be found on the . (January 2015)
This section needs additional citations for . Please help
by . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015)
Because of evident displays of their ability to learn,[] rats were investigated early to see whether they exhibit , as expressed by the definition of a g factor and observed in larger, more complex animals.[] Early studies ca. 1930 found evidence both for and against such a g factor in rat. Quoting Galsworthy, with regard to the affirmative 1935 Thorndike work:
Robert Thorndike, for example, provided strong evidence for g in rats by the use of a variety of tests such as mazes, problem-solving tasks, and simple avoidance conditioning... Performances tended to correlate across tasks, with stronger associations found between mazes and problem-solving than with simple avoidance tasks. Thorndike... also reviewed a dozen earlier studies which also suggested that the highest correlations are found between more complex problem-solving tasks. However, it should be noted that there were other contemporary studies that found split or near zero-order correlation matrices for other populations of rats across cognitive batteries...
However, some more contemporary work has not supported the earlier affirmative view. Throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s, series of articles have appeared attempting to address the question of general intelligence in this species, through measurements of tasks performed by rats and mice, e.g., with statistical evaluation by , and seeking to correlate general intelligence and brain size (as is done with ),[][] where the general conclusion was in the affirmative.[][][]
This article or section possibly contains
of published material that conveys ideas not
to the original sources. Relevant discussion may be found on the . (January 2015)
A 2011 controlled study found that rats are actively .[] They demonstrate apparent altruistic behaviour to other rats in experiments, including freeing them from cages: when presented with readily available chocolate chips, test subjects would first free the caged rat, and then share the food. All female rats in the study displayed this behaviour, while 30% of the males did not.
Rat meat dishes in , , China
Rat meat is a food that, while
in some cultures, is a dietary staple in others. Taboos include fears of disease or religious prohibition, but in many places, the high number of rats has led to their incorporation into the local diets.
In some cultures, rats are or have been limited as an acceptable form of food to a particular social or economic class. In the
culture of India, rats are essential to the traditional diet, as Mishmi women may eat no meat except fish, pork, wild birds and rats. Conversely, the
community in north India has commercialised rat farming as an exotic delicacy. In the traditional cultures of the Hawaiians and the Polynesians, rat was an everyday food for commoners. When feasting, the Polynesian people of
could eat rat meat, but the king was not allowed to, due to the islanders' belief in his "state of sacredness" called . In studying precontact archaeological sites in , archaeologists have found the concentration of the remains of rats associated with commoner households accounted for three times the animal remains associated with elite households. The rat bones found in all sites are fragmented, burned and covered in carbonized material, indicating the rats were eaten as food. The greater occurrence of rat remains associated with commoner households may indicate the elites of precontact Hawaii did not consume them as a matter of status or taste.
are an important food source among some peoples in , and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimated rat meat makes up half the locally produced meat consumed in , where
are farmed and hunted for their meat. African slaves in the American South were known to hunt
(among other animals) to supplement their food rations, and Aborigines along the coast in southern Queensland, Australia, regularly included rats in their diet.
Ricefield rats () have traditionally been used as food in rice-producing regions such as , as immortalized by
in his novel Ca?as y barro. Along with
known as garrafons, rata de marjal (marsh rat) is one of the main ingredients in traditional
(later replaced by rabbit, chicken and seafood). Ricefield rats are also consumed in the , the
region of , and . In late 2008, Reuters reported the price of rat meat had quadrupled in Cambodia, creating a hardship for the poor who could no longer afford it.
Elsewhere in the world, rat meat is considered diseased and unclean, socially unacceptable, or there are strong religious proscriptions against it.
traditions prohibit it, while both the
of Peru and
of Bolivia have cultural taboos against the eating of rats.
Rats are a common food item for snakes, both in the wild, and as pets. Captive-bred , in particular, are fed a diet of mostly rats. Rats are available to individual snake owners, as well as to large reptile zoos, from many suppliers. In Britain, the government in 2007 ruled out the feeding of any live mammal to another animal. The rule says the animal must be dead (frozen) then given to the animal to eat. The rule was put into place mainly because of the pressure of the
and people who found it cruel.
Rats have a keen sense of smell and are easy to train. These characteristics have been employed, for example, by the Belgian
, which trains rats (specifically ) to detect
and diagnose
through smell.
Rats can serve as
vectors for certain pathogens and thus spread disease, such as , , , and
infection.[]
Rats have long been considered deadly pests. Once considered a modern myth, the
has now been verified. Indeed every fifty years, armies of
descend upon rural areas and devour everything in their path. Rats have long been held up as the chief villain in the spread of the , however recent studies show that they alone could not account for the rapid spread of the disease through Europe in the . Still, the
does list nearly a dozen diseases
directly linked to rats. Most urban areas battle rat infestations.
are famous for their size and prevalence. The urban legend that the rat population in Manhattan equals that of its human population (a myth definitively refuted by Robert Sullivan in his book "Rats") speaks volumes about New Yorkers' awareness of the presence, and on occasion boldness and cleverness, of the rodents. New York has specific regulations for getting rid of rats—multi-family residences and commercial businesses must use a specially trained and licensed exterminator. Places to look for rat infestations are around pipes, behind walls and near garbage cans. Effective rat control requires municipal workers and individuals to work together.[]
When introduced into locations where rats previously did not exist they can cause a huge amount of . , the black rat, is considered to be one of the world's worst invasive species. Also known as the ship rat, it has been carried world-wide as a
on sea-going vessels for millennia and has usually accompanied men to any new area visited or settled by human beings by sea. The similar but more aggressive species , the brown rat or wharf rat, has also been carried world wide by ships in recent centuries.
The ship or wharf rat has contributed to the extinction of many species of wildlife including birds, small mammals, reptiles, invertebrates, and plants, especially on islands. True rats are omnivorous and capable of eating a wide range of plant and animal foods. True rats have a very high . When introduced to a new area, they quickly reproduce to take advantage of the new food supply. In particular, they prey on the eggs and young of forest birds, which on isolated islands often have no other predators and thus have no fear of predators. Some experts believe that rats are to blame for between 40 percent and 60 percent of all seabird and reptile extinctions, with 90 percent of those occurring on islands. Thus man has indirectly caused the extinction of many species by accidentally introducing rats to new areas.
The only rat-free continent is Antarctica, due to its hostile climate which is too severe for rat survival, and its lack of human habitation to provide buildings to shelter them from the weather. However, rats have been introduced to many of the islands near Antarctica, and because of their destructive effect on native flora and fauna, efforts to eliminate them are on-going. In particular,
(just off rat-infested ), where breeding seabirds could be badly affected if rats were introduced, is subject to special measures and regularly monitored for rat invasions.
As part of
some islands' rat populations have been eradicated to protect or restore the .
was declared rat free after 229 years and
after almost 200 years.
in New Zealand was declared rat free in 1988 after an eradication campaign based on a successful trial on the smaller Hawea Island nearby.
In January, 2015 an international "Rat Team" set sail from the
on board a ship carrying three helicopters and 100 tons of rat poison with the objective of "reclaiming the island for its seabirds". Rats have wiped out more than 90% of the seabirds on South Georgia, and the sponsors hope that once the rats are gone, it will regain its former status as home to the greatest concentration of seabirds in the world. The South Georgia Heritage Trust, which organized the mission describes it as "five times larger than any other rodent eradication attempted worldwide".
That would be true if it were not for the rat control program in Alberta (see below).
The Canadian province of
(population 4.1 million) is notable for being the largest inhabited area on Earth (bigger than any country in the
including France) which is free of true rats. It has large numbers of , also called bushy-tailed wood rats, but they are native species which are much less destructive than true rats. They are forest-dwelling vegetarians, and their worst trait is that because of their attraction for shiny objects, they tend to sneak into cabins and hotels and steal jewelry, silverware, and other valuable items.
Alberta is one of only two Canadian provinces with no sea access, and was settled relatively late in North American history. The black rat cannot survive in its climate at all, and brown rats must live near people and their structures. They cannot evade the numerous predators in natural areas or survive the winters in farm fields. It took until 1950 for invading rats to make their way to Alberta over land from Eastern Canada. Immediately upon their arrival at the eastern border with , the Alberta government implemented an extremely aggressive rat control program to stop them from advancing further. A systematic detection and eradication system was used throughout a control zone about 600 kilometres (400 mi) long and 30 kilometres (20 mi) wide along the eastern border of the province to eliminate rat infestations before the rats could spread further into the province. Shotguns, bulldozers, high explosives, poison gas, and incendiaries were used to destroy rats. Numerous farm buildings were destroyed in the process. Initially, tons of
were spread around thousands of farm yards to poison rats, but soon after the program commenced the
and medical drug
was introduced, which is much safer for people (it is a commonly prescribed medicine), and more effective at killing rats than arsenic.
Forceful government control measures, strong public support and enthusiastic citizen participation continue to keep rat infestations to a minimum. The effectiveness has been aided by a similar but newer program in Saskatchewan which prevents rats from even reaching the Alberta border. The program still actively employs an armed rat patrol (in this case, not just a ) along Alberta's borders, about ten single rats are found and killed per year, and occasionally a large localized infestation has to be dug out with heavy machinery, but the number of rat infestations (two or more rats) found in most recent years has averaged about three, and in many years has been zero.
The genus Rattus is a member of the giant subfamily . Several other murine genera are sometimes considered part of Rattus: , , , , , , , , , , , Stenomys, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .
The genus Rattus proper contains 64 extant . A subgeneric breakdown of the species has been proposed, but does not include all species.
Genus Rattus - Typical rats
(Rattus annandalei) – , , and
(Rattus enganus) – Indonesia
(Rattus everetti) – the
(Rattus exulans) –
and most Polynesian islands, , , and
(Rattus hainaldi) – Indonesia
(Rattus hoogerwerfi) – Indonesia
(Rattus korinchi) – Indonesia
+ (Rattus macleari) –
(Rattus montanus) –
(Rattus morotaiensis) – Indonesia
+ (Rattus nativitatis) – Christmas Island
(Rattus ranjiniae) –
(Rattus sanila)
(Rattus stoicus) –
(Rattus timorensis) –
R. norvegicus group
(Rattus nitidus) – , , , India, Indonesia, , , , , the Philippines, , and
(Rattus norvegicus) – worldwide except Antarctica
(Rattus pyctoris; obs. Rattus turkestanicus) – , China, India, , , , and
R. rattus group
(Rattus adustus) – , Indonesia
(Rattus andamanensis) – , , China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam
(Rattus argentiventer) –
(Rattus baluensis) –
(Rattus blangorum)
(Rattus burrus) – India
(Rattus hoffmanni) – Indonesia
(Rattus koopmani) – Indonesia
(Rattus losea) – China, Laos, , Thailand, and Vietnam
(Rattus lugens) – Indonesia
(Rattus mindorensis) – the Philippines
(Rattus mollicomulus) – Indonesia
(Rattus osgoodi) – Vietnam
(Rattus palmarum) – India
(Rattus rattus) – worldwide except Antarctica
(Rattus satarae)
(Rattus simalurensis) – Indonesia
(Rattus tanezumi) – Afghanistan, , Cambodia, China, , Fiji, India, Indonesia, , , , Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam
(Rattus tawitawiensis) – the Philippines
(Rattus tiomanicus) – Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand
R. xanthurus group
(Rattus bontanus; obs. Rattus foramineus) – Indonesia
(Rattus marmosurus) – Indonesia
(Rattus pelurus) – Indonesia
Southeastern xanthurus rat () - Indonesia
(Rattus xanthurus) – Indonesia
R. leucopus group (New Guinean group)
(Rattus arfakiensis)
(Rattus arrogans)
(Rattus elaphinus) – Indonesia
(Rattus feliceus) – Indonesia
(Rattus giluwensis) –
(Rattus jobiensis) – Indonesia
(Rattus leucopus) – , Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea
(Rattus mordax) – Papua New Guinea
(Rattus niobe) – Papua New Guinea, Indonesia
(Rattus novaeguineae) – Papua New Guinea
(Rattus omichlodes)
(Rattus pococki)
(Rattus praetor) – Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and
(Rattus richardsoni) – Indonesia
(Rattus steini) – Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
(Rattus vandeuseni) – Papua New Guinea
(Rattus verecundus) – Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
R. fuscipes group (Australian group)
(Rattus colletti) – Australia
(Rattus fuscipes) – Australia
(Rattus lutreolus) – Australia
(Rattus sordidus) – Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea
(Rattus tunneyi) – Australia
(Rattus villosissimus) – Australia
did not generally differentiate between rats and mice, instead referring to the former as mus maximus (big mouse) and the latter as mus minimus (little mouse).[]
(a dependency of the British Crown), there is a
against the word "".[]
Main article:
The rat (sometimes referred to as a mouse) is the first of the twelve animals of the . People born in this year are expected to possess qualities associated with rats, including creativity, intelligence, honesty, generosity, ambition, a quick temper and wastefulness. People born in a year of the rat are said to get along well with "monkeys" and "dragons", and to get along poorly with "horses".
The indigenous rats are allowed to run freely throughout the .
In Indian tradition, rats are seen as the vehicle of , and a rat's statue is always found in a temple of Ganesh. In the northwestern Indian city of , the rats at the
are held to be destined for
( holy men). The attending priests feed milk and grain to the rats, of which the pilgrims also partake.
European associations with the rat are generally negative. For instance, "Rats!" is used as a substitute for various vulgar
in the English language. These associations do not draw, per se, from any biological or behavioral trait of the rat, but possibly from the association of rats (and ) with the 14th-century medieval plague called the . Rats are seen as vicious, unclean, parasitic animals that steal food and spread disease. However, some people in European cultures keep
and conversely find them to be tame, clean, intelligent, and playful.
Rats are often
activists allege the treatment of rats in this context is cruel. The term "lab rat" is used, typically in a self-effacing manner, to describe a person whose job function requires them to spend a majority of their work time engaged in bench-level research (such as
in the sciences).
Rats are frequently blamed for damaging food supplies and other goods, or spreading disease. Their reputation has carried into common parlance: in the , "rat" is often an insult or is generally used to signify an un it is also used, as the term , to mean an individual who works as a police
or who has turned . Writer/director
created the humorous alias "Ratskywatsky" for a soldier who seduced, impregnated, and abandoned the heroine of his 1944 film, . It is a term ( and ) in criminal slang for an
- "to rat on someone" is to betray them by informing the authorities of a
or misdeed they committed. Describing a person as "rat-like" usually implies he or she is unattractive and suspicious.
Among , "rat" is a term for nonunion employers or breakers of union contracts, and this is why unions use .
was depicted as a rat in a
United States Navy propaganda poster.
Depictions of rats in fiction are historically inaccurate and negative. The most common falsehood is the squeaking almost always heard in otherwise realistic portrayals (i.e. non). While the recordings may be of actual squeaking rats, the noise is uncommon - they may do so only if distressed, hurt, or annoyed. Normal vocalizations are very high-pitched, well outside the range of human hearing. Rats are also often cast in vicious and aggressive roles when in fact, their shyness helps keep them undiscovered for so long in an infested home.
The actual portrayals of rats vary from negative to positive with a majority in the negative and ambiguous. The rat plays a villain in sev from Brian Jacques's
and Robin Jarvis's , to the roles of Disney's
and Kate DiCamillo's
and . They have often been used as a being the titular evil in stories like
or H.P. Lovecraft's
and in films like
and . Another terrifying use of rats is as a method of , for instance in
in George Orwell's
Selfish helpfulness —those willing to help for a price— has also been attributed to fictional rats. Templeton, from E. B. White's , repeatedly reminds the other characters that he is only involved because it means more food for him, and the cellar-rat of John Masefield's
requires bribery to be of any assistance.
By contrast, the rats appearing in the
books tend to be highly positive and likeable characters, many of whom tell their remarkable life stories in the Mouse and Rat Club established by the animal-loving doctor.
Some fictional works use rats as the main characters. Notable examples include the society created by O'Brien's , and others include , and
from . 's 2007 animated film
is about a rat described by
as "earnest... lovable, determined, [and] gifted" who lives with a Parisian garbage-boy-turned-chef.
("My American Uncle"), a
, illustrates 's theories on
by using short sequences in the storyline showing lab rat experiments.
In 's science fiction novel , humans unintentionally introduce rats to the ecology at the home world of an alien race which previously invaded Earth and introduced some of its own fauna into its environment. And
pitted his space-bound protagonist, Commodore Grimes, against giant, intelligent rats who took over several stellar systems and enslaved their human inhabitants. "" is nickname of the (human) protagonist of a series of humorous
written by .
Main article:
One of the oldest and most historic stories about rats is "The Pied Piper of Hamelin", in which a
leads away an infestation with enchanted music. The piper is later refused payment, so he in turn leads away the town's children. This tale, traced to Germany around the late 13th century, has inspired adaptations in film, theatre, literature, and even opera. The subject of much research, some theories have intertwined the tale with events related to the , in which
may have played an important role. Fictional works based on the tale that focus heavily on the rat aspect include Pratchett's , and Belgian graphic novel
(The Ball of the Dead Rat).
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