Manufacturer in China | First Asia IndustrialFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from )
Textile factory (, about 1975).
Manufacturing is the production of
for use or sale using labour and , , chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from
to , but is most commonly applied to
production, in which
are transformed into
on a large scale. Such finished goods may be used for manufacturing other, more complex products, such as ,
or , or sold to , who in turn sell them to , who then sell them to end users – the "".
Manufacturing takes turns under all types of . In a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the
for sale to
at a profit. In a , manufacturing is more frequently directed by the state to supply a centrally . In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government .
Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as
manufacturers use the term fabrication instead.
The manufacturing sector is closely connected with
and . Examples of major manufacturers in
include , , , , , , and . Examples in Europe include , , and . Examples in Asia include ,,,, , and .
Assembly of Section 41 of a
A female industrial
amidst heavy steel
(KINEX BEARINGS, , , c. )
In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled
with assistants. Training was by . In much of the pre-industrial world, the
system protected the privileges and trade secrets of urban artisans.
Before the , most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, where household-based manufacturing served as a supplemental subsistence strategy to
(and continues to do so in places). Entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the .
Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm.
(2000s) - , design-your-own web sites for sneakers, clothing
in manufacturing
Main article:
According to some economists, manufacturing is a wealth-producing sector of an economy, whereas a
sector tends to be wealth-consuming.
have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the
in the . Manufacturing provides important material support for national
On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs. The clean-up costs of , for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose
to health risks. These costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving , reducing waste, using , and eliminating harmful chemicals. The increased use of technologies such as
also offer the potential to reduce the environmental impact of producing finished goods through .
The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally. Developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with
laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the .
have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the .
impose additional costs on manufacturing. These are significant dynamics in the ongoing process, occurring over the last few decades, of manufacture-based industries relocating operations to "developing-world" economies where the costs of production are significantly lower than in "developed-world" economies.
Surveys and analyses of trends and issues in manufacturing and investment around the world focus on such things as:
the nature and sources of the considerable variations that occur cross-nationally in levels of manufacturing and wider industrial-
attractiveness to foreign direct.
In addition to general overviews, researchers have examined the features and factors affecting particular key aspects of manufacturing development. They have compared production and investment in a range of Western and non-Western countries and presented case studies of growth and performance in important individual industries and market-economic sectors.
On June 26, 2009, , the CEO of General Electric, called for the
to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand. Further, while U.S. manufacturing performs well compared to the rest of the U.S. economy, research shows that it performs poorly compared to manufacturing in other high-wage countries. A total of 3.2 million – one in six U.S. manufacturing jobs – have disappeared between 2000 and 2007. In the UK,
has led calls for the UK economy to be rebalanced to rely less on financial services and has actively promoted the manufacturing agenda.
Data is provided by . It shows the total value of manufacturing in US dollars for its noted year.
Country/Region
(Millions of $US)
11,185,841
  
Main article:
Friedman, David (2006). . Los Angeles Times. New America Foundation.
(1976). . Center for Policy Studies. Margaret Thatcher Foundation.
For example, entire academic journals such as
dedicated to reducing environmental impact of manufacturing.
Megan Kreiger and Joshua M. Pearce (2013). Environmental Life Cycle Analysis of Distributed 3-D Printing and Conventional Manufacturing of Polymer Products, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, DOI: 10.1021/sc400093k .
Manufacturing & Investment Around The World: An International Survey Of Factors Affecting Growth & Performance, ISR Publications/Google Books, revised second edition, 2002. .
Research, Industrial Systems (). .  .
Bailey, David and Soyoung Kim (June 26, 2009).. UK Guardian. Retrieved on June 28, 2009.
"". . April 20, 2007.
"". access in February 20, 2013.
"". access in February 20, 2013.
Kalpakjian, S Steven Schmid (August 2005). Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology. . pp. 22–36, 951–988.  .
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
Wikiquote has quotations related to:
Cato Institute article:
: video presentations.Alina
: Hidden categories: