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《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》
　　内容提要
&&Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a story for children by Lewis Carroll. Originally entitled Alice's Adventures Under Ground, and written for his young friend Alice Liddell, it tells how Alice dreams she pursues a White Rabbit down a rabbit-hole to a world where she encounters such celebrated characters as the Duchess and the Cheshire Cat, the Mad Hatter and the March Hare, the King and Queen of Hearts, and the Mock Turtle. It contains the poems ‘You are old, Father William', ‘Beautiful Soup', and others, and Carroll's typographical experiment ‘Fury and the Mouse', in the shape of a mouse's tail: it proved a lasting success and has been translated into many languages.
&&《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》是英国童话作家刘易斯&卡洛尔的一部中篇童话。故事讲述的是一个叫爱丽丝的小女孩和姐姐在河边看书时睡着了，在梦中爱丽丝突然看见一只穿背心的白兔跑过去。她跟着兔子跌进了一个黑洞，跌了好久才跌到了一堆枯树叶上。她走进一个大厅，四周有许多扇门。 大厅中央玻璃桌上放着一串金钥匙。她用其中一把打开了一扇最小的门，里面是一座美丽的花园。门太小，她钻不进，后来喝了桌上一瓶饮料，就变成了一个只有10英寸高的小人。她吃了桌下一块糕，一下长到9英尺，门又进不了。她急得大哭起来，泪水流成河。 白兔出现了，丢下一把扇子，她用来一扇，又缩成个小人。她失足落入自己的泪水池中，好容易才游到岸边。爱丽丝来到白兔家，看见柜子上有饮料，她才喝了半瓶，身体就变大，头顶天花板，胳膊伸出窗外，无法动弹。兔子捡石头砸她，石子落地全变成糕饼。她一吃，马上又缩小了，于是她夺门逃跑，逃到林子里，吃了点蘑菇才恢复了原来的形状。 她还遇到了爱说教的公爵夫人、神秘莫测的柴郡猫、神话中的格里芬和假海龟、总是叫喊着要砍别人头的扑克牌女王和一群扑克士兵，参加了一个疯狂茶会、一场古怪的槌球赛和一场审判，直到最后与女王发生冲突时才醒来，发现自己依然躺在河边，姐姐正温柔地拂去落在她脸上的几片树叶――在梦里她把那几片树叶当成了扑克牌。
&&作品赏析
&&Throughout the course of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Alice goes through a variety of absurd physical changes. The discomfort she feels at never being the right size acts as a symbol for the changes that occur during puberty. Alice finds these changes to be traumatic, and feels discomfort, frustration, and sadness when she goes through them. She struggles to maintain a comfortable physical size. In Chapter I, she becomes upset when she keeps finding herself too big or too small to enter the garden. In Chapter V, she loses control over specific body parts when her neck grows to an absurd length. These constant fluctuations represent the way a child may feel as her body grows and changes during puberty.
&&In Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Alice encounters a series of puzzles that seem to have no clear solutions, which imitates the ways that life frustrates expectations. Alice expects that the situations she encounters will make a certain kind of sense, but they repeatedly frustrate her ability to figure out Wonderland. Alice tries to understand the Caucus race, solve the Mad Hatter's riddle, and understand the Queen's ridiculous croquet game, but to no avail. In every instance, the riddles and challenges presented to Alice have no purpose or answer. Even though Lewis Carroll was a logician, in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland he makes a farce out of jokes, riddles, and games of logic. Alice learns that she cannot expect to find logic or meaning in the situations that she encounters, even when they appear to be problems, riddles, or games that would normally have solutions that Alice would be able to figure out. Carroll makes a broader point about the ways that life frustrates expectations and resists interpretation, even when problems seem familiar or solvable.
&&Alice continually finds herself in situations in which she risks death, and while these threats never materialize, they suggest that death lurks just behind the ridiculous events of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland as a present and possible outcome. Death appears in Chapter I, when the narrator mentions that Alice would say nothing of falling off of her own house, since it would likely kill her.
&&Alice takes risks that could possibly kill her, but she never considers death as a possible outcome. Over time, she starts to realize that her experiences in Wonderland are far more threatening than they appear to be. As the Queen screams “Off with its head!” she understands that Wonderland may not merely be a ridiculous realm where expectations are repeatedly frustrated. Death may be a real threat, and Alice starts to understand that the risks she faces may not be ridiculous and absurd after all.
&&《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》是一部被公认为世界儿童文学经典的童话，由于其中丰富的想象力和种种隐喻，不但深受各个时代儿童欢迎，也被视为一部严肃的文学作品。《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》到卡罗尔1898年去世之前，已经成为英国最畅销的儿童读物。
&&《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》以梦幻的形式，将你带入一个离奇的故事中，情节扑朔迷离，变幻莫测。表面看起来荒诞不经，实际上却富有严密的逻辑性和深刻的内涵，是智慧与幻想的完美结合。吃些东西就可以长大或变小；小老鼠可以和你一起游泳；毛毛虫和你一般高；小猪接见公爵夫人的孩子；还有龙跳舞……那里是一个奇异的世界。
&&书中主人公爱丽丝是个十分可爱的小女孩。她天真活泼，充满好奇心和求知欲；她有同情心，懂得是非。在爱丽丝身上，充分体现了属于儿童的那种纯真。在人的成长过程中，这种儿童的纯真常常会遭到侵蚀。因而，纯真的爱丽丝对儿童、对成年人都极具魅力，且弥足珍贵。
&&书中充满了有趣的文字游戏、双关语、谜语和巧智，因此有时是难以翻译的，比如第二章章名里的“Tale（故事）”因为被爱丽丝听成同音的“Tail（尾巴）”而闹出了笑话。由于开始时是一部给朋友的孩子讲的自娱之作，故事里的很多角色名都影射了作者身边的人，如第三章里的渡渡鸟（dodo）是作者自己（因为他有口吃的毛病，听起来像dodo这个词）、鸭子（duck）是朋友Duckworth、鹦鹉（Lory）是爱丽丝的姐姐Lorina，小鹰（Eaglet）是爱丽丝的妹妹Edith。
&&由于作品的广受欢迎，《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》曾被改编成各种体裁，包括电影、舞台剧和动画，其中迪斯尼于1951年改编的Alice in Wonderland是比较著名的。此外还出现了各种仿作，比如沈从文的童话《阿丽思中国游记》便是假托爱丽丝续集的名义反映当时社会的黑暗。另外，这个充满奇幻色彩的题材也不时被各种日本漫画套用。A: Alice, you clean the house,
? B: But I did..._百度知道
A: Alice, you clean the house,
? B: But I did...
A; ;&nbsp,
&&&nbsp: But I&nbsp, you clean the house? B;&nbsp: Alice
提问者采纳
--爱丽丝，好吗：考查反意问句？做反意问句，所以用will you
试题分析。选B。因为第一句话是祈使句，你打扫房间？--但是我昨天做过了：句意，Alice是个称呼，you可以省略
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出门在外也不愁From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Alice Paul (January 11, 1885 – July 9, 1977) was an American , , and
activist, and the main leader and strategist of the 1910s campaign for the
which prohibits sex discrimination in the right to vote. Along with
and others, Paul strategized the events, such as the , which led the successful campaign that resulted in its passage in 1920.
After 1920 Paul spent a half century as leader of the , which fought for her
to secure constitutional equality for women. She won a large degree of success with the inclusion of women as a group protected against discrimination by the . She insisted that her National Woman's Party focus on the legal status of all women and resisted calls to address issues like birth control and the suppression of African American women's votes.
Alice Paul was born on January 11, 1885 in , the daughter of William Mickle Paul and Tacie Paul (née Parry). She was a descendant of , the Quaker founder of Pennsylvania. She grew up in the Quaker tradition of public service, in a family that included a foreign aid worker to Russia and a founder of a Christian Science church, and the Quaker view of recognizing women as separate people from men. Her mother was e Paul would sometimes join her mother in attending suffragist meetings. The Quaker tradition is where Paul first learned about the suffrage movement.
Alice Paul and Helen Gardener, ca.
Paul attended , where she graduated at the top of her class. She then went to , co-founded by her grandfather, and earned a B.A. in Biology. Partly in order to avoid going into teaching work, Paul completed a fellowship year at a
in New York City after her graduation, living with and mentoring settlement residents as part of the College Settlement Association. While working in the settlement taught her about the need to right injustice in America, Paul quickly saw that social work was not the way she was to achieve this goal: "I knew in a very short time I was never going to be a social worker, because I could see that social workers were not doing much good in the world... you couldn't change the situation by social work."
Paul then earned her M.A. in sociology from the
in 1907. She continued her studies at the
in , England, not far from the , while returning to social work to make an income. During time in London she made the acquaintance of the
and later joined the protests of the Pankhurst's militant
(WSPU). She was arrested repeatedly during suffrage demonstrations and served three jail terms. After returning from England in 1910, Paul continued her studies at the University of Pennsylvania, earning a Ph.D. in economics. Her dissertation was entitled "The Legal Position of Women in Pennsylvania"; it discussed the history of the women's movement in Pennsylvania and the rest of the U.S., and urged woman suffrage as the key issue of the day.
Paul later received her law degree (LL.B) from the
in 1922, after the suffrage fight was over. In 1927, she earned an LL.M, and in 1928, a Doctorate in Civil Laws from .
After her graduation from the University of Pennsylvania, she moved to England where she first became acquainted with women suffragists and their work. Alice Paul encountered
and , the militant founders of the
(WSPU) in Britain. It was through working with these women that Paul found her true calling, not as a social worker, but as a soldier in the battle to win equal rights for women.
After a "conversion experience" seeing Christabel Pankhurst speak at the University of Birmingham, Alice Paul realized that radical reform was what the world needed, not slow changes to the status quo - and that was to be found in the political power of woman suffrage, which would enable women of all stripes to enact reforms to better their lot. Paul joined the WSPU and, after a year, began participating in demonstrations and marches. While associated with the WSPU, Paul was arrested seven times and imprisoned three times, and participated in hunger strikes while in prison.
during a London march led by Emmeline Pankhurst, at which all of the participants were arrested. They continued to work together in the WSPU, and the relationship would continue for the duration of the suffrage fight, first in England, then in the United States. Paul quickly took on a leadership role in the WSPU, organizing demonstrations and symbolic events. Paul put herself physically on the line during dramatic attempts to increase the visibility of the women's cause. Before a political meeting at St. Andrew's Hall in Glasgow in August 1909, Paul camped out on the roof of the hall so that she could address the crowd below. She was cheered by the crowd as police for later, when Paul, Burns, and fellow suffragists attempted to enter the event, they were beaten by police while sympathetic bystanders attempted to protect them.
During the fall of 1909, Paul and another suffragist, Amelia Brown, disguised themselves as cleaners at the Guildhall, where the Lord Mayor was hosting a banquet for Prime Minister Asquith and other cabinet ministers. When Asquith stood up to speak, Paul and the other suffragist threw their shoes and broke stained glass windows in order to gain attention, while screaming "Votes for women!". The women were arrested and sentenced to one month's hard labor. During previous arrests, Paul had secured a quick release by going on hunger strike, but during this incarceration, she was force-fed, a process which caused great bodily harm. Paul had to be carried out of the prison at the end of her sentence.
Alice Paul
After the ordeal of her final London imprisonment, Paul returned to the United States in January 1910 to continue her recovery and to develop a plan for suffrage work back home. Paul's experiences in England were well-publicized, and the American news media was already covering her activities while she was still in London. She knew that she was positioned to bring greater attention and scrutiny to the woman suffrage cause, and used this power to shake up the stagnant American suffrage movement.
Paul re-enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania, pursuing her Ph.D., while speaking about her experiences in the British suffrage movement to Quaker audiences and starting to work in United States suffrage on the local level. After completing her dissertation, a comprehensive overview of the history of the legal status of United States women, she began participating in
rallies, and eventually moved to Washington to chair NAWSA's Congressional Committee. NAWSA's work at the time was primarily focuse the passage of a congressional amendment seemed like an insurmountable challenge given the truculent opposition of the South and Northeast.
One of Paul's first big projects was organizing the
in Washington the day before President Wilson's inauguration. Paul, was determined to put pressure on Wilson. The lead banner in the parade said, "We Demand an Amendment to the United States Constitution Enfranchising the Women of the Country."
Over half a million people cam with insufficient police protection, the situation soon devolved into a near-riot, with onlookers pressing so close to the women that they were unable to proceed. The Massachusetts and Pennsylvania nation eventually, students from the
provided a human barrier to help the women to pass. Paul, with her experience using police mistreatment and brutality for publicity purposes in Britain, saw an opportunity to boost sympathy for the women's cause. She quickly mobilized public dialogue about the police response to the women's demonstration, producing greater awareness and sympathy for NAWSA.
Cover to the program for the 1913
which Alice Paul organized
After the parade, the NAWSA's focus was lobbying for a
to secure the right to vote for women. Such an amendment had originally been sought by suffragists
who, as leaders of the , fought for a federal amendment to the constitution securing women's suffrage until the 1890 formation of NAWSA, which campaigned for the vote on a state-by-state basis.
Paul's methods started to create tension between her and the leaders of NAWSA, who thought she was moving too aggressively in Washington. Eventually, disagreements about strategy and tactics led to a break with NAWSA. Paul formed the Congressional Union and, later, the
(NWP) in 1916.
The NWP began introducing some of the methods used by the suffrage movement in Britain and focused entirely on achieving a constitutional amendment for woman suffrage., a multi-millionaire socialite at the time, was the largest donor to Paul's efforts. The NWP was accompanied by press coverage and the publication of the weekly Suffragist.
of 1916, Paul and the NWP campaigned against the continuing refusal of President
and other incumbent
to actively support the Suffrage Amendment. In January, 1917, the NWP staged the first political protest and
at the . The pickets, participating in a
campaign known as the "," held banners demanding the right to vote.
After the United States entered
in April, 1917, many people viewed the picketing Silent Sentinels as disloyal. In June, 1917, picketers were arrested on charges of "obstructing traffic." Over the next six months, many, including Paul, were convicted and incarcerated at the
in Virginia (which later became the Lorton Correctional Complex) and the
When the public heard the news of the first arrests some were surprised that leading suffragists and very well-connected women were going to prison for peacefully protesting. President Wilson received bad publicity from this event, and was livid with the position he was forced into. He quickly pardoned the first women arrested on July 19, two days after they had been sentenced. But reporting on the arrests and sentences continued. The Boston Journal, for example, stated, "The little band representing the NWP has been abused and bruised by government clerks, soldiers and sailors until its efforts to attract the President's attention has sunk into the conscience of the whole nation."
Suffragists continued picketing outside the White House after the Wilson pardon, and throughout World War I. Their banners contained such slogans as "Mr. President, How Long Must Women Wait For Liberty?". Although the suffragists protested peacefully, their protests were not always met kindly. While protesting, young men would harass and beat up the women, with the police never intervening on behalf of the protesters. Police would even arrest other men who tried to help the women who were getting beaten. Even though they were protesting during wartime, they continued peaceful, non-destructive protesting, so they still had some public support. Throughout this time, more protesters were arrested and sent to Occoquan or the District Jail, with no pardons offered.
Recognizing the publicity value of her own arrest and imprisonment, Paul purposefully strove to receive the seven-month jail sentence that started on October 20, 1917. She began serving her time in the District Jail.
Whether sent to Occoquan or the District Jail, the women were given no special treatment as political prisoners and had to live in harsh conditions with poor sanitation, infested food, and dreadful facilities. In protest of the conditions at the District Jail, Paul began a . This led to her being moved to the prison's psychiatric ward and being
raw eggs through a feeding tube. "Seems almost unthinkable now, doesn't it?" Paul told an interviewer from
when asked about the forced feeding. "It was shocking that a government of men could look with such extreme contempt on a movement that was asking nothing except such a simple little thing as the right to vote."
Alice Paul
On November 14, 1917, the suffragists who were imprisoned at Occoquan endured brutality which became known as the "". The National Woman's Party (NWP) went to court to protest the treatment of the women in Occoquan Prison. The women were later moved to the District Jail where Paul languished. Despite the
that she experienced and witnessed, Paul remained undaunted, and on November 27 and 28 all the suffragists were released from prison.
Paul's hunger strike, combined with the continuing demonstrations and attendant press coverage, kept pressure on the Wilson administration. In January 1918, Wilson announced that women's suffrage was urgently needed as a "war measure," and strongly urged Congress to pass the legislation. The House of Representatives passed a Constitutional amendment for woman suffrage that month. In response, the NWP stopped picketing, but when the Senate failed to pass the amendment in September, they returned, staging more confrontational demonstrations through the winter of 1918-19. NWP women now climbed statues, chained themselves to fences, burned ‘watch fires’ in front of the White House while Wilson went to Versailles. They also set fire to banners imprinted with his words on democracy as these words were announced from the Peace Conference.
In June 1919, the Senate passed the suffrage amendment. The Nineteenth Amendment to the USA Constitution was ratified in August 1920. Originally, the amendment wasn't going to pass, being short by one vote, but a senator from Tennessee changed his vote when he received a telegram from his mother asking him to support women's suffrage.
Main article:
Later in life, Alice Paul played a major role in adding protection for women in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, despite the opposition of liberals who feared it would end protective labor laws for women. The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by , a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee. Smith's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133. For twenty years Smith had sponsored the Equal Rights Amendment in the House because he believed in equal rights for women, even though he opposed equal rights for blacks. He for decades had been close to the National Woman's Party and especially to Alice Paul. She and other feminists had worked with Smith since 1945 trying to find a way to include sex as a protected civil rights category.
Paul was the original author of a proposed
to the Constitution in 1923. The ERA was passed by both houses in Congress in 1972 and was then submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. Approval by 38 states was required to ensure adoption of the amendment. Not enough states—only 35—voted in favor in time for the deadline. However, efforts to pass the ERA are still happening, as well as efforts to pass a new equality amendment. Although the amendment hasn't passed yet, almost half of the U.S. states have adopted the ERA into their state constitutions.
Paul continued fighting for equal rights until she had a debilitating stroke in 1974. She died at the age of 92 on July 9, 1977 at the Quaker Greenleaf Extension Home in , near her family home of .
Alice Paul was honored in 2012 on a $10 gold coin
In 1979 Paul was inducted, posthumously, into the .
Paul's alma mater, , named the Women Center and a dormitory in her honor. Montclair State University in New Jersey has also named a building in her honor.
Two countries have honored her by issuing a postage stamp: Great Britain in 1981 and the United States in 1995. The U.S. stamp was the 78-cent
In 1987, a group of New Jersey women raised the money to purchase Alice Paul's papers when they came up for auction, so that an archive could be established. Alice Paul's papers and memorabilia are now held by the Schlesinger Library in Boston and the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C. In 1990, the same group, now the Alice Paul Institute, purchased the brick farmhouse, , in Mount Laurel, New Jersey where Paul was born. Paulsdale is a National Historic Landmark, and is on the New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places. The Alice Paul Institute keeps Paul's legacy alive with their mission to promote gender equality.
played Paul in the 2004 movie , which portrayed Paul's 1910s movement for passage of the 19th Amendment.
In 2010 Paul was posthumously inducted into the .
Paul appeared on a United States half-ounce $10 gold coin in 2012, as part of the First Spouse Gold Coin Series. A provision in the
(see , 119  , enacted December 22, 2005) directs that Presidential spouses be honored. As President
was a widower, Paul is shown representing "Arthur's era".
Some of her papers are held in the , at Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
, 2004 film about Alice Paul and
and their fight resulting in passage of the .
, birthplace and childhood home of Alice Paul in Moorestown, New Jersey.
"Baker, Jean H., "," , Winter 2010, Volume 59, Issue 4.
"Alice Paul: Feminist, Suffragist and Political Strategist." Alice Paul Institute. Last modified November 08, 2010. Accessed April 15, 2014. .
"Paul, Alice Stokes - Social Welfare History Project." Social Welfare History Project. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. &&.
Alice Paul in oral history compiled by Amelia Fry, , quoted in Katherine Adams: Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign, University of Illinois Press 2008, p. 7
Adams, Katherine (2008). Alice Paul and the American Woman Suffrage Campaign. Chicago: University of Illinois. pp. 12–14.
. Lakewood Public Library: Women in History.
Dodd, Lynda G. "Parades, Pickets, and Prison: Alice Paul and the Virtues of Unruly Constitutional Citizenship," 24 J. L. & Pol. 339 (2008): accessed April 16, 2014, .
Zahniser, J.D. (2014). Alice Paul: Claiming Power. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 178–231.
Bernikow, Louise. "Night of Terror Leads to Women's Vote in 1917." Our History. Last modified 29 Oct. 2004. Accessed 16 Apr. 2014. &&.
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, , Nov 7, 1917. Accessed June 25, 2012.
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. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
Alice Paul is explicitly specified in  
Adams, Katherine H. and Michael L. Keene. Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign. U. of Illinois Press, 2007.
Graham, Sally Hunter. "Woodrow Wilson, Alice Paul, and the Woman Suffrage Movement," Political Science Quarterly 98 (Winter ): 665-79;
Hartmann, Susan M. "Paul, Alice";
Access Jun 05 2014
Hawranick, Sylvia, Joan M. Doris, and Robert Daugherty. "Alice Paul Activist, Advocate, and One of Ours." Affilia ( pp: 190-196.
Stillion Southard, Belinda Ann. "The National Woman's Party's Militant Campaign for Woman Suffrage: Asserting Citizenship Rights through Political Mimesis." (2008).
Walton, Mary. A Woman's Crusade: Alice Paul and the Battle for the Ballot. Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Willis, Jean L. "Alice Paul: The Quintessential Feminist," in Feminist Theorists, ed. Dale Spender (1983).
Zahniser, J.D. and Amelia R. Fry. Alice Paul: Claiming Power. Oxford University Press, 2014. .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
R.Digati (Mar 23, 2002). . Social Reformer, Suffragette.
2011. (Westfield Friends Burial Ground, Cinnaminson, New Jersey)
, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
"", , February 1974, Volume 25, Issue 2. Interview of Alice Paul by Robert S. Gallagher.
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