初中英语写作策略指导与实践 第一部分 应用文 应用文是人们日常生活或工作中经常使用的文体，包括书信、通知、便条、启事等。其语言重 在实用，要求朴实、准确、简洁。 应用文在实践中逐渐形成了各自的格式，且各种格式都有一定的规范。掌握应用文的基本结构 和特点是学生应该具备的基本功之一。 第一节 书信书信是人们在日常生活、学习、工作和公务活动中应用最为广泛的有一定惯用格式的应用文， 是个人与个人之间、个人与组织之间、组织与组织之间交流思想感情、传递意见要求、传播信息的 书面形式。 同其它类应用文一样，书信具有实用性强、格式固定、使用广泛等特点。 由于文化背景与习俗的不同，英文书信与中文书信在书写格式上有较大差异，需特别注意。 书信的写法应注意三大部分。 一、信封的格式 在信封正面的中间略偏右的地方写收信人的地址，注意要先写收信人的姓名，再从小到大写上 收信人的地址，寄信人的地址则按从小到大的顺序写在信封的左上角，或者是写在信封的背面。格 式如下所示： 二、书信的格式 书信分为正式信件(公务性信件和商务性信件)和非正式信件(家人、朋友之间的信件)两种。常 见的书信格式如下图所示： 三、正文的写法 1. 信头(Heading)：信头是指写信人的地址及日期，位于信笺的右上方，距信纸的顶头约一英 寸。顺序是先写地址，后写日期。地址由小写到大，即门牌号→街名→城市→省份→国名，由小到 大的顺序书写。如&江西省万载县康乐镇田下路 159 号&，英文写法是：159 Tianxia Road, Kangle Town, Wanzai County, Jiangxi Province；日期可按&日-月-年&的顺序或&月-日-年&的顺序写。 2. 信内地址(Inside Address)：它是指收信人的姓名和地址，写在信笺的左上方，稍低于信 头一至二行，在称呼语上方。顺序是先写收信人姓名，后写职务，再写地址(由小到大)。商业往来 信件及公函必须写信头和信内地址。 但亲友、熟人之间的信可不写信内地址， 信头处只写发信日期。 3. 称呼(Greeting)：收信人的称呼，写在信纸的左边，低于信内地址。 4. 书信的正文(Body)：是写信者所要说的话，正文信的内容，从左向右横写，低于称呼语， 常在缩进四、五个字母处起笔。写信与写文章一样，要分段写，每段有一个中心思想，内容要表达 清楚，语言要简单明了，态度要诚恳礼貌。给亲友的信还应亲切热情。考试时必须把规定的内容写 清楚。正文结束时，还可写一两句表达心愿的话，如：Best wishes to you /Remember me to your family /Hoping to hear from you soon 等。 5. 结束语(Closing)：发信人表示自己对收信人的一种客套称呼，写在书信正文结尾下面低两 行的位置上。一般它均从正中或偏右处写起。结束语的第一个字母必须大写，后面须加上逗号。收 信人与写信人之间是朋友关系时常用： Yours,/Yours ever,/Ever yours,/Always(Sincerely) yours, 等等。 6. 签名(Signature)：发信人自己的姓名，写在结束语的下面一行。可与结束语齐头或略向右 靠一点儿。 在这里给大家介绍一些关于书信的开头和结尾的写法：A. 开头语 1. Thank you for your letter of September 1. 2. Many thanks for your kind letter which reached me yesterday. 3. You letter come to me this morning. 4. I was delighted to receive your letter. 5. I am in receipt of your letter. 6. It's a long time since I saw your last. 7. I have been missing you a lot since we met last time. 8. I am sorry for not writing to you sooner. 9. I am writing to you tell that ...... 10. I often think of you. How are you recently? B. 结束语 1. Good luck! 2. Best wishes! 3. Take care of yourself, will you? 4. Send my love to your... 5. Please write to me when you have time. 6. Please write soon. 7. Let's keep in touch. 8. I am looking forward to your next letter soon. 9. Thank you for an early reply. 10. Please tell me if you need my help. [实例点评] 请按以下提示给美国总统写一封信。提示： 1. 你是一个中国学生，对美国攻打伊拉克很关注。 2. 战争已经持续十多天了。这些天来，大约二十万美、英士兵一直在攻击伊拉克(Iraq) 。到 目前为止，已经有很多房屋被摧毁(destroy) ，数以百计的平民(civilians) 在战争中被打死。伊 拉克的儿童不能安静地上学，甚至连吃的都没有。 3. 希望美、英立刻停止战争，让伊拉克人民能重新过上平静的生活，让伊拉克的儿童重新回 到课堂。 [写作指导] 1. 这是一封写给美国总统呼吁停止战争的信。措词要恰当。要以学生身份去写。 2. 一些关键词： last 持续, two hundred thousand 二十万， killed 被打死， be live a...life 过着......生活，care about 关注。 3. 要正确使用被动语态。 [参考范文] No. 28 Middle School Yangzhou April 8, 2005 Dear Mr President Bush, I am a student from China. All my classmates and I are caring about the war between your country and Iraq. So far, the war has lasted about ten days. During these days, about two hundred thousand soldiers from your country and Britain have kept attacking Iraq. Many houses have been destroyed. Hundreds of civilians have been killed in the war. What's worse, the children in Iraq couldn't go to school like the children in your country and all of us. They even have no food to eat. Mr President Bush, will you please stop the war at once? Let the people in Iraq live a quiet life and let the children go back to their schools, will you?Love, Li Lei [强化训练] 1. 假如你叫 Li Ming, 中学生，经常收听音乐节目，请你用英语给节目主持人写一封信。信的 要点如下：(1)你很喜欢这个节目，特别是英语歌曲；(2)学习很疲劳时，你会打开收音机，听这个 节目；(3)从英语歌里你学了很多单词；你最喜欢&Take Me to Your Heart&这首歌，希望得到歌词 (the words of a song)。 注意：信要通顺连贯；词数 70 左右。信的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。 2. 假定你叫周海，家住江西省南昌市北京西路 153 号，你刚收到好友张辉 8 月 15 日的来信。 他说对英语学习失去了信心，准备放弃，你很吃惊。现请你给他复信，劝他继续学习，并告诉他英 语是一门重要学科，要有克服困难的意志，要有好的学习方法。写信时间为 8 月 20 日，词数 100 左右。 3. 你是尚佳， 在昆明大学英语系(English Department)一年级读书， 九月十五日给你父母亲(辽 宁省海城市八里镇头道村)写了一封信，信中说，你到昆明半个月了。这里很美，四季如春，昆明 人更美，处处盛开友谊(friendship)之花。昆大的老师和同学们对你都很好，恐怕东北人在此不适 应(fit)，他们便常常关照你，这里就像一个欢乐的大家庭，请你父母亲放心，待家里活忙完后， 也来昆明住几天。请你用 100 字左右写出这封信的全文。 4. 假如你叫李海，暑假里你和父亲去北京旅游。几天后你给你的同学赵涛写信，向他介绍首 都北京及你们参观长城情况。(你住在北京西长安街 809 号) 5. 假若你叫王梅，你的英国笔友 Betty 写信请你给她介绍有关中国春节的一些情况。请你给 她写封回信。 6. 假如你是张吉，你的加拿大笔友 Tim 给你来信，告知你他将来宁波度假。请你根据所给提 示用英语写一封回信。词数：60-80。 回信须包括以下要点： 1) 欢迎他来宁波；2) 恰好你也有一个月的假期；3) 在宁波可以游泳、钓鱼、爬山、吃各种 海鲜、浏览市容；4) 你们可以互相学习语言；5) 请对方告知到达的时间和航班号，以便去机场迎 接。 7. 假如你叫李平，参加了学校开展的&有烦恼向谁说&的调查活动，调查结果如图所示。请你 用英语给校报编辑写一封信，内容包括：调查结果(不局限于用分数表述)、理由及自己的想法。 要求：1) 语句通顺，合乎逻辑； 2) 词数 80-100(信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数)。 提示词：survey 调查，trust 信任 [参考范文] 1. No. 28 Middle School Suzhou April 8, 2005 Dear Mr Liu, I'm a middle school student. In my spare time, I'd love to listen to the radio, especially the programme you present. When I am tired, I usually turn on my radio to relax. I enjoy the English songs in the programme most. From the songs, I learn new words. It is helpful in my English study. I was wondering whether you could help me find the words of the song Take Me to Your Heart, as it is one of my favourites. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 2. 153 Beijing West Road Nanchang, Jiangxi August 20, 2005Dear Zhang Hui, I have received your letter of August 15. I'm surprised to learn that you have lost heart in your English and that you want to give it up. In my opinion, English is an important subject for us middle school students. It's wrong for you to give it up. I hope you'll go on studying English. You should have more confidence and when you are learning a language you will make mistakes, this is part of learning. Where there is a will, there is a way. Besides, you must develop a good way of learning. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask your teacher for help. I'm sure you'll make great progress in your English very soon. Yours, Zhou Hai 3. Grade One English Department Kunming University 650032 Kunming, Yunnan Province September 15, 1999 Dear parents, How are you? How time flies! I've been in Yunnan for nearly half a month. All is beautiful here and so are the people. All the year is just like spring, and there are flowers of friendship here and there. Here's a big family and we are brothers and sisters. They take good care of me, for they are afraid it can't fit a friend from the Northeast. So I'm very happy here and you needn't worry. Hope you come and visit here after farm work. Yours loving, Shang Jia 4. 809 West Chang'an Street, Beijing July 20, 2005 Dear Zhao Tao, I've been in Beijing for several days. I miss you very much. Does everything go well at home? Now let me tell you something about Beijing. Beijing, our capital, is a very beautiful city. There are too many people, cars and big buildings in Beijing. There are all kinds of shops. They sell all kinds of things. There are lots of places of great interest. Now it's the best time to visit Beijing. Too many travellers have come here. Yesterday my father and I visited the Great Wall. How great! I was very excited when I saw the Great Wall. We took lots of photos. I saw lots of foreigners, they're very interesting. We enjoyed ourselves very much there. Zhao Tao, have you finished your lessons? I'm going home soon. Please tell my mother not to worry about us. Yours, Li Hai 5. Dear Betty, Thank you for your last letter. I'm getting on well with all my subjects. I hope you can come to China one day. The following is the answer to your questions. The Spring Festival is the most important festival for China people. It always comes during winter holidays. It's time for families to get together. People all have a big dinner in the evening before the Spring Festival. On the Spring Festival, every people wears their new clothes. People say &Happy New Dear& to each other. In the following few days, people will be busy visitingfriends and relatives. Everyone enjoys the Spring Festival. Our winter holidays will come soon, so will the Spring Festival. I'm busy with my lessons now. I have to stop writing. Thank you for helping me with my English. Yours sincerely Wang Mei 6. August 9th Dear Tim, I received your letter yesterday. I'm very happy to hear that you'll come to Ningbo. I'm going to have a one-month holiday after the exams finish. We can spend our holiday together. We can go swimming, go fishing, climb the hills and enjoy many kinds of seafood. We can also visit different parts of this beautiful city. I'm sure you'll like it. At the same time, we can learn language from each other. Please call me and let me know your flight number and the arrival time as soon as you get the ticket. I'll meet you at the airport. I'm sure we'll have a good time together. Best wishes to your family! Yours, Zhang Ji 7. June 26th, 2005 Dear editor, I am a student in Grade Three. We have made a survey-&To whom do you go when in trouble&. Here are the results. Most of the students will go to their classmates or friends when in trouble because they're almost the same age and they can talk with, communicate with and understand each other easily. Some students will tell their teachers or parents about their troubles as the teachers and parents have rich experience and love them very much. They can be trusted by these students. Only a few students solve their problems all by themselves. They hate to talk with others and can't get on well with others. They have few friends. In my opinion, when in trouble we should ask our teachers, parents, friends or classmates for help. Yours sincerely, Li Ping 第二节 日记 日记常用来记叙自己一天生活中所看到、遇到、想到和做过的事情，特别是那些具有教育意义 或值得回忆、查阅或参考的事情，也可以用来抒发自己当天对某些事件的感受，以及对将来的打算 等。因此，要记的内容丰富多彩，这正是日记题材广泛，选材容易的原因。体裁以记叙文或简单的 议论文为主。英文日记的格式与中文日记大体一样。 写日记时要注意以下几点： 1. 格式：英文日记和中文日记的写法大致相同。一般是第一行写上日期、星期、天气状况。 日期通常顶格写，后面是星期，天气状况写在右上角。表示天气情况的词一般用形容词，如：fine, cold, rainy, windy, cloudy, sunny, snowy, foggy 等。正文部分另起一行。 日记各部分的书写格式示意图如下： 2. 人称：日记要用第一人称写。 3. 时态：写日记的时间一般是在下午或晚上，有时也有在第二天补记的。所记叙的事情通常 发生在过去，所以常用一般过去时态。但如果要记叙天气、描写景色、展望未来、议论某事或对话 引语等，可以使用一般现在时或一般将来时，以生动再现当时的情景。 4. 日记的写作顺序：日记一般按照时间顺序或事情的经过来写。语言要清楚、自然，内容要连贯、完整。 5. 类型：日记可分为记事型、议论型、描写型以及抒情型等类型。记事型日记，就是学生用 所学英语词汇记述当天自己生活中所发生的事情。议论型，就是对生活中的某一事情或情况、现象 发表自己的看法。描写型就是对某人、某物的特征进行细致的描述，或对某事物抒发自己的感情。 [实例点评] 假设今天是六月十日(星期一)，天气晴朗。请根据以下提示，用英语写一则日记。 1. 全世界人民热爱足球，我也最喜欢足球； 2. 今天下午一位有名的足球运动员张林，来我校给我们作了&足球与中国&的报告； 3. 报告结束后，他和我们一起在学校操场踢了半小时足球； 4. 今天过得很愉快。我一定要更加努力学习，将来当一名像张林一样的优秀足球运动员。 [写作指导] 1. 首先要将日记的格式写对。 2. 注意时态的一致性和真实性。 3. 用词要准确，行文要流畅，不能照汉语提示硬译。 [参考范文] May 10th, 2005 Monday Fine The people all over the world love football. Football is my favourite sport. This afternoon a famous football player came to our school and gave us a talk about &Football and China&. His name was Zhang Lin. He was tall and strong. After the lecture, he played football on the school playground with us for half an hour. I enjoyed myself very much today. I think I must work hard at all my lessons and try to become a good football player like Zhang Lin. [强化训练] 1. 就植树节这一天的植树活动写一篇简短的日记。单词数：50 左右。 提示： 1) 穿旧衣服； 2) 早餐后乘车到西山； 3) 挖坑、种树、浇水，每人种树 3 棵； 4) 12 点结束； 5) 感想； 6) 天气晴朗。 2. 按下列要求写一篇日记。 要求：今天是 5 月 21 日星期六 ，不上课，吃完早饭后你做作业。然后和飞鸣一起去看电影。 路上看到一个小男孩在修自行车，你们停下来帮忙。飞鸣花了 10 分钟的时间帮助他修好了自行车， 小男孩非常的感激。当你们匆忙赶到电影院时正好电影开始。 3. 2005 年 5 月 1 日，星期六，晴，上午约 8 点，你和你的朋友们在去香山的路上。此时你们 看到前方有几个外国客人正在不知所措，周围不少人围观，由于语言的障碍，谁也不知发生了什么 事。正在这紧要关头，你们赶去。原来，在刚刚的一起交通事故中，他们的一位朋友受了伤正要去 医院，可是他们没有那么多的钱。你和你的朋友打电话叫来警察，你们陪同他们去了医院，他们的 朋友得救了，十分感激你们。尽管旅游没去成，但你们都为做了件增进中外友谊(friendship)的大 好事并从中学到许多知识感到高兴。根据以上提示写一则 100-150 字的日记。 4. 今天是 2005 年 4 月 11 日，星期天，晴。我去听香港四大歌王之一刘德华的演唱会。我早 就买好票期盼着(look forward to)这一天早日来到。演唱会于晚上 7：00 开始，持续三个小时。 刘德华比实际年龄显得年轻，他的歌令歌迷很激动。 注意：1) 字数 90 词左右。2) 请不要逐字翻译。3) 可适当发挥。 5. 根据图画内容和所给词汇写一则日记，时间为 6 月 3 日，星期日。 要求：1) 注意英文日记的格式；2) 必须用第一人称&I&来写；3) 字数：50-80 左右。 所给词汇： Li H
home 6.下列六幅画描述了你 5 月 31 日(星期日)那天的活动。请根据这些图画用英语写一篇日记。 注意：1) 日记须包括所有图画的内容，可以适当增加细节，使日记连贯。2) 词数 100 左右。 [参考范文] 1. March 12th, 2005, Monday Fine Today is Tree Planting Day. After breakfast we went to the West Hill to plant trees by bus. We were all in old clothes and worked very hard. Some dug holes, some put trees in them and others watered them. Each of us planted three young trees. When we finished our work, it was already twelve o'clock. We felt a little tired, but we were very happy. 2. May 21 Saturday Fine We had no lessons today. After breakfast I did my homework. After that Feiming and I went to the cinema. On the way, we saw a little boy. He was mending his bike. He looked worried. We decided to help him. There was nothing much wrong with it. So it took Feiming only ten minutes to finish it. The boy was very thankful. When we hurried to the cinema, we were just in time. We both felt very happy. 3. May 1st Saturday Fine My friend and I were on our way to the Xiangshan Mountains at about 8 in the morning when we found some foreign friends were looking worried in front of us. There were a lot of people around them, but they didn't know what had happened because they didn't know foreign languages. Just at that time we got there and got to know one of their friends was hurt in an accident. They had little money with them. So we telephoned the police and they took him to the hospital with us. They thanked us because he was saved. Though we didn't go to the Xiangshan Mountains, we did a good deed between China and foreign countries and we learnt a lot from it, we feel well enough. 4. April 11, 2005 Sunday Fine Liu Dehua is my favourite pop star.His English name is Andy. He is one of &the four kings& in Hong Kong music field. I bought a ticket to his concert a few days ago. I was looking forward to the day. At 7:00 in the evening the concert began. I heard him singing face to face for the first time. He was very handsome and looked much younger than his age. His song &Stupid Child& made us excited! The concert ended at 10:00. On my way home, I was still excited. What a wonderful evening! I'll never forget it. 5. Sunday June 30th Sunny This afternoon Li Hua and I played football on the playground with other classmates. Suddenly he fell over and hurt himself. So we quickly went over and took him to hospital by bike. The doctor looked over his leg carefully and said it was not too serious. After that he was taken back home with our help. We all hope that he will be all right very soon. 6. May 31st, 2005 Sunday Sunny It was Grandma's birthday. Father, Mother and I went to visit her. She lives with my uncle in a village not too far away. Early in the morning we bought some presents and took the bus to get there. Grandma and Uncle were so glad to see us. We gave the presents to Grandma and she was very happy. Then we sat down to talk, while Uncle went to prepare lunch. The meal was so nice that we all enjoyed it very much. At 4 o'clock, we said goodbye and set off for home.第三节 通知 通知属于应用文，通常是上级对下级、组织对成员布置工作、召开会议、传达事情所用的一种 应用文。通知包括口头通知和书面通知。 1. 口头通知 口头通知是面对面地把事情传达给对方。在发布口头通知时，应该注意以下几个问题： 开头应有称呼语：Boys and girls 或 Ladies and gentlemen 等。 应有引起听众注意的开场白：Attention, please! 或 Be quiet, please! 结尾应给听众结束通知的信号：That's all. Thank you.或 So much for this. Thank you. 口头通知的内容要讲清楚时间、地点、活动内容及注意事项。 2. 书面通知 书面通知是以布告、张贴的形式出现，为醒目起见， 标题的每个字母都常大写。 格式包括： 标题：在正文的上面写&NOTICE&。 正文：包括具体的时间、地点、活动内容及注意事项。 单位：一般写在右下角，有时放在标题的上面。 时间：发出通知的时间一般写在左下角。若右下角无发通知单位的名称，也可以写在右下角。 人称：发通知的单位和被通知的对象均用第三人称，但如果正文前已有称呼语，就用第二人称 表示被通知的对象。 [实例点评] 请按以下要求拟定一份通知： 1. 为了提高口语水平，学校准备举办英语口语竞赛。 2. 时间：2005 年 6 月 13 日。 3. 地点：二楼会议大厅。 4. 参加对象：初三年级学生。 5. 前三名发奖。 6. 本周到王老师那儿报名(sign up)。 7. 通知人：校长办公室。 8. 欢迎初三学生参加。 [写作指导] 1. 所写通知要包含所有内容，不得遗漏。 2. 语言要简洁。 3. 时间、地点可以连在一起写，一气呵成。 [参考范文] Notice To improve our oral English, an English-speaking Contest will be held in the hall on the second floor on June 13, 2005. All the students from Grade Three are welcome to join and the first five winners will be given prizes. If you want to take part in the contest, please come to Mr Wang to sign up this week. Try your best and get ready for it. Wish you success! The Office of the Headmaster [强化训练] 1. 假如你是班长，你班要与来华的美国学生一起举行一次英语晚会，请根据以下的内容拟个 通知，将这次活动的情况提前一天告诉同学们。 提示：1) 时间：2005 年 12 月 10 日，星期五，晚 7：00-9：00。 2) 地点：本班教室。 3) 参加人员：本班同学， 美国学生和我们的英语老师，也欢迎别班的同学来参加。 4) 内容：唱歌、跳舞、讲故事。5) 注意事项：晚会上要讲英语。 6) 望准时参加，祝玩得愉快。 要求：1) 格式正确。2) 语意连贯， 语法正确。3) 60-80 词。 2. 学校准备组织一次英语讲座，请以校学生会的名义将有关事项通知全校同学。请参看以下 提示。 提示： 1) 时间：5 月 30 日，星期六，晚上 6：00-8：00。 2) 地点：学校大礼堂。 3) 内容：英美文化的差异。 4) 主讲人：本校主任 Mr Li。 5) 注意事项：欢迎感兴趣的同学前来参加，但不要迟到。 要求：1) 格式正确。2) 语意连贯，语法正确。3) 60-80 词。 3. 一个参观团准备访问某城市。请你起草一份通知，在欢迎参观团时宣讲。内容包括以下几 点： 1) 参观日期：七月一日，星期六。 2) 时间：早餐后 8 点出发。 3) 在参观地点吃午餐。下午回来。 4) 每人只能参观一个地方，工厂、学校、农场或医院。欢迎人人参加。今晚 9 点前在服务台 (the Service Desk)写下名字，并告诉我们你要去的地方。 4. 请你拟写一个书面通知，告诉同学们明天去参加植树活动。 内容：明天是植树节，天气暖和。你们不上课，去公园植树。早晨八点在学校门口集合，骑自 行车去。中午在那里吃饭，请带好水和食物。(词数 50-70) 5. 请根据下面的提示以学生会的名义写一则通知，通知的内容已经给出。 1) 内容：本校最受欢迎的英语老师谢老师做关于如何提高英语写水平的讲座。 2) 时间：2005 年 2 月 28 日下午 4 点到 6 点。 3) 参加人员：全体初三年级学生，也欢迎其他年级的学生参加。 4) 讲座地点：教学楼六楼会议室。 5) 不少于 80 个单词。 6. 假如你是班长，根据下面表格所列的内容和提示，写一个 80 词左右的口头通知，以便向同 学们宣布。 事 由 欢迎澳大利亚学生来参观 参观日期 12 月 15 日 参观时间 上午：9：00-12：00 参观人数 约 50 人 活动安排 1. 12 月 15 日 8:30 在校门口 2. 带客人到图书馆的阅览室开联欢会(get-together)(9:00) 3. 领客人参观植物园(botanic garden)、校办工厂(school-run factory) 4. 11:00 在操场上进行篮球比赛。 5. 客人 12:00 离校。 注 意 1. 对客人要友好； 2. 请用英语交谈。 [参考范文] 1. NOTICE Boys and girls, We will have an English evening party in our classroom. The party will be held from 7:00 to 9:00 p.m. on Friday December 10th. We'll sing, dance and tell stories at the party. All of us must be on time. We will invite some American students and our teachers to join us. Students from other classes will be welcome. At the party, we must speak English. I hope we'll have a good time. That's all. Thank you. The Students' Union December 9th, 2005 2. NOTICE There will be an English lecture on the differences between American Culture and EnglishCulture. It will be given by Mr Li of our college in the school hall on Saturday evening from 6:00 to 8:00, May 30th. Everyone who is interested in it will be welcome. Be sure not to be late. The Students' Union May 29th 3. NOTICE Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? On Saturday July 1st, there will be visits to several places. Everybody is welcome. Each can only go to one place, a factory, a school, a farm or a hospital. Please write down your name at the Service Desk before 9:00 p.m. You should tell us where you will go. We'll set out at 8:00 a.m. after breakfast. We will have lunch at the place that you visit. In the afternoon we'll come back. That's all. Thank you. 4. NOTICE Tomorrow is Tree Planting Day. It is warm. You will have no classes. We shall (will) plant trees in the park. We will meet at the gate of our school at 8:00 in the morning and go there by bike. We will have lunch there. Please bring some water and food with you. Don't be late. the Headmaster Office 5. NOTICE There is going to be a lecture on how to improve writing English by Mr Xie, one of the most popular English teacher in our school. All the students of Junior Grade Three will attend the lecture. And students of other grades are also welcome. The lecture will be held on the sixth floor meeting room in the school building between four and six in the afternoon the day after tomorrow. All the students should be on time and take with your pens and notebooks. Please take notes carefully while listening. Don't be late. The Students' Union February 26th, 2005 6. Attention, please! Boys and girls, About 50 Australian students will come to visit our school on December 15. We'll meet them at the school gate at 8: 30. We'll take them to the reading-room in the library. At 9:00, a get-together will be held there. After that, we'll take them to visit the botanic garden and the school-run factory. At 11: 00 there will be a basketball match on the playground. They'll leave our school at 12:00. Please be friendly to the foreign visitors and we are supposed to speak English with them. That's all. Thank you. 第四节 便条 一、便条的格式和特点 人们在日常生活、 工作中往往有一些简单的事情需要告知别人， 而因某种原因无法见到对方时， 就可以采取写便条的办法来传递信息。在日常生活中便条应用非常广泛，如有事需告诉别人，委托 他人办事而不面谈，因事因病请假等，都可以写便条。英文的便条包括以下几部分： 1. 日期 日期写在右上角，只要写出月、日或星期几，有时只需写明上、下午的具体几点。 2. 称呼 称呼写在第二行，要左起顶格写。语气可随便一些。如 Dear Tom, Tom, Xiao Wang 等。3. 正文 正文应再起一行，用词要通俗简明，只要把事情说清楚就行。 4. 署名 署名要写在正文的右下角。一般的留言条只写留条人的姓名，姓或名均可。请假条、 借条的署名要正式些，在姓名前写上 Yours, Your student , Your friend 等。遗失、启事、招领 启事，有时不署名，只留下联系单位的电话号码。 二、两种最常见的便条 1. 电话留言条 英语电话留言条包括五部分：发话者(From)；收话者(To)；日期(Date)；时间(Time)；留言内 容(Message)。有时，最后可以出现记录人签名。 电话留言条最根本的特点就是内容必须言简意赅，切忌冗长。即写电话留言条时，行文要简明 扼要，通俗易懂，将发话者的意思清楚明白地表达出来。 写一个电话留言条，咋一看似乎很难，但只要对电话内容加以分析，注意电话留言条的格式和 特点，也就容易写出来。 英语电话留言条格式如下： TELEPHONE MESSAGE From: To: Date: Time: Message: [实例点评] 史密斯先生给你父亲打电话，因你父亲不在，你接了电话。史密斯先生说， 他将于明天上午 10 点半飞抵沈阳，请你父亲去接他。假设你的名字是赵威，接电话的时间是今天 (5 月 11 日)下午 4 点 20 分，请你写个电话记录。 [写作指导] 1. 体裁为电话记录，属应用文体。要明确格式。 2. 明确人物，不是你本人，而是赵威。接电话的时间，不是现在，而是 5 月 11 日下午 4 点 20 分。飞机到沈的时间是明天(5 月 12 日)上午 10 点 30 分。事件是飞机到沈后请赵威的父亲去接史密 斯先生。 [参考范文] From: Mr Smith To: Dad Date: May 11 Time: 4:20 p. m. Message: His plane will arrive in Shenyang at 10:30 tomorrow morning. He asked you to go and meet him. Zhao Wei 2. 请假条 请假条(written request for leave)是中学生必须掌握的常用应用文之一， 它包括请病假(note for sick leave)和请事假(leave of absence)。请假条是用于向老师或上级领导等因身体状况不 好或因某事请求准假的场合。 英文请假条写作需注意三点： 1) 英文中请假条的写法和汉语请假条相同，它一般由四部分组成，即时间、称呼、正文和签 名。 2) 一般而言，可认定请假条是一种简单的书信文体。请假条一般写在纸上，不用信封。其书 写格式与书信有很多相似之处，是书信的大大简化。 3) 请假条的特点是要求开门见山、内容简短、用词通俗易懂。 [实例点评] 假如你是王立。昨天你和同学们去农场帮助农民们摘苹果，不幸(unluckily)从梯子上摔下来 伤了腿，但伤得不重。医生让你在家里好好休息。因此，你向高老师请假两天(ask for leave for two days)。 [写作指导] 1. 这是一份请假条。日期是 September 28, 日期写在正文的右上角。由于请假条的内容大多 是当天、近几日因病或因事请假，所以不必写上年份；称呼是 Dear Miss Gao，称呼写在左上角。请假条因是向上级请示，一般以 Dear..., 或 My dear..., 开头。有时可在 Dear 之后，用上 Mr. 或 Miss 等的称呼加上姓氏。不过，有一点仍要提醒大家，各种称呼后面一般都用逗号。 2. 写请假条只要把请假的理由和请假时间说清楚即可。有的请假条为了说明其请假事由是真 实的，在正文之后另起一行，写上 I enclose a doctor's certificate.(我附上了医生证明。)； 签名为 Wang Li。签名(署名)写在右下角，签名(署名)上面一行可以写上 Yours, Your student 等 字样，有时由于写条的人和收条的人彼此一般很熟悉，所以在称呼和签名上比较随便和简单。特别 是在签名部分，有时可简单到只写个姓或只写个名就可以了。 [参考范文] September 28 Dear Miss Gao, I'm sorry I can't go to school today. I helped the farmers pick apples with my classmates on the farm yesterday. Unluckily, I fell off the ladder and hurt my leg, but I wasn't badly hurt. The doctor asked me to stay in bed and have a good rest. So I ask for leave for two days. Wang Li [强化训练] 1. 根据以下对话内容写一个电话留言条。 (It's eight o'clock on Saturday morning, June 14th.Mr Hu is answering a telephone.) Mr Hu: Hello! Linda: Hello! Could I speak to Kate, please? Mr Hu: I'm sorry she isn't at home at the moment. Could I take a message for her? Linda: Er, yes. This is Linda speaking. I want to ask Kate to come to my birthday party this evening. Would you please ask her to give me a call earlier this afternoon? My telephone number is 6764352. Mr Hu: Certainly. I'll leave a message on her desk. Linda: Thank you very much. Bye-bye! Mr Hu: Goodbye! 2. 假如你叫高飞，是 Miss Mary 的朋友，请根据以下的提示给 Miss Mary 写一个留言条。 你于今早(6 月 18 日)从广州乘飞机到北京，10：30 去她的办公室看她，Miss Mary 不在，你 告诉她你住在和平宾馆 088 房间， 你明天去美国，询问 Miss Mary 是否给父母带些东西，见条后 立即打电话，号码是 7782079。 3. 今天是 5 月 4 日青年节(Youth Day)，你班晚上 7:00 举办晚会，你下午去邀请王老师参加， 不巧她不在家，请根据上述内容给王老师留一便条。 4. 假如你叫李明，因患重感冒今明两天不能上学。请你参考下面方框中所给的词语给你的外 籍英语教师写一张请假条，说明你这两天不能上学的原因。词数：60 左右。 5. 你是赵松，今天晚上 5 点 10 分(4 月 3 日)你去钟美华家给她送电影票，不料她不在家。于 是你给她写了张便条，告诉她票已买到，片名为 Wars in Liaohai，在新华影院上映，请她今晚 7 点 20 分到你家找你，你们一同步行去。字数 20-40。 April 3rd Dear Zhong Meihua, I've got the tickets for the film. Its name is Wars in Liaohai. Can you come to my home and then to Xinhua Cinema with me at 7:20 this evening? Zhao Song 6. 你的笔友来度暑假，住在你家。今天上午，你有事外出，他还在睡觉。请用英语给他写一 张字左右的便条。并告诉他： 1) 他在家里可干些什么？ 2) 你中午何时回来？3) 提醒他别忘了下午有何安排。 7. 假定今天是 12 月 30 日。下午 3 点，三年级一班的王凯和张阳去邀请格林先生参加明天上 午 8:30 在他们班教室举行的新年联欢会，但碰巧他不在。如果你是王凯，请根据上述内容及所给 的提示词语给格林先生留一个便条，要求 60-80 个单词。 提示词语：It happened that...碰巧...... [参考范文] 1. TELEPHONE MESSAGE From: Linda To: Kate Date: June, 14th Time: 8:00 a.m. Message: Linda wants you to go to her birthday party this evening. So when you come back, give her a call earlier this afternoon. Her telephone number is . 10:30 a.m. June 18 Dear Mary, I got to Beijing from Guangzhou by plane this morning. I came to your office to see you, but you were not in. I'm going to fly to America tomorrow morning. I don't know if you want to ask me to take something to your parents for you. I live in Room 088 of Heping Hotel. Please ring me up after you read the note. My telephone number is 7782079. Yours, Gao Fei 3. May 4 Dear Miss Wang, We are going to have a Youth Day arty in our classroom at 7:00. All of our classmates whole heartedly hope you can join us. This afternoon, I called on you at about 2:40. It happened that you were not at home. So I am leaving this note for you. Would you please come at 7:00 this evening? You are sure to be warmly welcomed. Yours faithfully, Zhang Hua 4. Dear Mr Green, I'm sorry to tell you that I'm not feeling well today. This morning I went to see the doctor and he told me that I had caught a bad cold. He asked me to stay in bed for two days. So I can't go to school today and tomorrow. I hope I'll get well soon. Your student, Li Ming 5. April 3rd Dear Zhong Meihua, I've got the tickets for the film. Its name is Wars in Liaohai. Can you come to my home and then to Xinhua Cinema with me at 7:20 this evening? Zhao Song 6. Dear Jack, I have to go out because I have something to do .Have breakfast yourself first after you get up. Then you may watch TV or do something else as you like. I'll be back at half past eleven. Do remember we'll visit my school this afternoon. Li Ming 7. December 30th Dear Mr Green, We are going to have a New Year party in our classroom at 8:30 tomorrow. All of our classmates wish you to join us. This afternoon Zhang Yang and I have come here to ask youto our party. But it happens that you are not at home. So we leave this note for you. Please come to Class 1, Grade 3 on time. You'll receive a warm welcome. Yours, Wang Kai第五节 贺卡 圣诞节就要来临，新年的钟声即将敲响，节日的气氛越来越浓，相信大家都已经收到了不少节 日的礼物，当然有不少的贺卡，那麽大家知道如何用英语来写贺卡吗？我们今天就学习如何用英语 写贺卡。 一、贺卡的格式 贺卡的格式一般有三部分组成：称呼、贺词、祝贺人签名 1. 称呼： 指祝贺人对受贺人的称呼， To dear teacher, To my dearest father and mother ,To 如 my dear friend 等。也有前面不加 to 的，如 Mr and Mrs Green.称呼一般写在贺卡的左上方。 2. 贺词：通常写一些固定的贺节用语，如 Merry Christmas. Many happiness returns of the day.(恭贺圣诞，岁岁似今朝。)；With best wishes for a happy New Year! (祝新年快乐，并致 以良好的祝福。)，这一部分也可根据实际情况写一些简短的表示感谢和良好祝愿 的话。 3. 祝贺人签名：写在贺卡的右下方。姓名的前面通常要加 from，如 From your student Lily, From Mr and Mrs Green，但前面也 b 有不加 from 的。 4. 格式 二、固定的贺节用语 A. 圣诞节的贺词 1. May the Christmas candle bring you peace and happiness. 愿圣诞之夜的烛光，带给 你温馨和芬芳。 2. Best wishes at Christmas. I miss you. 圣诞的祝福，真诚的思念。 3. Mountains and rivers cannot separate us. Merry Christmas. 远隔千山万水，也隔不断我 对你的思念。祝你圣诞快乐。 4. Let's share the happiness of Christmas. 让我们一同分享这快乐的圣诞 5. At this happy moment. I miss you very much. 在这幸福的时刻，我更加的怀念你。 6. May peace and happiness be your every moment of the Christmas tide. 在这特别的日子 里，愿这小小的圣诞贺卡，带去我对你特别的思念 7. Stars are shining. May Santa Claus come to you with joys and happiness. 星光闪烁， 圣诞老人来到你的床前，将欢乐与祝福，洒满你的房间。 8. May the spirit of Christmas bring you joys and happiness all through the New Year. 圣 诞老人的祝福，陪伴着你，保佑着你，地久天长。 9. With music, candle and bell may peace and happiness be with you. 乐声环绕，烛光闪烁， 钟声飘向远方，让幸福、安康、快乐，降临到你和家人的旁边。 10. Red candle, pine tree and Christmas are greeting you, wishing youth and happiness be yours. 红烛、松树、圣辰，祝福你，我的友人，青春永驻，幸福长在。 11. Three hundred and sixty-five miles, everywhere be filled with my season greeting. Three hundred and sixty-five days, everywhere be touched with my warmest blessing. 365 里路， 每一步都有我的圣诞祝福；365 个日夜，每一天都有我温馨的问候。 12. More friendship-and friendship-closer and closer to our hearts. 圣诞快乐，好友，我 们的情谊，更加深厚；我们的心灵，愈加相印。 13. My wishes come to you with the flying snow. May you be happy at Christmas and always. 我的心和雪花一起，飘落到你的门前，祝福，等待着你；快乐，每一个圣诞。 14. Merry Christmas. Many happiness returns of the day. 恭贺圣诞，岁岁似今朝。15. May the angel bring you peace, happiness, joys and fortunes. 愿可爱的小天使带给你 平安，幸福，快乐和如意。 B. 新年祝福用语 1. Best Wishes For You! Good luck, good health, good cheer. I wish you a happy New Year. 祝好运、健康、佳肴伴你度过一个快乐新年。 2. With best wishes for a happy New Year! 祝新年快乐，并致以良好的祝福。 3. I hope you have a most happy and prosperous New Year. 谨祝新年快乐幸福，大吉大利。 4. With the compliments of the season. 祝贺佳节。 5. May the season's joy fill you all the year round. 愿节日的愉快伴你一生。 6. Season's greetings and best wishes for the New Year. 祝福您，新年快乐。 7. Please accept my season's greetings. 请接受我节日的祝贺。 8. To wish you joy at this holy season. Wishing every happiness will always be with you. 恭祝新年吉祥，幸福和欢乐与你同在。 9. Good health, good luck and much happiness throughout the year. 恭祝健康、幸运， 新年快乐。 10. May the joy and happiness around you today and always. 愿快乐幸福永伴你左右。 11. Please accept my sincere wishes for the New Year. I hope you will continue to enjoy good health. 请接受我诚挚的新年祝福，顺祝身体健康。 12. Allow me to congratulate you on the arrival of the New Year and to extend to you all my best wishes for your perfect health and lasting prosperity. 恭贺新禧，祝身体健康、 事业发达。 13. Best wishes for the holidays and happiness throughout the New Year. 恭贺新禧，万事 如意。 14. With very best wishes for your happiness in the New Year. 致以最良好的祝福，原你新 年快乐幸福。 15. Please accept our wishes for you and yours for a happy New Year. 请接受我们对你及 你全家的美好祝福，祝你们新年快乐。 May the coming New Year bring you joy, love and peace. 愿新年为你带来快乐，友爱和宁静。 16. Wishing you happiness during the holidays and throughout the New Year. 祝节日快乐， 新年幸福。 17. A happy New Year to you. 恭贺新年。 18. Season's greetings and sincere wishes for a bright and happy New Year! 献上节日的 问候与祝福,愿你拥有一个充满生机和欢乐的新年。 19. I give you endless brand-new good wishes. Please accept them as a new remembrance of our lasting friendship. 给你我无尽的新的祝福，让它们成为我们永恒友谊的新的纪念。 20. Good luck and great success in the coming New Year. 祝来年好运，并取得更大的成就。 21. On the occasion of the New Year, may my wife and I extend to you and yours our warmest greetings, wishing you a happy New Year, your career greater success and your family happiness. 在此新年之际，我同夫人向你及你的家人致以节日的问候，并祝你们新年快乐、事业 有成、家庭幸福。 22. May everything beautiful and best be condensed into this card. I sincerely wish you happiness, cheerfulness and success. 愿一切最美好的祝福都能用这张贺卡表达，真诚地 祝你幸福、快乐、成功！ C. 新春赠言 1. Best wishes for the year to come! 恭贺新禧！ 2. Good luck in the year ahead! 祝吉星高照！ 3. May you come into a good fortune! 恭喜发财！ 4. Live long and proper! 多福多寿！ 5. May many fortunes find their way to you! 祝财运亨通！6. I want to wish you longevity and health! 愿你健康长寿！ 7. Take good care of yourself in the year ahead. 请多保重！ 8. Wishing you many future successes. 祝你今后获得更大成就。 9. On this special day I send you New Year's greetings and hope that some day soon we shall be together. 在这特殊的日子，向你致以新年的祝福，希望不久我们能相聚在一起。 10. I would like to wish you a joyous new year and express my hope for your happiness and good future. 祝新年快乐，并愿你幸福吉祥，前程似锦。 11. May the New Year bring many good things and rich blessings to you and all those you love! 愿新年带给你和你所爱的人许多美好的事物和无尽的祝福！ 12. Rich blessings for health and longevity is my special wish for you in the coming year. 祝你在新的一年里身体健康，多福多寿。 [实例点评] 在教师节到来之际，请你以杨蓓的名义给教师写一张贺卡。 [写作指导] 从题目的要求看，这是写给教师的贺卡，祝贺教师节。因是写给长辈的，所以用 词要有分寸。 [参考范文] To my dear teacher, Happy Teachers' Day! I hope you'll have a very happy year in our class. Best wishes! From (your student) Yang Bei [强化训练] 1. 你班英语老师生病住院，时逢教师节，同学们去看望他。请按以下提示写一张贺卡。内容 如下： 1) 祝教师节快乐。 2) 送上鲜花及祝愿。 3) 希望早日康复。 2. 9 月 10 日(September 10th)是我国的教师节。在教师节这一天，请你用英语给辛勤培育你 们的老师们写张贺卡，祝他们节日快乐。 [参考范文] 1. To our English teacher, Happy Teachers' Day! Some flowers for you, with our best wishes! Hope you'll get well soon! From your students 2. 范文 1 Dear Sir, You are like a third parent. We all love you. From all your students范文 2 To My Dearest Mr Wang, With Best Wishes for Teachers' Day！ Your student, Kate 范文 3 To Mr Hu, We all like having you as our teacher. We are grateful for all that you have done forus. From your students第六节 启事 启事是为了公开声明某事而登在报刊上或张贴在布告栏上的文字。启事的格式一般由四部分组 成，即启事的名称、正文、写启事的单位或个人的名字以及启事的日期。正文的内容要写得简明扼 要，姓名通常写在右下方，日期写在单位及姓名的下面。有些启事还详细写出自己的通讯地址、邮 政编码或电话号码等，便于有关单位或个人前来联系。 [实例点评] 假如你是周兰，是初三(2)班的学生。9 月 15 日晚上，你把一只黑色书包遗失在学校的阅览室， 包内有一只铅笔盒和几本书。请根据以上内容写一篇寻物启事。你的联系电话是 。 [写作指导] 这是一篇寻物启事，首先在第一行的中间写上 Lost，然后写明丢失何物以及何时 何地丢失，最后写希望拾到者与你联系，同时写上你所在的班级和电话号码。 [参考范文] Lost A black bag with a pencil-box and some books was left in the school reading room on the evening of September 15. Will the finder please come to Class 2, Grade 3 or ring ? Zhou Lan Sept.16 [强化训练] 1. 世界大学生运动会期间，假设你是志愿者，为运动会服务。8 月 27 日上午你在体育馆 (gymnasium)捡到眼镜一副。请你用英语写一则失物招领，让失主打电话 010-，与你联系。 2. 你是王萌，今天(7 月 15 日)上午在图书馆读书时把手表弄丢了，请你写一则寻物启事。时 间为上午 10：00。 3. 图书管理员马鑫玉在打扫卫生时突然发现地上有块手表。请你写一则失物招领。时间为 7 月 15 日下午 2：00。 [参考范文] 1. Found A pair of glasses was found in the gymnasium on the morning of August 27th. Will the owner please ring 010- to contact me? 2. Lost Dear teachers and friends, I lost my watch when reading in the library at about 10:00 this morning. If you find it, please give it back to me with my thanks. Wang Meng July 15 3. Found Dear teachers and students, I found a watch lying on the ground when cleaning the library at about 2:00 this afternoon. Please the owner come here and get it. Ma Xinyu July 15 第七节 讨论稿讨论稿是以议论为主要表达方式并对客观事理进行分析评论，表达作者的见解和主张的一种文 体。讨论稿在语言运用上突出的特点是说理性。由于讨论稿是直接表达作者的看法和主张的，它在 写法上要举出正确而典型的事例，证明这些看法和主张是正确的。在做题时允许有记叙和描述，但 这些记叙和描述都只能是说理的辅助手段，不能喧宾夺主。 讨论稿要有讨论的中心论点，如你的讨论稿可以&You must be more careful.&为论点。为了 论证这一中心论点，可提出自己的主张：1) You mustn't cross the road. It's dangerous.2) There is a lot of traffic on the street. You must wait.3) You mustn't cross the road when the traffic light is red.4) Before you cross the road，you must look carefully.等。以日常 见到的确凿事实作论据，具有一定代表性，从而显得有力。在表达用词上尽量婉转、朴实无华、浅 显易懂。由于讨论稿是以说理为主的，所以句中动词时态多用一般现在时。 讨论稿是在活泼、轻松的气氛中进行的，开头与结尾没有严格的格式规定，可以灵活、婉转些。 如开头 Good morning/Good afternoon, everyone.或 Hello！Boys and girls.结尾以 That's all. Thank you.等结束话题。 [实例点评] 本班有位同学发生了车祸，英语老师在班上组织了一次有关交通安全注意事项的讨论。你联系 生活实际参与了讨论。请你把你的意见整理一下，形成一段 80 词左右的短文。 1. 内容要求： 1) 行走时的安全事项； 2) 骑车(自行车)时的安全事项； 3) 乘车(公交汽车)时的安全事项。 2. 参考词汇： pavement 人行道； handle bar 自行车把手； look ahead 向前看； don't; get on (off) [写作指导] 1. 要能运用恰当的语言表达出哪些行为安全，哪些行为不安全。 2. 所给参考词汇一般都要用上，并不是可有可无的。 [参考范文] Good afternoon, everyone. Today we talk about the traffic. When we are walking, we should walk on the pavement (sidewalk). At the crossing, we shouldn't cross the road until the traffic stops. Don't play basketball, read books or listen to music while walking. When we are riding a bike, we should look ahead and keep both hands on the handle bars. Don't carry anyone on your bike, it is not safe. When we are taking a bus, we should line up and get on (off) one by one. Don't try to get on (off) before the bus stops. [强化训练] 1. 现在学生进网吧上网(get on-line)成风，你班班主任在下周班会上，将谈论有关问题。假 设你是班主任，请你根据表格中提供的内容用英语写一篇 80 词左右的讨论稿，要点必须齐全。 益处 1) 学会使用现代设备---电脑。2) 学习更多知识。3) 玩游戏，使人更加聪明。 弊端 1) 过于沉迷游戏。2) 网上交友，通信频繁，学习越来越差。 建议 1) 在校学习时，不上网。2) 暑假、寒假时可以去。 2. 以&Smoking is a bad habit&为题写一篇讨论稿，说明吸烟的危害。 提示：1) 吸烟的原因 2) 吸烟的危害(害人、害己) 3) 80 字左右 3. 根 据 沈 阳 和 武 汉二 市 一 年 四 季 气 候 情 况， 写 一 则 短 文 ， 题 目 为 Different cities, different weather，字数 100-150。 4. 某校决定让学生轮流打扫厕所，以此作为教育学生的一种方式。这件事在学生中引起了强 烈的反响。请你把下列不同意见整理成一篇讨论稿。 同意：1) 多数学生是独生子女，不会做事。该活动可以教会同学做艰苦的工作。 2) 可以学会理解和尊重清洁工人的劳动。 不同意：1) 很脏，容易使学生生病。 2) 不是学生应做的事情。3) 打扫教室就够了。 5. 以&How Do We Protect the Environment in Our School?&为题写一篇讨论稿。要求首先 描述一下本校的环境状况，再谈谈我们该如何保护校园环境。词数不少于 80 词。 [参考范文] 1. Good afternoon, class. Today let's talk about getting online. Many students like getting online very much. They can learn how to use the modern machine-computer. They can get more information. It can make them clever to play different kinds of games. But some students spend too much time in playing games. Some even make friends online. They write too many letters to each other. It takes them too much time. So they do worse and worse in their lessons. I think they mustn't get online when they are studying at school. They can do it in summer or winter holidays. 2. Many people smoke because they think smoking is an enjoyment. In fact, smoking is a bad habit. First, doctors and scientists have found that it's harmful to the smokers' health. It may cause some serious diseases. Smoke will pollute the air and it's also harmful to others' health. Second, many big fires were caused by careless smokers. And smokers have to spend a lot of money on cigarettes. That's why we say smoking is a bad habit. 3. Different cities, different weather Good afternoon, everyone. Today I'll talk about the weather in Shenyang and Wuhan. In Shenyang, spring is usually very short. It usually comes in February and March. The weather here is getting warmer and warmer. There's seldom heavy rain. Summer comes from May to July. It's very hot, and there's often some rain, sometimes very heavy. Autumn is from August to October. The weather is quite warm and there's often strong wind and it seldom rains. From November to January is winter. It's very cold. There's ice and snow everywhere. Unlike Shenyang, the coldest season in Wuhan is in January and February. It's often wet and snow. The hottest season is in July, August and September. There's no strong wind. The hottest hours are at night. In June and July it's often very dry but in April, May and August, there's a lot of rain. Shenyang and Wuhan are both in China, but the weather is different. 4. Some students say many of us are the only child in the family. We have been given too much love. We are not able to do hard work. To clean the toilet is good to teach us how to do difficult jobs. By cleaning toilets, we'll learn to understand and respect the cleaning workers. On the other hand, some students think toilets are dirty. It's easy for us to get sick. They don't think it's the students' job. We have more important things to do. Cleaning the classroom is enough. We hope our school will think about this problem. 5. Our school is a very beautiful school, but unfortunately, the school environment is getting worse. Some students don't take care of the environment surrounding them. They like to throw waste things on the ground, so we can see rubbish on the playground, on the stairs, in the classroom and so on. As students, we should try our best to keep our school clean and tidy. It is not a good idea to throw things on the ground. We should pick them up and put them into the dustbin, and we should also stop other students from throwing litter. If everyone in our school can help protect the environment, our school environment will become better. 第八节 值日生报告 值日报告常以布告形式张贴或写在黑板上，有时也可口头表达。写值日报告的时候，注意内容要单一，要实事求是。篇幅要简短，文字要精练。 值日生在陈述报告时， 可点明当天的日期和天气情况。 值日报告的开头语可灵活选择， I'm on 如 duty today./Hi, everyone. It's time for me to do a duty report today./It's my turn to be on duty today.等。 [实例点评] 假定今天英语课轮到你做值日报告，请根据以下内容要点，用英语写份值日报告。词数 60-80。 (用第一人称，不得写出自己的真实姓名) 1. 今天是 6 月 19 日，星期五，阴天； 2. 李雷缺席(病假)； 3. 介绍昨天下午参观科学博物馆的情况(展出的各种现代化机器，多数是中国制造，自己受益 匪浅)； 4. 告诉大家，学校将从下学期起每周开设 1 节计算机课。 [写作指导] 1. 一定要以第一人称来写，但不可以写出自己的真实姓名。 2. 所给要点必须全部写进去，缺一不可。 [参考范文] I'm on duty today. It's June 19th, Friday. It's cloudy. All my classmates are here except Li Lei. He's ill at home. Yesterday afternoon we visited the Science museum. There are all kinds of modern machines on show. Most of them are made in China. We have learnt a lot there. We'll study hard from now on. Here is good news for you. We'll have a computer lesson once a week next term. I'm sure you'll enjoy the lesson. That's all. Thank you. [强化训练] 假如今天你是值日生，请根据下表的提示，写一篇 80 个词左右的值日生报告。开头语已为你 写好。 注意：文中应包括表中所有的内容，可以适当增加细节，使内容连贯。 日期 6 月 22 日星期五 天气 晴 出勤情况 汤姆缺席(上周 回英国度假) 一件事 1. 昨天梅梅拾到我丢失的一本图书馆的书 2. 然后送还图书馆 3. 图书馆的王老师告诉我今后应...... 4. 感谢梅梅 开头语：It's my turn to be on duty today... [参考范文] It's my turn to be on duty today. It's Friday, June 22nd. It's fine (nice, sunny). Everyone is here except Tom. He went back to England for a holiday last week. He won't be back until September. Yesterday Meimei picked up my lost library book on her way home and returned it to the school library. As soon as I knew this, I hurried to the library and thanked Meimei. Miss Wang told me to be more careful. From now on I should be more careful with everything. 第九节 报道 报道一般指通过报纸、广播或其他形式把新闻告诉群众。报道要求真实，言简意赅，以事实说 话，还必须交代清楚事件的来龙去脉，特别是人物、时间、地点、事件四大要素。 报道可以按事件发生的时间先后依次叙述， 也可以先将重要内容提前叙述， 以引起读者的注意。 记叙事件发生的过程一般用过去时态。有时对事件现场情景的描述也可以用现在时态，这样会 使读者有身临其境的感觉。 [实例点评]请你为学校&英语之声&广播台写一篇英语短文，报道以下体育新闻。 初二(3)班赢了今年联赛的最后一场比赛。在这场于昨天下午在足球场举行的决赛中，初二(3) 班足球队 2:1 击败了初三(7)班队。所有的球都是在下半场踢进的。大约 600 名师生观看了比赛。 [写作指导] 1. 这是一篇新闻报道，内容要真实。 2. 比赛已经结束，因此应该运用一般过去时。 [参考范文] Yesterday afternoon Class 3, Grade 2 won the last match in the league. The football team from Class 3, Grade 2 defeated the team from Class 7, Grade 3 two to one in the league final. All the goals were scored in the second half of the match. About six hundred teachers and students watched the match yesterday. [强化训练] 1. 请根据以下图表和提示写一篇关于我国手机拥有量变化的报道，并说明手机给人们带来的 利与弊。 内容包括： 1) 方便(convenient)； 2) 随时随地联系； 3) 许多功能(function)满足不同要求，如发短信、上网等； 4) 接到错打电话为之付费； 5) 电磁辐射(radiation)有害身体。 要求：1. 80-100 词 2. 开头已给出，不计词数。 2. 根据某中学三年级四个班的运动会成绩表，报道一下每个班的运动成绩 (包括名次、参加 项目情况等)。词数：60-80。 一班 二班 三班 四班 100-metre race 4 2 3 1 200-metre race 3 2 4 1 400-metre race 3 2 4 1 1500-metre race 2 1 4 3 100-metre relay 2 3 4 1 400-metre relay 1 3 4 2 high jump 1 2 4 3 total(总分) 21 21 8 27 参考词汇：mark 分数，place 名次，win 赢， long-distance run 长跑，short-distance run 短跑 3. 根据下面的表格内容写一篇报道中国航天事业进展的短文。 时间 进展情况 长期以来 中国人梦想进 入太空 1999 年至 2002 年 成功发射了三艘无人飞船 2002 年 12 月 31 日至 2003 年 1 月 5 日 &神州 四号&发射升空，并成功地返回地面，完成了七项科学实验，为下一步载人飞船的发射做准备。&神 州四号&的成功发射和返回，表明中国有能力把人送入太空。 2003 年 10 月 15 日 &神州五号&第一 艘载人飞船进入太空，最终实现了中国人进入太空的梦想。 要求： (1) 词数 100 左右； (2) 参考词汇：发射 神舟四号 Shenzhou IV; 神舟五号 Shenzhou V [参考范文] 1. As can be seen in the chart, great changes have been taking place in the ownership of mobile phones in China. At the end of 2002, there were 20 million mobile users.... As can be seen in the chart, great changes have been taking place in the ownership of mobile phones in China. At the end of 2002, there were 20 million mobile users. By the year 2005, the number will reach up to 35 million. People have found mobile phones very convenient. They can get in touch with each other whenever and wherever they like. There are many different functions for different needs, such as sending short messages and surfing the Internet. However, it may also bring us some trouble. For example, you will have to pay for a wrong number, and the radiation from the phone may do harm to our health. In spite of this, the number of people having mobile phones is still growing. 2. In this sports meeting, Class Four won the first place. Their mark is 27. Class One and Class Two got the same mark. Class One did better in the relay than Class Two did.But Class Two won the first place in the long-distance race. And Class One's result of the high jump is better than Class Two's. Class Three's mark is 8. Their results are the worst of the four. 3. The Chinese people have been dreaming of going into space for a long time. In the years 1999 to 2002 China launched three spaceships without people successfully. On December 31st, 2002, we launched the fourth spaceship, Shenzhou IV, and it returned to the earth safely on January 5th, 2003. During its flight, seven scientific experiments were carried out. The purpose of the flight was to make preparations for the launch of a spaceship with people next time. The successful launch and return shows that China is able to send a person into space. On October 15th, 2003, the first spaceship with people, Shenzhou V, was sent up into space successfully. The Chinese dream finally came true. 第十节 对话组织 对话是在特定情景中进行的口头交际活动，在日常生活中的应用非常广泛。例如打电话、 问路、 购物、看病、谈天气、在图书馆借书等，都需要通过对话来沟通。 对话组织要按照所提供的情景，选用符合英语口语习惯的表达法，切忌用汉语式的英语生搬硬 套。同时应根据已给出的说明和提示，抓住对话的中心意思，设计出合理的问题。 对话的布局要前后呼应，意思连贯。对话的句子要言简意赅，自然地道。 [实例点评] 一天上午，Mr Green 去商店买运动鞋。营业员先给他看价格 158 元的，Mr Green 嫌太贵。后 来营业员拿出价格 86 元的，Mr Green 试穿后决定买这一双，并拿出一张票面 100 元的人民币让营 业员找。请根据以上情景，组织一段 Mr Green 与营业员的对话。 [写作指导] 这是一段关于&购物&的对话，所给句子要符合口语的习惯。 [参考范文] Salesgirl: Good morning, sir. May I help you? Mr Green: Yes, please. Have you got any sport shoes? Salesgirl: Yes. We have quite a few here. Well, how about this pair? Mr Green: Good. How much is it? Salesgirl: One hundred and fifty-eight yuan. Mr Green: That's a bit too expensive. Have you got any cheaper ones? Salesgirl: Yes, of course. This pair costs only eighty-six yuan. Mr Green: Could I try them on? Salesgirl: Certainly. Mr Green: All right. I'll take this pair. Here's a one-hundred-yuan note. Salesgirl: Here's your change. Thank you. Goodbye. Mr Green: Goodbye! [强化训练] 1. 假如你的名字叫 Mike，今天早晨你感到不舒服，头疼得厉害。你去离家不远的医院看病。 金医生给你作了检查，发现你得了重感冒。他给你开了一些药并嘱咐你每天吃三次，还建议你在家 休息一两天。 根据以上情景，写一段你与医生的对话。 2. 根据下列情景和要求写一段对话。 Kate(K)接到 David(D)打来找 Jim(J)的电话。David 告诉 Jim 明天上午有一场精彩的足球赛， 他已搞到两张票，特来邀请 Jim 同去观看。Jim 高兴地接受邀请并约定见面的时间和地点。 要求：1) 每人说话次数 2 次以上。2) 词数 100 词左右。3) 对话的开始语已给出。 3. 假设你是赵琴，今天你和你的朋友正去公园玩，路上遇见一位农村来的老大娘，她想去女 儿家，手里拿着地址(address)却又不识字。你们送她上了车，见到了她女儿，她们娘俩十分感激 你们。根据此情此景，编一段 70-100 字的对话。4. 假设你是赵雪，明天是星期日，你想跟你的好朋友李维维一同去医院看望生病住院的王老 师。于是你给李维维打电话，可是不巧她刚刚去祖父家，李维维的妹妹李玲接电话。李玲问你有什 么事，可否由李玲给李维维捎个信，你接着把这件事告诉了李玲，并留下了你的姓名和电话号码， 并说李维维回来时最好跟你通个话。根据以上情形，请你写出你给李维维打电话的对话内容，字数 60-80。 5. 写篇对话，与你的朋友谈你喜爱的......，双方对话各不少于 5 句。 [参考范文] 1. Dr King: What can I do for you? Mike: Well, I don't feel well this morning. Dr King: What's wrong with you? Mike: I have a bad headache. Dr King: Let me examine you. Well, you have a fever. I think you have got a bad cold. It's nothing serious. You'd better stay at home for one or two days. Please take this medicine three times a day. You will feel well soon. Mike: All right. Thank you. Bye! Dr King: Bye! 2. K: Hello! 8226931. D: Hello! May I speak to Jim, please? K: Certainly. Please hold on for a moment. J: This is Jim speaking. Who's that? D: Hello, Jim! This is David. There is going to be a football match tomorrow morning. I've got two tickets here. Would you like to go with me? J: Oh, that's great! I'd love to. But when and where shall we meet? D: Shall we meet at 7:30 at the bus stop near your house? J: All right. I'll be there on time. D: OK. See you then. J: See you. Bye! 3. (An old woman from the country looks worried, she doesn't know what to do.) Zhao: Excuse me, Grandma. What's the matter? Can we help you? Grandma: I'm here to my daughter's home. But I don't know where to go. Z: Do you know the address? G: It's here. But I don't know even a word. Z: Don't worry, Grandma. Let us help you. Let me see. Oh, it's easy. Let's get on the bus. It will take us right there. (Grandma meets her daughter.) G and D: It's very kind of you. Z: It's a pleasure. 4. Zhao: Hello! Could I speak to Li Weiwei? Li: Sorry, she's just gone to our grandpa's and this is her sister. Can I help you? Zhao: Thanks. Tomorrow's Sunday. I'd like to go to see Mr Wang with her, he's ill in hospital. Li: OK, I'll tell her. Anything else? Zhao: Please ask her to ring me back. My phone number is 6122646. Li: I'll do that. Bye! Zhao: Thanks. Bye! 5. A: Hi, Li Lei. What do you like to do in your free time? B: Well, I like listening to music, especially pop songs .What about you? A: Oh, playing football is my favourite. B: How often do you play it?A: Not so often. Just once a week, usually on Sundays. B: Do you have any time to watch football games on TV? A: Yes .I try to find some time to watch games on TV. B: Which team do you like best? A: Yunnan Hongta Team. B: Why do you like it so much? A: Because of their teamwork and their spirit. 第二部分 命题作文 第一节 策略指导 全日制义务教育《英语课程标准》指出：&基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综 合语言运用能力。综合语言运用能力的形成建立在学生语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略 和文化意识等素养整体发展的基础上。&语言技能包括听、说、读、写四个方面。 对于初中阶段应该达到的综合语言运用能力目标，《英语课程标准》明确指出：初中毕业时应 该达到五级，总体目标为&有较明确的英语学习动机和积极主动的学习态度。能听懂教师有关熟悉 话题的陈述并参与讨论。 能就日常生活的各种话题与他人交换信息并陈述自己的意见。 能读懂供 7～ 9 年级学生阅读的简单读物和报刊、杂志，克服生词障碍，理解大意。能根据阅读目的运用适当的 阅读策略。能根据提示起草和修改小作文。& 语言技能中&写&的具体目标为&1、能根据写作要求， 收集、准备素材；2、能独立起草短文、短信等，并在教师的指导下进行修改；能使用常见的连词 表示顺序和逻辑关系；4、能够简单描述人物或事件；5、能够根据所给图示或表格写出简单的段落 或操作说明。& 根据全日制义务教育《英语课程标准》总体目标和要求，近几年来各地英语中考试卷中均设置 了&书面表达&题型，此题型旨在考查学生语言技能中&写&的能力，看其是否能够运用所学的英语知 识和综合英语技能，能就日常生活的各种话题以文字的形式与他人交换信息并表达思想。&书面表 达&题型体现在平时的英语学习中，也就是我们常说的英语作文或命题作文。命题作文是学习英语 中的最难点，它是包括词汇、语法等各种知识的综合体。 一、命题作文的基本要求 1．习作者要有扎实的英语基本功底，要牢固掌握英语基础知识，文章中的大小写、标点符号、 词法、句法及语法等都要表达正确。 2．要按照命题要求正确采用相应的行文格式撰写习作，层次分明，结构严谨，句式排列整齐， 段落过渡自然，富有条理性。 3．文章内容前后照应，词语运用准确到位，语言流畅，言简意赅，内容充实，叙事完整，深 化主题。 4．要根据文章规定的单词数组织安排文章的结构，不要忽上忽下。 二、命题作文的写作技巧 很多同学都喜爱写作文，可总是写不好。你练习写作文时是否遇到过困难呢？ 一般说来， 英语作文与汉语作文的写法是一样的，即： 首先是词→然后过渡到句→最后达到文。 我们要写好英语作文，在平时就应该努力写好英语句子。一篇文章是由若干个句子组成的，句 子是组成文章的基本要素。因此，我们在写英语句子的时候，一定要抓住句子的中心思想。句子中 的词、短语应当紧紧围绕中心思想服务，要保持句子的整体一致性，切忌东拼西凑，不知所云。如： I have a good friend, and his name is Liu Wei, and he is good at English. 上句在语法和词汇上没有什么错误，但我们读了之后感觉很不通顺，不明白到底在讲什么。其 实我们可以将上面句子改为三个简短的简单句，使每句都有一个中心意思，那么读起来就会觉得条 理清楚，意义明确。上句可改为： I have a good friend. His name is Liu Wei. He is good at English. 在写作时，最容易出错的是动词的使用。在句子中，动词是和时态、语态、动词不定式等密切 相关的。因此，平时掌握了时态、语态、动词不定式等英语知识，对于英语写作大有帮助。时态是 英语写作的基础，我们无论是写一句话还是写一段文章，首先要定出时态的基调。比如： 刘建喜欢踢足球，他同样也喜欢看足球赛。由于他没有足够的钱去买票，因此，如果他空闲时 只得在家里通过电视看球赛。不过，他从周一到周五总是去上学，因而错过了许多重要的比赛。一天下午， 在中国将要举行一年中最大的一场比赛。 刘建很想通过电视观看， 但却不能 （实 现）。第二天上午他们将进行一场数学测试，他得为测试做准备。 首先，我们先来对上面两段文字进行分析：第一节是叙述刘建的爱好、平时看球赛及上学 情况，是属于一般性的情况，所以应该采用一般现在时进行表述；第二节则是追述过去发生或即将 发生的事情，因此应该采用一般过去时或过去将来时来进行表达。上面两段文字的译文如下： Liujian likes playing football. And he also likes watching football matches. As he hasn't enough money to buy tickets, he has to watch them on TV at home if he is free. But he always goes to school from Monday to Friday and misses a lot of important matches. One afternoon there would be the biggest match of the year in China. Liujian wanted to watch it on TV very much, but he couldn't. They would have a maths test the next morning and he had to get ready for it. 英语作文同样要讲究语言流畅、语句通顺，也就是我们常说的连贯。所谓连贯，一是体现在意 思上的连贯；二是体现在结构上的连贯。也就是说，一个句子不仅要做到思想内容的和谐，还要做 到谴词造句的和谐。如：Ben Franklin was only a boy, when he always wanted to know about things. 该句语法上没有错误，问题出在语序上，结果使意思不明确，因此说该句子缺少连贯性， 可以将其修改为：When Ben Franklin was only a boy, he always wanted to know about things. 句子在内容上一致了，句子中的意义紧密相连的单词也就紧挨在了一起。但句子的结构若不按 照逻辑顺序排列，句子也会显得不连贯。如：谚语&眼见为实。&既可以翻译成&To see is to believe.&， 也可以翻译成&Seeing is believing.&， 若将其翻译为&To see is believing.&或&Seeing is to believe.&，则显然破坏了它的连贯性。又如：She likes singing and to dance. 该句中 的谓语动词 like 既可以跟动名词也可以跟动词不定式作宾语，但在同一句中用了这两种结构则显 得不伦不类了，因而破坏了句子的连贯性。 写好一个个句子，可以为写好一篇文章打好了基础。将句子合并起来，就可以组成段落。段落 是由一组共同表达一个中心思想的许多句子组成的，段落也和句子一样要有完整性，也就是说思想 内容的一致性和各句之间的前后连贯性。请看下面一段文字： Every child likes festivals. On festivals they can have a lot of presents. Little Jeffrey likes Christmas best. He is eight years old this year. Because every year on Christmas Day his grandfather will send him a lot of interesting toys and delicious food. This year, his grandfather came over to spend Christmas with them. But Jeffrey's mother didn't want him to ask his grandfather for presents. 这段文章内容没有语法错误，连词用得也比较恰当，但它却缺乏完整性。它的中心内容是讲 Every child likes festivals，并 Jeffrey 进行例证，但我们可以发现，其中的一句&He is eight years old this year.&偏离了中心内容，从而破坏了段落本身的思想内容的一致性和前后结构的 连贯性。 我们知道，在我们的日常生活中，经常与人交流，告诉某人某件事或解释某个事情的理由，我 们都得就事论事，切不可罗列与主题无关紧要的东西，否则就会使对方听得莫名其妙，不知所云。 就一个段落而言，也必须有一个主题，即中心思想。段落中那个能够表达中心思想的句子就是主题 句，段落中其它的句子均要围绕主题句进行表达，为主题句服务，对主题句进行展开说明的句子就 叫做支持句（又称支撑句）。有时一个段落的结尾部分是对全段内容一个浓缩的说明，表示一种肯 定或否定的结论，叫做结尾句。 段落中的主题句一般位于段首，支持句位于段中，结尾句位于段尾。但有时候也置于段中或段 尾，位于段尾就与结尾句重合，也就是说结尾句就是主题句，其主要目的是强调中心思想。例如： Food is very important. Everyone needs to eat well if he or she wants to have a strong body. Our minds also need a kind of food. This kind of food is knowledge. When we are young, we start getting knowledge. Young children like watching and listening. Colour pictures especially inter