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The 17th century was the
that lasted from January 1, , to December 31, , in the . The 17th century falls into the
period of Europe and in that continent was characterized by the , the
cultural movement, the French Grand Siècle dominated by , the , and . This last is characterised in Europe most notably by the , the , the end of the , the disintegration of the
Some historians extend the scope of the General Crisis to encompass the globe, as with the demographic collapse of the , China lost approximately 30% of its population. It was during this period also that
began in earnest, including the exploitation of the silver deposits of
and Mexico, which resulted in great bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe from the rest of the world.
Europe and the Ottoman Empire (in purple) in the year 1600
The Italian biologist , recognized as the founder of
and the Father of modern .
visiting the
in 1671. "It is widely accepted that '' arose in the Europe of the 17th century, introducing a new understanding of the natural world." —Peter Barrett
as it appeared in 1664. Under British rule it became known as New York.
is the founder of Japan's last shogunate, which lasted well into the 19th century
Miyamoto Musashi, , , writer and artist, c. 1640
A scene on the ice, , first half of 17th century
Ambassador during his entry into
for the wedding ceremonies of King
Catholic general
with Queen .
. The Catholic
army, bolstered by professional
troops won a great victory in the battle over the combined Protestant armies of
and their German allies
or The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq, 1642. O on display at the ,
of settlers in 1622. The massacre was instrumental in causing English colonists to view all natives as enemies.
Map of Europe in 1648 at the end of the
for France
(left) with
(right) at , oil on canvas by , 1885
soldier fighting with the soldier of the . Europe's
was in a state of semi-permanent warfare until the 18th century.
In the midst of this global General Crisis, there were victory and triumph: In the , the ,
empires grew in strength and the Sikhs began to rise to power in the Punjab. And
established in western India. Farther east in Japan,
established the
at the beginning of the century, starting the isolationist
policy that was to last until the 19th century. In China, the collapsing
was challenged by a series of conquests led by the
warlord , which were consolidated by his son
and finally consummated by his grandson, the , founder of the .
European politics during the Crisis were dominated by the France of , where royal power was solidified domestically in the
of the , in which the semi-feudal territorial
was weakened and subjugated to the power of an
through the reinvention of the
from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily kept under surveillance. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded to include, among other regions, , , , , ,
and . It was during this century that 's political system became unique in Europe – by the end of the century, the
was a symbolic figurehead and
was the dominant force in government – a stark contrast to the rest of Europe, in particular 's .
By the end of the century, Europeans were also aware of , electricity, the
and , , , ,
due to the work of the first scientists of the , including , , , , , , , , , , , and , among other luminaries.
: On February 17
is burned at the stake by the .
unifies the three
countries: ,
from 1599.
: , England defeats Irish and Spanish forces at the town of Kinsale, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system.
(first unifier of Romania), voivode of ,
and , is assassinated by the order of the Habsburg general
kills perhaps one-third of Russia.
: , first king of , dies and passes rule to his son Panembahan
is given permission to live in Beijing.
produces the
(坤輿萬國全圖, Kūnyú Wànguó Quántú), a world map that will be used throughout East Asia for centuries.
: The Portuguese send a major (and last) expeditionary force from Malacca which succeeded in reimposing a degree of Portuguese control.
(VOC) is established by merging competing
trading companies. Its success contributes to the .
: June, British East India Company's first voyage, commanded by , arrives in
and sails on to
where he is allowed to build trading post which becomes the centre of British trade in Indonesia until 1682.
: Two emissaries from the
visit the .
dies and is succeeded by her cousin King , uniting the crowns of Scotland and England.
takes the title of , establishing the . This begins the , which will last until 1869.
–: After modernizing his army,
expands the
Empire by capturing territory from the
: First permanent Dutch trading post is established in , . First successful VOC privateering raid on a Portuguese ship.
: A second English East India Company voyage commanded by
reaches Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda. Fierce VOC hostility is encountered in Banda thus beginning Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices
passes the title of
to his son, , and "retires" to .
failed in England.
: The fortresses of
are retaken by the .
: February, The VOC in alliance with Hitu prepare to attack a Portuguese fort in Ambon but the Portuguese surrender.
: Panembahan
of Mataram establishes control over , former center of the .
: The King of , a
kingdom in , converts to Islam
between the
is ended with the —Austria abandons .
ends anti-Habsburg uprising in .
: Assassination of
becomes Tzar of Russia.
enters into an alliance with the
to attack Portuguese , but they are repelled.
and his crew aboard the
becomes the first recorded Europeans to sight and make landfall in .
fleet occupies
: , is settled as what would become the first permanent English colony in North America.
(the fleeing of most of the native
) occurs from
in the west of
in Ireland.
becomes the Sultan of
(r. ). He will launch a series of naval conquests that will transform Aceh into a great power in the western .
founded by
(present-day Canada).
establishes a settlement in Siamese .
agree to a
establishes the .
establishes a factory in , Japan. VOC traders also make forays into
and , Borneo.
: , , establishes the settlement of .
army defeats combined Russian- Swedish forces at the
and conquers Moscow.
: The VOC appoints
as its first Governor-General to enable firmer control of their affairs in Asia. Previously all business had (in theory) required the approval of the Heeren XVII, a group of seventeen shareholders in Amsterdam.
: Ottoman Grand Vizier
is able to crush the major remnants of the , bringing an end to general anarchy in .
dies in Beijing.
: Panembahan
in Central Java attacks , a major power on the north coast.
is assassinated by .
: The Pontifical and Royal , the oldest existing university in Asia, established by the
: The English establish trading posts at
(southwest ), ,
in , and Aceh,
in () threatening Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade.
: The Kingdom of
ends its major push to convert the
: The Dutch establish a post at
(later 'Batavia' and then 'Jakarta').
: A Dutch trader is killed in
sacks the city.
: The first publication of the .
captures the North Sumatran port of .
in Russia ends with the establishment of the , which rules until 1917.
is invaded by the
dozens of times.
: The Dutch expel the Portuguese from their
fort, but won't stay for long.
makes its first forays into .
captures the North Sumatran port of , subjugating the . This allows Aceh to focus its expansionary efforts on the . Iskandar Muda continues on to sack
and kidnap its Sultan's family, but is later forced to retreat back to Aceh.
is forced to evacuate
because of the
siege of neighboring . The VOC enters into negotiations with Mataram and is allowed to set up a trading post in .
: Panembahan
dies and is succeeded by his .
publishes Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio, the first table of logarithms.
sinks a Portuguese fleet off of .
(last major threat to ) ends.
attack on Portuguese
is repelled.
: The Portuguese stop hiring Japanese mercenaries after a brawl in .
: Panembahan
conquers the Eastern Salient of Java (the heartland of the old
is in open hostilities with the Kingdom of , .
: The last remaining
(Moors who had nominally converted to Christianity) in Spain are expelled.
: Death of retired Shogun .
: English poet and playwright
: Panembahan
puts down a major revolt in .
precipitates the , which devastates Europe in the years 1618–48.
: , Prince of
joins Protestant Rebels.
start invading China. Their
eventually topples the .
: Dispute leads to the execution of Dutchmen in -controlled .
is defeated outside .
appointed Governor-General of the VOC who would show he had no scruples about using brute force to establish the VOC on a firm footing. While
had been the major VOC trading centers to this point, Coen is convinced that Dutch need a more central location near the .
all fighting over port city of . VOC forces storm the city and withstand a months-long siege by the combined English, Bantenese, and Jayakartan forces. They are relieved by
and a fleet of nineteen ships out of Ambon. Coen had burned
and its EIC post along the way. The VOC levels the old city of
and builds its new headquarters, , on top of it.
(8 January 1587 – 21 September 1629), the founder of , was an officer of the
(VOC) in the early seventeenth century, holding two terms as its .
defeats the Bohemian rebels in the .
arrive in the
allies with the Ottomans and an invasion of
takes place. The Polish suffer a disaster at
on the River .
: Almost the entire native population of
was deported, driven away, starved to death or killed in an attempt to replace them with Dutch colonial slave labour.
: Diplomatic agreements in Europe commence a three-year period of cooperation between the Dutch and the English over the spice trade.
: The : Poles and
defeat the Ottomans.
: ; The island of
was captured by an Anglo-Persian force from Portuguese.
natives kill 347 English settlers outside
(one-third of the colony's population) and burn the
settlement.
is elected
: In a notorious but disputed incident, known as the '', ten English and ten Japanese traders are arrested, tried and beheaded for conspiracy against the Dutch Government. The English quietly withdraw from most of their Indonesian activities (except trading in Bantam) and focus on other Asian interests.
–: As chief minister,
centralises power in .
invades the Portuguese colony of
founded by the
in North America.
in the Vatican completed.
lays siege to Protestant , which eventually capitulates.
go extinct.
launched a failed campaign to .
king, died.
allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the
to counter
expansion.
launched a failed attempt to take .
invades the Portuguese colony of
and founds .
: , death of king of
building work started in .
arrives in Rome for his trial before the .
–: Japan transforms into .
results in Catholic victory.
expels the Catholic Patriarch
and several
missionaries from Ethiopia.
founds the city of , which becomes the capital of Ethiopia for the next two centuries.
is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
: The Portuguese are expelled again from their Solor fort by the Dutch following a reoccupation.
of Japanese Christians,
and peasants against Edo.
publishes "Discours de la Méthode" ("") in French.
: The first opera house, , opens in Venice.
fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters.
: Disagreements between the
escalate into the
and last until 1649.
–: , civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, and .
was compelled to summon
due to the revolt of the Scots.
led to the end of the .
is outlawed in England.
institutes - foreigners are expelled and no one is allowed to enter or leave .
publishes Meditationes de prima philosophia .
swept power in , he established the theocratic state in Tibet after series battles against regional Kingdoms.
: Dutch explorer
achieves the first recorded European sighting of New Zealand.
: Beginning of , conflict will end in 1651 with the execution of , abolishment of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king.
: Giovanni Battista
is elected
conquer China ending the . The subsequent
rules until 1912.
: The death of , legendary Japanese Samurai warrior, of natural causes.
–: Ottoman war with . The Ottomans invade
and capture .
of Mataram dies – and is buried at his graveyard at
: Seven-year-old
and marks the ends of
as major European powers.
civil war in .
– a Cossack rebellion in
which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from .
wars leave
after the .
is executed for , the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a
and put to death.
challenges the theory of
by demonstrating that
come from eggs of .
ends with the Parliamentarian victory at the .
founded by the
in South Africa.
rise as a .
: After his father
completes the , his son
deposes him as ruler of the .
ends and the monarchy is brought back during the .
dies and is succeeded by his son Ahmed.
: The reign of the
of China begins.
ruler of France, dies.
captures Taiwan from the Dutch and founds the , which rules until 1683.
: , who later reintroduced
into popular use in Europe, is born.
: France takes full political and military
over its colonial possessions in .
discovers cells using a microscope.
: The : count
defeats the Ottomans. The
– intended to keep the peace for 20 years.
: British troops capture
and rename it New York.
: 's forestry book, , is published in England.
defeats the
fought between
during the .
–: T France invades the Netherlands. The
(1668) brings this to a halt.
halts the 's expansion into Europe.
: As a result of the
between Dutch and England, the Dutch secured a worldwide monopoly on
by forcing England to give up their claim on , the most remote of the . While the Dutch did not press their claims on .
between Spain and Portugal recognizes Portugal as independent country.
: The Ottomans capture .
is founded in Canada.
: The city of
is founded in present-day .
–: Ottoman campaign to help the .
defeats the Ottomans at the second .
in the Netherlands – Combined attack by France, England and two German states on the .
: Lynching of
and his brother
takes power.
is the first to observe microbes with a homemade microscope, using samples he collected from his teeth scrapings, raindrops, and his own feces. He calls them "animalcules."
ends the war between England and the .
founded in India by .
brings Polish-Ottoman hostilities to a halt.
–: Russia and the
commence the .
ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire.
drives the Spanish out of
until 1692.
: The Pasha of
supports 's rebellion in Hungary.
: Sultan , advised by , decides to disregard the existing peace treaty with , due to expire in 1684.
–: The Ottomans make camp at .
becomes joint ruler of Russia (sole
explores the length of the
and claims
conquers the
and annexes .
council of war is held in .
finishes the 's hegemony in south-eastern Europe.
outlaws Protestantism in France. King Charles II dies.
publishes .
ousted French influence and virtually severed all ties with the West until the 19th century.
starts with the
invading England, England becomes a .
in Ireland.
sought to stop French expansion during the .
ascends to the throne over England, Scotland, and Ireland.
publishes his first .
established a border between Russia and China.
is fought between
forces in Highland .
: The Karposh rebellion is crushed in present-day , Skopje is retaken by the Ottoman Turks. Karposh is killed, and the rebels are defeated.
in Ireland.
: Port Royal in Jamaica is destroyed by an earthquake and , estimated 2000 die, 2300 are injured.
in France kills 2 million.
is founded in , by a royal charter.
is established.
nearly bans the
in response to pirate 's capture of the .
wipes out almost one-third of the population.
: The earliest known first-class
match takes place in .
ends the .
demonstrates his first
: With the decline of the , textiles are now the most important trade item in the Dutch East Indies.
, Queen of France
, Tsar of Russia ()
, Queen consort and regent of France ()
(d. 1646), first Sultan of Mataram, conquered much of Java
(r. ), begrudging ally of Dutch East India Company
(), Bugis warlord and ally of Dutch East India Company
, lover of
, second wife of
, 9th Sikh Guru ()
, Hungarian prince of Transylvania ()
, Hindu king, 1st Maratha ruler, established Hindavi Swaraj ()
, high profile Catholic convert, matron of arts ()
, chief minister of Louis XIV of France
, French general of the Thirty Years' War ()
of England, Scotland and Ireland ()
of England, Scotland and Ireland ()
(), an Irish prince whose armies inflicted major defeats upon the English forces of
during the
(), The founder and first
(1583?–1636), expansionist twelfth Sultan of Aceh
, King of France and Navarre ()
, King of France and Navarre ()
(), queen consort and regent of France
, French cardinal and politician of Italian origin ()
, French landscape architect ()
, Tsar of Russia, first Russian Emperor ()
, Spanish king ()
, Spanish king ()
, Tewa religious leader, led the
(ca. 1630 – ca. 1688)
, Russian prince, leader of anti-Polish uprising ()
, Hindu saint ()
, French cardinal, duke, and politician ()
politician, royal favourite (prime minister) of the Spanish king.
, Tsar of Russia ()
, Dutch admiral ()
, King of Poland ()
, Chief of the
, Catholic general in the
, prince of Transylvania, leader of the anti-Habsburg uprising in Hungary ()
, Hindu saint ()
, French general, named Marshal General of France ()
, Catholic German general in the
of the main provinces of the
. Second Maratha King after Shivaji maharaj () Who fought against Aurangajeb Sidhi,Portugis at one time for nine years. Wmo save & Establish maratha samraj
, Italian composer ()
, Composer and great-uncle of J.S. Bach, ()
, English composer ()
, Venetian opera composer ()
, French composer ()
, Italian composer (
, French Composer ()
, Russian composer ()
, German-born English composer ()
, Ottoman-Turkish musician, composer, singer and poet ()
, Italian-born composer regarded as the father of French opera ()
, Italian composer of Renaissance and Baroque music ()
, German composer ()
, Ottoman composer ()
, English composer ()
, Italian opera composer ()
, German composer ()
, French composer of chamber music (c. 1640 – 1700)
, German composer of more than 3,000 works ()
, French harpsichordist and composer ()
, Italian composer ()
, Italian sculptor, architect ()
, Italian sculptor, architect ()
, Italian painter ()
, Flemish painter ()
, Italian painter (1593 – c. 1656)
, Flemish painter ()
, French painter ()
, Spanish sculptor ()
, Spanish painter ()
, French classical painter ()
, Lo Spagnoletto ()
, Dutch painter ()
, Flemish painter,
, Chinese painter, calligrapher, encyclopedist, foreign delegate to Japan ()
painter ()
, Spanish painter ()
, Dutch Painter ()
, Spanish Painter ()
, author of '' ()
, Spanish dramatist ()
, Spanish author ()
, French dramatist ()
, French poet and critic ()
, English writer, novelist (1659 or )
, English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright ()
, French poet ()
, Spanish poet ()
, Spanish poet ()
, Dutch writer and playwright ()
, German poet and dramatist ()
, English dramatist c. 1572 – 1637)
, English author and poet ()
, French dramatist, actor, director ()
, Spanish dramatist and poet ()
warrior in Japan, author, poet, painter, ()
, English civil servant and diarist ()
, Russian priest and writer ()
, Spanish writer ()
, French dramatist ()
, English author and poet ()
, Spanish playwright and poet ()
, English poet ()
(Seathrún Céitinn), Irish historian (ca. 1569 – ca. 1644)
, Irish historian and genealogist (d.1671)
, Chinese geographer ()
, Chinese encyclopedist ()
, French explorer
, Ottoman explorer
(), Russian explorer of Siberia and the first European to sail through the
(1570? – 1611), English
in the early 17th century
(), Russian entrepreneur, best known for his exploring the
(), Dutch seafarer and
(c. 1565 – 1607), Spanish explorer of the Pacific
, English philosopher and politician ()
Sir , English author, philosopher and scientist ()
, French astronomer, ()
, English Ironmaster, Introduced the first coke-consuming blast furnace ()
, French philosopher and mathematician ()
, French lawyer and mathematician ()
, Italian natural philosopher ()
, (), French , , scientist, /, and
, medical doctor ()
, English philosopher and mathematician ()
, Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer ()
, German astronomer ()
, Dutch scientist and the first person to use a
to view bacteria ()
, German philosopher and mathematician ()
, English philosopher ()
, (), French , ,
and , referred to as the father of
, Scottish inventor of the logarithms ().
Sir , English physicist and mathematician ()
, French theologian, mathematician and physicist ()
, Italian biologist (1626 - 1697)
, Dutch philosopher ()
, medical doctor (1561 - 1636)
Sir , English courtier and politician ()
, English architect and scientist ()
. Second Maratha King after Shivaji maharaj () Who fought against Aurangajeb Sidhi,Portugis at one time for nine years. Wmo save & Establish maratha samraj
Major changes in philosophy and science take place, often characterized as the .
reintroduced in Europe.
become popular in Europe.
in France and
by Scottish economist .
(Iran), are built.
: Supernova
is observed in the .
starts investigating
of planets.
of Germany publishes the 'Relation', the first newspaper.
constructs a , the first for which sufficient evidence exists.
is identified by
of France.
observe 's .
or 'Authorized Version' first published.
: The first
likely created for
introduces the
to simplify calculations.
describes experiments with a bronze
trying to make a .
: , funded by
of England, builds the first '' made of wood and greased leather.
: The first English dictionary, 'English Dictionarie' is published by , listing difficult words with definitions.
publishes and elucidates his earlier discovery of the .
: Dutch Bible published.
: , the first public opera house, opened in Venice.
formulates his so-called , unsolved until 1995.
: Although Chinese
were earlier described in the 14th century , the Tian Gong Kai Wu book of
describes naval mines wrapped in a
bag and ignited by an ambusher pulling a rip cord on the nearby shore that triggers a steel-wheel
mechanism.
invents the mechanical calculator called .
engraving introduces grey tones to printed images.
of Italy invents the mercury .
of , Italy invents the first rotating stage.
renames the .
describes the true shape of the .
develops the first functional
based on the learnings of .
first to observe surface details of .
presents first paper on the production of sparkling wine.
publishes designs for a reflecting telescope.
: The first known operational reflecting telescope is built by .
discovers .
: First measurement of the .
developed by .
independently developed by both Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and
and used to formulate .
. Western New England College.
. The Library of Iberian resources online 2008.
Peter Barrett (2004), , p. 14, ,
Ricklefs (1991), page 28
Ricklefs (1991), page 29
UST.edu.ph. Retrieved December 21, 2008.
Miller, George (ed.) (1996). To The Spice Islands and Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xvi.  .
Alan Macfarlane (1997). . p. 64.
Karen J. Cullen (2010). "". . p. 20.
Ricklefs (1991), page 63
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