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历年英语四级考试中常见的考察词汇题型
来源：　 15:26:38　【】　
非谓语动词与独立主格：短语，句子（或者句子，短语）
　　1.当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。（它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语）。
独立主格的结构1：名词（代词）+ 分词 [现在分词、过去分词]
现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为；过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。 作题时要通过判断动作与名词（代词）之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。当动作由名词（代词）发出时使用现在分词，而名词（代词）是受动者时则用过去分词。
54. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _B_ it closely.
A followed&& B following&& C to follow&& D being followed
49. All things _A_, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A considered&& B be considered&& C considering&& D having considered
call off &&&&&& 取消； cancel vt. 取消； 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。
独立主格的结构2：with + 名词（代词）+ 分词 [句子当中作状语]
36. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.
A to be encouraged&& B been encouraged&& C being encouraged&& D be encouraged
as well as 和（相当于and）； be encouraged不会考。
动词不定式有预示将来行为的含义。to be encouraged 将要被鼓励；
been encouraged 已经被鼓励完了，与主句的谓语动词相对；being encouraged 正在被鼓励
2.短语部分没有独立主语，则短语结构称为非谓语动词。
非谓语动词的结构：分词（分词短语）
句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词；如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。
43.No matter how frequently _A_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
A performed&& B performing&& C to be performed&& D being performed
perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏；
to be performed 将要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏；
一些特殊的动词：
第一点：forget 忘记； [反义] remember 记得；
这两个词后加动词不定式表示将要进行的行为；这两个词后加动词ing形式表示已经做过的事情。
注意：动名词与现在分词形式一样，但含义不同。这两个词后加动词ing形式都是动名词。
forget to do sth. 忘记要去做某事； forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事；
remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事； remember doing sth. 记得做过某事；
62. I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A once offering&& B him once offering&& C him to offer&& D to offer him
offer vt. 提出，提供； offer sb. sth. / offer to do sth.
him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正确。
动名词的复合结构：凡是一个动词的后面可以加动名词，就可以加动名词的复合结构。
动作发出者 + 动名词；当动作发出者名字给出时：名词所有格 + 动名词；当动名词的复合结构在文章中出现，且动作发出者在前文中提过时：形容词物主代词（宾格）+ 动名词。
形容词物主代词：his, her, my, your, their, our。代词宾格：him, her, me, you, us, them。
第二点：want 想要； want to do sth. 想做某事； want doing 客观需要或缺乏。
48. Your hair wants _B_. You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A cut&& B cutting&& C to cut&& D being cut
注意：want doing 中doing表示的是被动含义。
18. This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.
A cleaning&& B to clean&& C being cleaned&& D cleaned
第三点：mean 意味； mean to do sth. 打算做某事，意欲… ；mean doing 意味着，…的意思是…
25. There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble. &[reception desk 接待台]
A making&& B to make&& C to have made&& D having made
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55. The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.
A to erect&& B be erected&& C erecting&& D being erected
watch 看电视用，看比赛用； see 看电影用；
感官动词watch, see, hear； 感官动词 + 名词（代词）+ do
be erected 强调的是动作的结果； being erected 强调的是动作的过程。
56. The engine _D_ smoke and steam.
A gives up&& B gives in&& C gives away&& D gives off
give up 放弃； give in 屈服，让步； give off 释放，放出（烟和气体）；
give away 泄露，走漏风声；婚礼中新郎的父亲把新娘的手交给新郎的过程；赠送礼品。
57. The manager promised to keep me _C_ of how our business was going on.
A to be informed&& B on informing&& C informed&& D informing
keep sb. + 分词； inform v. 通知，告知； inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某件事情
keep me informed 使我被告知。
60. The goals _B_ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
A after which&& B for which&& C with which&& D at which
fight with sb. （注意要看整个句子）； fight with + 工具 用该工具来打仗。 fight for 为…而战。
I fight with him. 我和他打起来了。 I fight with him against her. 我和他并肩对付她。
61. I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and _B_ in a quiet neighborhood.
A all in all&& B above all&& C after all&& D over all
all in all 总而言之；above all 首先，尤其是；after all 毕竟，终究；overall 全面的，总体的
in a word 总之，in short 简而言之，in conclusion 最后，总之，to sum up总之，总而言之。
62. _B_ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.
A For now&& B Now that&& C Ever since&& D By now
now that 既然，由于（相当于since）； ever since 自从…以来。
与that搭配且后面可以加句子的几个表达形式：
now that 既然，由于； in that 因为； except that 除…之外。
except后面加名词或代词；except that后面加句子。
63. What you have done is _D_ the doctor’s orders.
A attached to&& B responsible to&& C resistant to&& D contrary to
be attached to 连接，附属； This school is attached to Beida. 这所学校附属于北大。
responsible to 对…负有责任； resistant adj. 反抗的，抵抗的； water resistant 防水的。
be contrary to 与..相反（相违背）。
64. John regretted _A_ to the meeting last week.
A not going&& B not to go&& C not having been going&& D not to be going
regret doing 后悔做过某事； regret to do sth. 遗憾的做某事（应用语境非常有限）。
63. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are _B_.
A out of work&& B out of stock&& C out of reach&& D out of practice
out of work 失业； out of reach 够不着 within reach 够得着； out of practice 缺乏练习。
65. They _C_ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
A carried out&& B carried off&& C carried on&& D carried forward
in spite of 尽管； carry on 坚持，继续。
66. Mrs. Brown is supposed _A_ for Italy last week.
A to have left &&B to be leaving&& C to leave&& D to have been left
be supposed to do sth. 应该（理应）做某事。
37. He’s watching TV? He’s _D_ to be cleaning his room.
A known&& B considered&& C regarded&& D supposed
& regard as 把…认作
67. My camera can be _B_ to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.
A treated&& B adjusted&& C adopted&& D remedied
& treat 对待，处理； I’ll treat you. 我请客，应用于真正请客之前。It’s on me. 应用于结账时。
& adjust vt. 调整，调节； adopt vt. 收养，领养； remedy vt. 弥补，补救，修正；
68. A new technique _C_, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
A working out&& B having worked out
C having been worked out&& D to have been worded out
yields 产量； work out 做出，推出
关于百分数之前介词的用法
increase to 80 percent 增加到80% （增加到用to）
increase by 60 percent增加了60% （表示增加的幅度用by）
55. Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas visitors expanded _A_ 27%.
A by&& B for&& C to&& D in
69. Children who are over-protected by their parents may become _C_.
A hurt&& B damaged&& C spoiled&& D harmed
spoil vt. 宠坏，溺爱
70. When Mr. Jones gets old, he will _B_ over his business to his son.
A take&& B hand&& C think&& D get
take over 接管接收； hand over 移交，交出； think over 仔细考虑； get over 克服，战胜。
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41. We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have _A_ one this month.
A another&& B more&& C the other&& D other
不定代词：1 两者中的一个用one；另一个则用the other； 2 很多东西中的一个用one；
剩下的所有叫the others； 3 很多东西中的一个用one；剩下的所有里面再拿一个叫another；
在剩下的里面再拿一个还叫another（单数概念）； 4 很多东西中拿了若干出来用some；
剩下所有叫others； other 后通常要加可数名词的复数形式； more 要用在数词的后面
once more 再来一个（用于很不正式的场合） bravo 再来一个（用于正式场合）
44. No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _A_.
A the other&& B any other&& C another&& D other
neither 两者中任意一者都不
42. It was difficult to guess what her _B_ to the news would be.
A impression&& B reaction&& C comment&& D opinion
reaction n. 反应； reaction to 对…作出反应。
43. I decided to go to the library as soon as I _D_.
A finish what I did&& B finished what I did
C would finish what I was doing&& D finished what I was doing
& as soon as所引导的时间状语从句与主句的时态搭配有一种情况是主从句都用一般过去时。
45. We are interested in the weather because it _B_ us so directly what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel.
A benefits&& B affects&& C guides&& D effects
& affect vt. 影响； effect n. 影响。
46. Will all those _D_ the proposal raise their hands?
A in relation to&& B in contrast to&& C in excess of&& D in favor of
in relation to 与…相比； in contrast to 与…形成对照；
in excess of 超过，超出（一定的限定范围）； in favor of 赞同，支持。
47. Children are very curious _D_.
A at heart&& B in person&& C on purpose&& D by nature
at heart 在心理，在内心； heart 强调的是内心的感情，mind 强调的是思维，头脑，soul 灵魂
in person 亲自，本人； on purpose 有意的，故意的； by nature 生性（天性）使然。
48. The match was cancelled because most of the members _A_ a match without a standard court.
A objected to having&& B were objected to have
C objected to have&& D were objected to having
58. The man in the corner confessed to _B_ a lie to the manager of the company.
A have told&& B having told&& C being told&& D be told
confess v. 忏悔； confess to 承认，坦白。
49. The teacher doesn’t permit _C_ in class.
A smoke&& B to smoke&& C smoking&& D to have a smoke
permit v. 允许，准许； permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事； permit doing 允许做某事。
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21. As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to _D_ it.
A postpone &&B refuse&& C delay &&D cancel
22. These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you _A_ you need.
A all the information &&B all the informations
C all of information &&D all of the informations
23. Not until the game had begun _C_ at the sports ground.
A had he arrived &&B would he have arrived&& C did he arrive &&D should he have arrived
24. Young people are not _B_ to stand and
they want art they can participate in. [参与，参加]
A conservative &&B content&& C confident &&D generous
conservative adj. 保守的； conservative party 保守党； content adj. 甘愿的，满足的；
confident adj. 自信的，有信心的； generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的。
25. Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is _C_.
A granted &&B implied&& C exaggerated &&D remedied
maintain 坚持认为； medium n. 媒体单数，media n. 媒体复数；
grant vt. 授予，给予； imply vt. 隐含，暗示； exaggerate v. 夸大，夸张，高估；
remedy vt. 弥补，补救，修正。
26. These surveys indicate that many crimes go _A_ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them. [victims 受害人]
A unrecorded &&B to be unrecorded&& C unrecording &&D to have been unrecorded
27. I have no objection _B_ your story again. [object to + 动名词]
A to hear &&B to hearing&& C to having heard &&D to have heard
28. The clothes a person wears may express his _B_ or social position.
A curiosity &&B status&& C determination &&D significance
status n. 身份，地位； significance n. 意义，重要性；
29. By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _D_ opportunity to change his mind.
A accurate &&B urgent& &C excessive &&D adequate
& accurate adj. 精确的； urgent adj. 紧急的，紧迫的； excessive adj. 过多的，过度的；
adequate adj. 充足的，足够的。
30. You will see this product _B_ wherever you go.
A to be advertised &&B advertised& &C advertise &&D advertising
31. The early pioneers had to _C_ many hardships to settle on the new land.
A go along with &&B go back on& &C go through &&D go into
go through 经历
32. The suggestion that the major _B_ the prizes was accepted by everyone.
A would present &&B present& &C presents &&D ought to present
suggestion, suggest 所引导的句子都用虚拟语气。 should + （动词原形）
34. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _B_ at the next town.
A to stop &&B stopping&& C stop &&D having stopped
suggest& + doing也可以
33. Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _A_ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.
A whose &&B which&& C that &&D what
whose指代的就是他前面的male drinkers.
35. I didn't know the word. I had to _C_ a dictionary.
A look out &&B make out&& C refer to &&D go over
look up 查阅； look up a word in a dictionary 在字典中查单词；
reference n. 参考书目； reference room 资料室；
36. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _D_ his arguments in favour of the new theory. [sufficient 充足的，足够的；grounds 论据；arguments 论点]
A to be based on &&B to base on& &C which to base on &&D on which to base
base vt. 以…作基础，基于…& which引导从句时，如果从句是介词结尾则介词应在which之前。
on which (he is) to base
37. There are signs _A_ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A that &&B which&& C in which &&D whose
sign n. 迹象； fact n. 事实； evidence n. 证据；后面常加同位语从句来说明具体内容。
同位语从句用that（不能省略）引导。
38. I think I was at school, _A_ I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news. [or else 否则，要不然]
A or else &&B and then& &C or so &&D even so
39. It is said that the math teacher seems _A_ towards bright students.
A partial &&B beneficial& &C preferable &&D liable
partial adj. 偏袒的，偏爱的（经常与to或towards搭配）
40. In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took _C_ trouble over the figures. [figures 数目，数据；extra 额外的，附加的]
A extensive &&B spare& &C extra &&D supreme
41. - "May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"
&&& - "I'm sorry. Mr. Williams _A_ to a conference long before then."
A will have gone &&B had gone& &C would have gone &&D has gone
当要表达将来的行为在将来的某时间之前完成用将来完成时，将来完成时结构：will have + p.p.
42. You _D_ you should have kept your distance.
A shouldn't follow &&B mustn't follow
C couldn't' have been following &&D shouldn't have been following
should have + p.p. 本应该； shouldn’t have + p.p. 本不应该
43. The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _D_ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.
A have allowed &&B allow& &C allowing &&D allows
part-time 兼职； full-time 全职； flexible working patterns 弹性工作制； training 培训；
retraining 再培训； take advantage 利用；
44. Everybody _A_ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.
A assembled &&B accumulated& &C piled &&D joined
assembled 聚集； secretary 书记。
45. Putting in a new window will _B_ cutting away part of the roof.
A include &&B involve& &C contain &&D comprise
involve 引起，与…直接有关
46. Living in the western part of the coun _C_ obtaining fresh water is not the least. [the least 最高级]
A with which &&B for which& &C of which &&D which
42. Living in the central Australian des _C_ obtaining water is not the least. [the least 最高级]
A for which &&B to which& &C of which &&D in which
47. In the _C_ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 million. [in the event of 万一，如果]
A face &&B time& &C event &&D course
in the face of 面对； in the time of 在…时期； in the course of 在…期间。
48. The manager would rather his daughter _D_ in the same office.
A had not worked &&B not to work& &C does not work& &D did not work
would rather + 动词原形； would rather + 句子（用虚拟语气，句子谓语动词用一般过去时）
49. _D_, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
A Although much he likes her &&B Much although he likes her
C As he likes her much &&D Much as he likes her
如果用although引导则应改成：Although he likes her very much …
50. The British constitution is _B_ a large extent a product of the historical events described above. [无论是在空格前还是后，如果出现了名词extent要找介词就着to]
A within &&B to&& C by& &D at
to a large extent 在很大程度上。
&&&2&&&&&&
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Develop用作及物动词时，和其后面的成分构成动（谓）宾关系（当develop以被动态形式出现时，尽管
从形式上看和其前面的成分构成主谓关系，但在选择和确定其词义时仍可按动宾搭配关系看待）。试看
以下各例： (1)Another project underway is the use of genetic engineering techniques to develop a vaccine for some diseases. 正在进行的另一个项目是利用遗传工程技术研制某些疾病的疫苗。 (2)What man should really be proud of is his brain, which has enabled him to develop machines that go at fantastic speeds. 人类理当引以自豪的是其大脑，因为大脑使人类发明出运转速度极快的机器。 (3)Fresh air and exercise develop healthy bodies. 新鲜空气和运动造就了健康的肌体(或：&&有益于健康；或&&增进了健康)。 (4)In developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science. （进行）设计时，工程师必须运用其工程学和材料学的知识。 (5)The Italian Navy, though facing the same problem as the Royal Navy, has developed a totally different philosophy regarding last-ditch antimissile defense. 虽然意大利海军面临着和皇家海军同样的问题，但其对末段反导防御却持有完全不同的观点。 (6)Researchers have learned that diabetics are more likely than other persons to develop cataracts and glaucoma. 研究人员已经查明，糖尿病患者比其它人更容易得白内障和青光眼。 (7)Richard Lewis at the University of California developed a safer form of the drug. It can be put directly into eye. 加利福尼亚大学的理查得&刘易斯制备了一种较完全的药物，可以直接放入眼内。 (8)When women go through menopause and their prolactin level drops, a lot of women develop problems with dry eyes or not enough tears. 妇女绝经时，其催乳素就下降，因而很多人会出现干眼病或眼泪不足的毛病。 (9)It became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease. 野兔显然对这种疾病产生了一定程度的免疫力。 (10)By the time you are 21, nearly all the body systems you will need to stay health are fully developed. 人到21岁时，健康所需的肌体各个系统都已完全（发育）成熟。 (11)In the wild, some animals have developed partnerships to help in the struggle for survival. 在自然界，某些动物为了生存竞争，彼此之间建立了伙伴关系。 (12)Scientists are developing special testing plans for these new and unknown breeds. 科学家们正为这些新奇的未知品种拟订专门的检验计划。 (13)In its broadest sense, education refers to any process by which an individual gains knowledge or develops skills. 最广义地说，教育就是指一个人获得知识或掌握技能的过程。 (14)Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics. 爱因斯坦是通过数学创立相对论这一理论的。 (15)Researchers long wondered why left-handed boys develop learning disabilities more often than right-handed boys. 研究人员长期感到迷惑不解的是，为什么左撇子儿童比惯用右手的儿童更多地存在着学习能力缺陷问题。 (16)Local businessmen might play an active part in promoting scientific farming, to develop a market for their wares. 当地的商人积极提倡科学种田的目的是扩大他们的商品市场。 (17)Early humans developed a way to use the moon&s changing faces to tell time. 古代人想出了（学会了）利用月亮的圆缺来判断时间的方法。 (18)People with rheumatoid arthritis may develop heart problems, lung disease, or anemia. 风湿性关节炎患者可能并发心脏病、肺病或贫血。 (19)Many different breeding schemes can be used to develop a base for new generation selections. 为奠定新一代选育材料的基础，可以采用多种不同的育种方案。 (20)The science of logic seeks to develop methods and principles for distinguishing straight from crooked thinking. 逻辑学旨在阐明区别思维是否正确的方法和原则。 (21)Reactors of improved design, greater power, and operable at high temperature were rapidly developed in U. S. 美国很快又建造了一些设计更先进、功率更强大、且可在高温下运转的反应堆。 (22)Several American and Japanese companies are working to develop the senses of sight and touch for robots. 美国和日本的几家公司正在研究使机器人具有视觉和触觉。 (23)Scientists use observation and experimentation to develop a correct description of the natural world. 科学家们运用观察和实验，对自然界作出正确的描述。 (24)Researchers are developing ways to make plastics as recyclable as metal or glass. 研究人员正研究使塑料像金属和玻璃一样可以回收利用的方法。 (25)What would be done if the patient should develop allergy to penicillin? 如果病人对青霉素过敏，那该怎么办呢？ (26)The development of automatic ammunition handling systems enabled large calibre guns to develop remarkable rates of fire. 自动供弹系统的研制成功大大提高了大口径火炮的射速。 (27)Thomas Edison developed the telephone invented by Bell, an American. 托马斯&爱迪生改进了美国人贝尔发明的电话。 (28)American scientists regard the effort to develop hightemperature superconductors as a final chance for the United States to reclaim technological supremacy. 一些美国科学家把这次为推出高温超导体所做的努力视为使美国恢复技术霸主地位的最后一次机会。 (29)From this formula the data in figure 3 has been developed. 图3中的数据是根据这一公式推导出来的。 (30)Though Japan did not have nuclear weapons, it had the industrial base to develop them if it ever choose to do so. 虽然日本还不曾拥有核武器，但是如果它愿意的话，其现有的工业基础是可以发展核武器的。 (31)A german designer developed the idea for a rocket-propelled aerospace plane in the early 1940s. 早在40年代初，一名德国设计师就曾提出了火箭推进航天飞机的设想。 (32)Nature has operated a vast laboratory for two billion years, and bionics probes the secrets of the wonderful &special-purpose& mechanisms that have developed. 自然界是一个已进行了二十亿年实验的巨大实验室，它创制了许多奇妙的&专用&机制，仿生学就是要
研究这些机制&奥秘&。 (33)A proper exposure to the light is needed to develop a good picture. 要洗好照片，适当的曝光是必要的。 (34)The computer, using the data from tests, can develop curves such as those of Figure 4. 这种计算机可以利用试验数据绘制出图4所示的那些曲线。 (35)To develop the student ability to undertake the experimental procedure is one of the important tasks of teachers. 培养学生的实验能力乃是老师的重要任务之一。 (36)The German quickly developed an instrument which picked up the radar signal and gave the U-boat warning. 德国人很快造出了一种能测知雷达信号并向潜艇发出警报的仪器。 (37)Through natural selection, weeds have developed efficient mechanisms of root and snoot growth. 通过自然选择，野草获得了根苗生长的有效机制。 (38)Automatic control by electronic technique has been developed to a high degree of efficiency. 采用电子技术的自动控制已经达到效率很高的程度。 (39)Women who drink and smoke heavily are likely to develop cancers of the oral cavity and tongue at a younger age. 大量饮酒和吸烟的妇女很可能在年轻时就患上口腔癌和舌癌。 (40)In this chapter we develop the implications of momentum conservation in the motion of a collection of particles. 本章将揭示群质点运动时动量守恒的含义。 (41)We recommend to develop first of all a computer link program with the help of the CP 525. 本公司建议首先利用CP525编制计算机连接程序。 (42)Any planet with the proper mass, temperature and chemistry ought to develop life. 任一具有适当质量、温度和化学性质的星球都理应孕育有生命。 (43)Crying is one of the important ways we have developed to alleviate stress. 哭泣是人类为排遣痛苦而体验出来的重要方法之一。 (44)One of the most promising products of this experimental technology is the integral fast reactor developed by the Argonne National Laboratory. 这一实验技术的最大成果之一是由阿根国家实验室设计的整体式快速反应堆。 (45)However, since the &line of sight& to the target is in motion, the missiles must develop a continuous lateral acceleration to stay on the beam. 然而，由于目标瞄准线处于运动之中，所以导弹必须具有连续的横向加速度才能保持正确的航向。 (46)Doctors in the United States developed a method that greatly improved the chance that these nerves could be repaired. 美国医生找到了一种方法，从而大大增加了这些神经得以修复的机会。 (47)They played a big part in developing Latin American unionism. 他们在促进拉美的工会运动方面起了重要作用。 (48)Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit, although a fairly complicated wet beneficiation process is needed to allow separation of the clay. 虽然分离这种粘土需要相当复杂的湿选工艺，但这些年来还是进行了某些尝试以开采这个矿床。 (49)But this does not mean these people are carriers of the AIDS-linked virus or that they will develop AIDS. 但这并不意味着这些人带有艾滋病病毒或者将染上艾滋病。 (50)The divisions of time we use today were developed in ancient Babylonia 4000 years ago. 我们今天使用的时间划分（制）是4000年前在古巴比伦国确定的。 (51)The commander merely wanted supplies and equipments to develop fighting divisions. 这位指挥员只想得到补给与装备，以充实作战部队。 (52)More than 10000 different chemical mixtures have been found in plants in recent years. Scientists have learned why plants develop such strange mixtures. 近年来，植物中发现了一万多种化学混合物。科学家们已经查明为什么植物体会含有这些奇特的混合物。 (53)After the film is developed, the sound track will be light or dark according to whether the original sound was weak or loud. 由于原始声音有强有弱，所以软片显影后声带也有明有暗。 (54)To determine the reasons for this disparity, a series of tests were initiated to develop a clear understanding of the effects of variations in machining conditions on the performance of grinding wheels. 为了确定这种差异的原因，曾进行了一系列实验，以便更清楚地了解各种不同的机加工条件对磨轮性能
的影响。（develop译不出） (55)From the basis set out here a number of further functions may be developed and used in the calculation of filtration problems. 根据本文提出的基本原理，可以求得其它一些函数，以用于计算各种过滤问题。 (56)Scientists are trying to develop a method to freeze the cells that produce insulin. 科学家们正在努力探索一种方法以冷冻那些制造胰岛素的细胞。 (57)&&& Both Leibniz and Newton had independently developed a branch of mathematics called calculus, which underlies most of modern physics. 莱布尼兹和牛顿两人都独自创建了微积分这一数学分支，从而为大部分现代物理学奠定了基础。 (58)As these major approaches to peace have not proved very fruitful, the United Nations has developed two new procedures aiming at the limitations of wars. 由于这些主要的和平途径收效甚微，因而联合国又采取了两项旨在限制战争的新措施。 (59)In the 1970s, weapon scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California developed the reduced residual radiation nuclear bomb. 七十年代，加利福尼亚州劳伦斯&利弗莫尔国家实验室的武器科学家们曾试制过残余辐射性有所减弱的
核弹。 (60)Asia, with more than one-quarter of the world&s potential hydropower, has developed only 9 percent of its vast exploitable resource. 亚洲虽然拥有世界水电资源的1/4，但却只开发了其中的9%。 (61)In April 1984, the space agency launched a four-ton cylinder carrying experiments to develop new spaceage materials including secret ones for making stealth satellites. 1984年4月，宇航局曾发射过一个4吨重的圆柱体，上面载有对太空时代的新材料（包括用于制造隐身卫
星的秘密材料）进行试验的科学仪器。 (62)The producer decides which actors will be selected for the show, and he appoints other people to help him develop the program. 制片人决定了参加演出的人选，同时又指定其他一些人帮助制作这个节目。 (63)To develop this protective oxide, a minimum of 12% chromium is required. 为了形成这种保护性的氧化物，需要有至少12%的铬。 (64)To achieve these ends, the U. S. has developed a national strategy that combines political, economic, and military elements. 为了实现这些目标，美国已经制订了一种综合政治、经济和军事诸因素在一起的国家战略。 (65)When the first artificial pacemakers for the human heart were developed about 30 years ago, the sole objective was to save the patient from unpredictable sudden death. 当首批心脏起搏器在大约30年前问世时，其唯一的目的就是使患者免遭意外的猝死。 在实际翻译中，develop用作及物动词的译法还有不少，例如： develop a farm&&&&&&& 创办一家农场 develop a map&&&&&&& 展开一张地图 develop potentialities&&& 挖掘潜力 develop armed strength&&&&&& 炫耀武力 develop competence&&& 增长才干
2.Develop用作不及物动词 Develop用作不及物动词时，和其前面的成分构成主谓搭配关系。试看以下各例： 1)It is the father&s sperm which determines whether the fertilized egg will develop into a boy or a girl. 正是男性的精子决定着受精卵将发育成男孩或女孩。
2)Some insects carry pollen from flower to flower, enabling plants to set the seed in connection with which the fruits develop. 某些昆虫能在花间授粉，从而使植物长出赖以结果的种子。
3)If the disease develops, other symptoms may appear. 如果病情加剧，就可能出现其它症状。
4)Noises may develop in a worn engine. 磨损的引擎里可能会发出各种噪声。
5)The ovum develops only in the female, and the sperm cell develops only in the male. 卵细胞仅在女性体内产生，而精子细胞则仅在男性体内制造。
6)Darwin set out to question views about how life had developed on the earth. 达尔文开始对地球上的生命是如何形成的那些观点提出了疑问。
7)The earliest forms of life developed in the ocean and evolved there before moving to the land. 最原始的各种生命发端于海洋并在海洋中进化，最后才移居到陆地。
8)A chicken develops in the egg. 小鸡在蛋中孵化。
9)The patient, at first, may feel tired and lose weight. Then pain and stiffness gradually develop in the small joints of the hands and feet. 患者最初觉得乏力和消瘦，随之手脚的小关节即逐渐感到疼痛和僵直。
10)The eurodollar market developed during the early 1950s as a result of the Cold War. 欧洲美元市场兴起于50年代初期，是冷战的结果(或：50年代初期，由于冷战的结果，欧洲美元市场逐
渐发展起来)。
11)Scientists say this fits in well with the way human cancers evelop. 科学家们说，这种情况和人类癌症的演变方式是相当一致的。
12)Researchers learned that the lever of testosterone in a fetus goes up and down as the fetus develops. 研究人员已经查明，随着胎儿的生长，其睾丸激素的多少在不断变化。
13)Though cells were discovered two and a half centuries ago, it is only in the last hundred years that knowledge of the work of the nucleus has developed. 虽然细胞在两个半世纪以前就已发现，但有关细胞核功能的知识只是在最近一百年才积累起来。
14)As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to be solved and the growing interconnection of different disciplines made it impossible to& 随着本世纪岁月的流逝，有待解决的问题日益增多、日趋复杂，加之不同科学间的相关联系日渐加强，
使得不可能&&
15)Lung fever develops from flu. 肺炎是由流行性感冒引起的。
16)Sound-absorbing provision for lowering the sound level are worthwhile in room where loud noise develops. 在噪音大的房间，采取吸音措施以降低声级是很有必要的。（develop译不出）
17)Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals. 一般认为，陆地动物是由海洋动物进化而来的。
18)There would be a very good chance for life to develop on the planet if current theories of the origin of life are correct. 如果当代关于生命起源的理论不错的话，这颗行星上就很可能有生命存在。
19)From this &accidental& discovery developed the enormous benefits of &stainless steel&. 不锈钢的巨大优点就是从这一&偶然&的发现中得来的。
20)The plot of the new novel developed in the author&s mind. 这部新小说的情节已在作者的头脑中构思(或：酝酿)出来了。
21)Most experts agree that fiber helps the body to quickly remove fat that may cause cancer to develop. 大多数专家认为，（植物）纤维可以帮助机体快速消除可能诱发癌症的脂肪。
22)An egg cell cannot develop into a new life by itself. 卵细胞不能独自衍生成一个新的生命。
23)It developed that he had another wife living and his indictment for bigamy followed. 他另有妻室一事已经暴露，随之他被指控犯有重婚罪。
24)The walkaround phones now have a range of about 700 feet from the base unit, but they are expected to become more powerful as technology develops. 步行电话机已可在距总机约700英尺的范围内使用，随着技术的进步，其功率还会更大。
25)The cause of glaucoma is not yet fully understood. But doctors know that the disease develops as pressure inside the eye increases. 青光眼的病因还不完全清楚，但医生们知道这种病始于眼内压增高。
26)Bacteria do not develop at low temperature, so that food can be preserved in cold storage. 细菌在低温下不能繁殖，因此食品可以冷藏。
27)In the human being, tissue hypersensitivity which usually develops within five or six weeks after the first infection helps to explain certain inflammatory reactions. 在人类身上，组织过敏往往在首次感染后5&6周才反映（表现）出来，这一现象有助于解释某些炎症反
28)The most important among them is the new attitude toward divorce that is developing in the country. 其中最重要的是对待离婚的一种新的看法，这种看法正在全国范围内蔓延。
29)Later on, the myth developed that we had been too friendly that Dinitz was excessively influenced by me. 后来，有一种神话流传开来，说迪尼茨和我过于友好，他受我的影响过多。
&&&& 在以上大量译例中，同一个develop竟然译成了上百个各不相同的词义，那么，为什么会出现这种
情况呢？因为这里牵涉到一个为求得理想译文而必须根据语言环境和搭配关系选择词义的问题。 我们知道，在实际翻译过程中，最先碰到同时也是最大量的工作，是从汉语中确定并选择适当的译词，
来表达原文中的词义。为了确切表达原文中的某一个词， 译者往往煞费苦心，有时甚至绕室终日，搜索枯肠，仍难落笔安词。个中原因，概出于英语语言现象的
复杂性和词义的多变性。英语和汉语分属不同的语系，两种语言的发展历史不同，英美人和中国人的思
维方法和习惯也有差别，因而在词语的搭配习惯和使用方式上也就不可避免地存在着很大的差别。就词
义而言，英语的词义比较灵活，涵义范围较宽，词义往往取决于上下文的搭配关系和具体的语言环境，
汉语的词义比较固定，涵义范围较窄，词义对上下文的依赖性相对较小。在不同的语言环境中，词语之
间的搭配使用形式可以是多种多样的，但决不是任意的。英语中同一个词和不同的词搭配使用时，虽然
必然构成合乎其修辞规律和逻辑的语义配合关系，但这种约定俗成的搭配关系在汉语中往往不一定能成
立，也就是说，在表达同一思想内容时，两种语言很可能要使用两种不同的词语搭配形式。这种不同的
搭配形式主要表现在动词+名词（动宾关系）、名词+动词（主谓关系）、动词+副词（动状关系）等方
面。本文讨论的develop的译法就涉及到前两种搭配形式。掌握了英汉两种语言词语搭配习惯上的不同
，我们在翻译过程中就应该摆脱原文词语的搭配形式，根据汉语的修辞规律和搭配习惯，对原文的搭配
和多义词进行适当的转换和处理，灵活机动地改变原文词语的表达方法，以组成汉译文中不同的词义配
合关系。本文把develop译成上百个词义，原因就在于此。
&&&& 总之，在实际翻译过程中，我们切不可忽视具体的语言环境和词语搭配习惯而机械照搬原文的表面
词义，否则就会使译文生涩，甚至与原文相比面目全非。试想，如果本文中的develop一律译成&发展
&，那译文该是什么样子？一句话， 词义是活的，一个词单独存在时是不可译的，根据具体的语言环境和搭配习惯确定和选择词义是一种重
要的翻译技巧。 　
&&&& 汉语的英语是两种截然不同的符号系统。像其它系统一样，汉语和英语这两个独立的系统除内部保
持协同有序、相互制约外，各系统又作为一个整体与外部系统发生联系。当我们只从信息交换的角度考
虑时，它们便构成了一个信息系统。汉英、英汉互译使汉语系统和英语系统之间相互作用，实现了系统
之间的信息传递。 &&&&& 任何信息系统在进行信息交换时，总不免会受到冗余信息的干扰。冗余信息主是干扰信息准确传递
的信号，其种类繁多。在汉英、英汉互泽过程中，各自系统会产生或缺少各种冗余信息，造成理解困难
，降低交际效率。因此，翻译时我们有时需要删除冗余信息，有时则需要添加冗余信息，以提高交际效
率。例如：&Let us go and try it again.&（让我们再去试试。）（省略&and&）；再如：&这篇
作品虽然词藻华丽，但是言之无物。&（This article is devoid of substance though full of
flowery language.）（省略&言之&）以上两例的划线部分如果在各自系统内部，就不构成冗余信息。但如果
进行翻译转换，它们就成了冗余信息。为使信息能够准确传递，就宜采取去掉或添加冗余信息的办法来
提高交际效率。例如：&扩大开放&，对中国人来说理解不成问题，但译成英语就要添加对中国人而言
的冗余信息，宜译为：&open China wider to the outside world&。
&&&& 由于不同语言语义分配策略不同，它们在冗余信息表达的分布安排上形成非一一对应的关系，于是
在语言互译时，由于语法性冗余信息、文化缺损等因素的介入，在甲语言里的非冗余表达式，到了乙语
言里，必须用冗余表达式表达出来。反之亦然。甚至为了达到某种语法要求，或合法性要求，还会连带
出其它语法成分。这就使得翻译不可避免地增添或丧失原语言的某些信息内容。通过增添、删减冗余信
息，可以有效增加所传递信息的清晰度，提高信息传递效率。
&&&& 需要指出的是，专门用于突出思想、强调感情、分清层次和加强节奏感的修辞性冗余信息不属于本
篇文章讨论范围。例如：&我懂得衰亡民族之所以默无声息的缘由了。沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆
发，就在沉默中灭亡。&（鲁迅《记念刘和珍君》）；&&and that government of the people, by
the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth.&（Abraham Lincoln The
Gettysburg Address） 关于冗余信息的分类，目前还没有一致的看法。有人认为语言中的冗余现象可以分别表现在两种语境中
，即语言性语境中的冗余（Redundancy in the Linguistic Context）和非语言性语境中冗余（Redundancy in the Non-liguistic Context）（邵志洪，）但笔者认为，冗余信息还可按其性质分为语法性冗余信息和语义性冗
&&&& 所谓语法性冗余信息，是指由语言符号系统本身而产生的句法结构。虽然在本系统内部未必是冗余
信息，但在翻译转换过程中，就可能成为冗余信息而被删除或增加。例如：
（1）汉语：三思而后行
英译：Think before you leap.
（2）汉语：咱们车站见吧。
英译：Let&s meet at the station.
（3）汉语：他把梯子靠墙竖着。
英译：He stood the ladder against the wall.
&&&& 所谓语义性冗余信息，是指由语义分析而产生的冗余信息。例如：汉语句子&大街两旁，高楼大厦
张灯结彩，装饰一新。&中的&装饰一新&包含了&张灯结彩&，它们 互为冗余信息；英语句子&Job applicants who can speak English would receive preference over those who can&t.&中的划线部分为语义性冗余信息。本文主要探讨的是语义性冗余信息。
语义性冗余信息又可分为显性语义性冗余信息和隐性语义性冗余信息两种。
显性语义性冗余信息主要有以下四种表现形式：
同一词项复现 同一词项复现是指同一个词或短语在第一次出现后的再次或多次出现。
（4）汉语：日， 中国共产党在南昌举行了武装起义。领导和组织这次起义的有周恩来、朱德、贺龙等同志。参加起义的
部队共3万余人，起义部队向敌人发起猛攻，消灭了国民党反动派1万多人。
（5）英语：In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat. No single beat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easily recognizable rhythm. As you listen to a song, your foot usually starts to pick up the beat.
以上两例中，&起义&的第二、三、四次出现，&部队&的第二次出现，&beat&的两次重复，都属同
一词项复现。
同义词项复现 同义词项复现是指意义相同的词或短语的再次或多次出现。
（6）汉语：秘鲁国家有一种会种树的鸟，叫卡西亚。卡西亚总是成群地聚在一块啄食甜柳树叶，一起
插枝，就这样很自然地栽插了大片大片的树林。卡西亚为人们植树造林，得到当地群众的爱护。
（7）英语：As scheduled, American and Chinese diplomats met on January 20, at the Chinese Embassy. It was their first get-together in more than two years.
这里，&植树造林&是&栽插了大片大片的树林&的同义词项复现；&get-together&是&met&的同
义词项复现。
近义词项复现近义词项复现是指意义相近的词或短语的再次或多次出现。
（8）汉语：蝙蝠发出超声波，利用回声认路。
（9）英语：He looked gloomy and troubled.
这里的&回声&是&超声波&的近义词项复现；&troubled&是&gloomy&的近义词项复现。
指代词项复现 指代词项复现是指一个词项由代词或指示代词一次或多次重复。
（10）汉语：太阳终于出来了，颜色红得很。这个深红的圆东西发出夺目的亮光，它的光，照亮了整个
（11）英语：Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.
在这里，&这个深红的圆东西&、&它&都指&太阳&，是指代词项复现；而&this&指代&wealth&
，&that&指代&Health&也是指代词项复现。
隐性语义性冗余信息主要有以下两种表现形式：
词项缺损 是指言语中缺少应有的词项。
（12）汉语：抓大放小（to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones）
（13）英语：Day after day he came to work-sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. （他每天来干活&&扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。）
（14）英语：Maybe America didn&t need art and inner miracles. It had so many outer ones. The USA was a big operation, very big. The more it, the less we. （或许美国并不需要艺术和内在的奇迹，因为它外在的奇迹早就够多的了。美国本身就是一大宗投机买
卖，非常非常大。它掠夺得越多，我们剩下的也就越少。）
文化缺损 是指对原语读者来说多余的文化信息，在译成另一种语言时，如果不增补所缺部分，就可能
造成译语读者的理解障碍。
（15）汉语：刘姥姥进了大观园（Granny Liu entering a palatial mansion, namely a country person&s awe at the splendor of the environment）
（16）英语：five-o& clock shadow（指西方男子胡子长得快，早上刚刮过，晚上又长出来，而不是
&傍晚5点钟左右的暮色&）；
（17）英语：The elevator boys ooze the spit and polish of West Point cadets and in polite English remind you that you must not smoke inside their lifts.（&spit&原意作&唾液&解，&polish&作&上光油&解。美国西点军校学生为了使自己制服
上的铜纽扣和所穿的皮鞋发出亮光，在涂上上光油后再吐口唾沫，这样擦起来，纽扣和皮鞋的光度更亮
。这里的&spit and polish&形容开电梯的人非常注意外表和服饰，所以整句译为：&开电梯的人像西点军校学生那样衣着
整洁，派头十足，并用彬彬有礼的英语提醒乘客不得在电梯内吸烟。&）以上是显性和隐性语义性冗余
信息在汉英两种语言中的不同表现形式。
&&&& 深入研究汉、英两种语言系统的冗余信息及其转换规律，对翻译实践十分有益。其实，在以往的翻
译实践中，人们早已广泛利用了冗余信息。以下常见汉语句子中划线部分在翻译成英语时，被作为冗余
信息而删除了；而英语句子中的划线部分对中国人而言，则是显见的冗余成分。
（18）油嘴滑舌glib tongue
（19）取之不尽，用之不竭inexhaustible
（20）不分青红皂白to make no distinction between black and white
（21）活到老，学到老。Live and learn.
（22）树立新的劳动就业观念。Foster new concepts of employment
（23）他长得很结实。He is quite strong.
（24）不尝黄莲苦，怎知蜂蜜甜Who has never tasted bitter knows not what is sweet.
（25）花园里面是人间乐园，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎和花不完的金银财宝。The
garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.
（26）安居工程housing project for low-income urban residents
（27）赢得市场gain a larger share of the market
（28）&&&&& 抓大放小，三改一加强Efforts were focused on the reform reorganization,
upgrading and better management of enterprises, aiming at well managing large enterprises while adopting more flexible policies toward small ones.
&&&& 可以看出，冗余信息既有增又有减是翻译实践中普遍存在的现象。
&&&& 要对信息冗余性和冗余度做出正确判断，首先要有正确理解言语的必备知识。如果欠缺，需加以补
足。&日本学者国广哲弥把言语理解时预备知识的补足分为以下五种：场面补足（the situational retrievla）、词项补足（the lexical retrieval）、句法补足（the syntactic retrieval）、百科补足（the encyclopedic retrieval）和文化补足（the cultural retrieval）&（马清华：）
&&&& 其次，还需了解冗余信息和文章体裁的密切关系。不同体裁的文章，冗余度是不同的。以科技体裁
文章为例。&现代结构语言学论断，所有科学技术文章中多余的东西约占全部篇幅的75%，只有25%的篇
幅容纳着新内容。&
&&&& 所以，合格的译者既要能分析原语中的各种冗余信息，也要能正确预测译语读者在准确理解原语时
所缺少或多余的各种冗余信息，并在翻译过程中进行合埋的增删。
&&&& 下面是笔者在美国纽约联合国总部举办&中国发绣艺术展&期间英译中国发绣艺术时，对冗余信息
进行增译和省译的实例，以说明如何在翻译实践中有意识地利用冗余信息进行增译和省译。
（29）汉语：选发时通常不采用自然卷发类的头发，用这种发丝作绣是不容易拉直的。另一种头发，由
于体质原因，容易发脆、易断或分叉，这类病发也不应采用。
英译：Curly hair is usually excluded because it is difficult to pull it straight. Another kind of hair, fragile, easy to break and split because of its donator&s constitution, should also be excluded.
&&&& &选发时&与&采用&互为冗余信息，故可省译&选发时&；&类的头发&是&自然卷发&的同义
词项复现；可省译&类的头发&；因为整篇材料都在讲发绣，所以&用这种发丝作绣&是主题意义上出
现的冗余信息，故可省译：&这类病发&是上一句&另一种头发&的同义词项复现，因此可省译&这类
病发&；原文中&体质&属词项缺损，应增加&its donator&s&；此外，本句中应增加句法性冗余信息&because&来表原因，增加&自然卷发&的指代
冗余信息&it&来明示原语中隐含的宾语，才符合英语表达习惯。
（30）汉语：至于发丝的长短，一般以60公分为佳。太短，穿针次数多，费时间；太长，又不便抽拉。
英译：The ideal length of the hair is 60 cm. If the hair is too short, it will be time-consuming to thread the needle frequently and if too long, it is not convenient to pull it through the satin.
&&&& 原文中的&太短&、&太长&，显然省略了冗余信息（词项缺损），为便于英语读者理解，应加上
表条件的&if&，连接词&and&和&太短&、&太长&的主语&the hair&，抽拉的宾语&it (the hair)&和状语&through the satin&；另外，这句话按英语表达习惯重组时，可省略&至于&、&一般&等汉语符号系统所产生的
句法性冗余信息。
（31）汉语：刺绣时先绣面部，面部最有吸引力，也最能出效果。面部绣得好与坏，也是一幅作品成败
英译：Face should be embroidered first for it is the part the most attractive of and vital to a good hair-embroidered portrait.
&&&& &刺绣时&和其后的&绣&为同义词项复现的冗余信息，所以可省译&刺绣时&；&面部最有吸引
力&是&先绣面部&的原因，所以英译时应增译表原因的连词&for&；&最能出效果&与其前的&最
有吸引力&互为近义词项复现的冗余信息，只译其一即可；&一幅作品&即指&发绣现代人物肖物作品
&，而这对于西方人来讲是陌生的文化知识，所以应增译&hair-embroidered portrait&来帮助读者理解。
&&&& 事实证明，汉译英时，冗余信息利用得好，不但能保证信息准确传递，而且还能克服死译。
&&&& 在翻译中文的标语口号、广告语句或其他特殊题材、体裁的内容时，有时会感到十分棘手。此外，
从有些关于翻译技巧的专著或文章中，偶尔也看到一些引用的翻译难题例子。对于那些翻译上的&疑难
杂症&，不但要有正确的处理方法，而且还要在态度上正确对待，不能望文生义，简单从事。本文拟就
此做些初步的探讨，以期达到抛砖引玉的目的。
一．&&& 标语口号的翻译
&&&& 标语口号的基本特点是言简意赅；口头表达时有力量、有节奏、易上口；文字形式则简结醒目、耐
人寻味。标语口号虽然非常简短，但其内涵却十分丰富。例如，北京的申奥口号&新北京、新奥运，&
前半句是指北京这个城市的新形象、新面貌和新观念；后半句是指有关奥运会的新概念（绿色奥运、人
文奥运、科技奥运）和新水平（管理水平、组织水平、竞赛水平）。
&&&& 如果我们把&新北京、新奥运，&直译为New Beijing, New Olympics,虽然与原文在字面上的意思
是一致的，但New Olympics却有可能引起歧义，好像要把奥运会改头换面，搞成另外一种模式似的。可能是为了避免误解
，翻译者对这一口号采取了一半直译一半意译的做法，将它翻译成New Beijing, Great Olympics。但是这种译法也有问题，因为great一词在这里没有多实际意义（根据《朗
文当代英语词典》，它的常用意思大体上包括：very good, a lot, very
influential等）。据说，一位在北京居住了十多年的澳大利亚朋友指出：
Great Olympics中的great一词毫无意义（meaningless）。
&&&& 显然，Great Olympics无法表达&新奥运&的深刻内涵。那么&新北京，新奥运&到底如何翻译为
好呢？这里提出两个选择供参考：一是New Face to Beijing, New Phase to Olympics（面貌一新的北京立志要把奥运会推向一个新阶段；其特点是face与phase同音）。另一种可
以考虑的选择是New Role for Beijing, New Stage of Olympics（北京作为主办者要扮演好新的角色，为奥运会提供一个新舞台让各国运动员进行精彩的表演
；这里的特点是role和stage互相对应，而且New Stage为双关语：新的舞台和新的阶段）。这两种译法不但准确而深刻地表达了原文的意思，而且还突
出了两个&新&字，在形式上也整齐对称。
&&&& 再看看&绿色奥运、人文奥运、科技奥运&如何翻译。电视上有两则公益广告，其中这一把&人文
奥运&译为People&s Olympics，意思变成了&人民的奥运&，这显然是对&人文&一词的理解产生了
偏差。另一个把&科技奥运&译成High-tech Olympics，这给人的印象是&高科技的竞赛&，就好像&
数学奥林匹克&、&航模奥林匹克&一样。这是把汉语的&科技+奥林匹克&同英语的High-
tech+Olympic二者同等对等。这种&叠加法&不适用于英语。正确的翻译途径应该是，首先弄清&绿色
&、&人文&、&科技&奥运的含义以及它们之间的关系。然后还要考虑三者在形式上的整齐对称。根
据这个思路，我们似乎可以这样来进行意译，即：
Environment-friendly Olympics,
Culture-enriched Olympics, and
Technology-empowered Olympics.
&&&& 再比如出租车上见到的&建设新北京，办好新奥运&这个口号，它被译作Build New Beijing,
Hold Great Olympics。这显然是一个典型的&对号入座&式的翻译： 这里不仅有用词错误和语法错误，而且意思
走了样，形式上也不像一个口号。最好的办法还是进行意译：
Let&s give Beijing city a face-lift straight
To ensure a successful Olympics in 2008.
&&&& 以上的例子说明，我们在进行翻译时，不应该老是&巷子里抬竹竿儿&&直来直去&，有时要采取
&迂回&的策略，&绕着弯儿走&，通过意译去达到目的。
二．&&& 循环句的翻译
&&&& 这里所说的循环句，它与英语里的回文句（palindrome）是不同的。回文句是指无论是顺着读或者
倒着读，其意思都相同的单词、短语或句子。例如：radar, madam, rotator, nurese run, name no one man, Able was I ere I saw Elba等。而汉语里的循环句则不同。比如有这样一个茶壶，上面写着五个中文字：&可以清心也。&这
就构成一个循环句，其特点是以其中任何字起头都能组成一个大体上通顺的意思单位。把这个循环句拆
开来就变成一个&纵横句&，其特点是可以横竖读：无论是横着念还是竖着念、顺着读或者倒着读，其
效果都是一样的。
&&&& 如果我们要把这个茶壶出口到国外市场，最好是附上一个效果相当的英语译文，那么可以想见，这
个商品的吸引力和附加值就会大得多。如果不附加效果相当的译文，或者只是附上一个字面上的翻译（
比如A nice pot of tea refreshes your mind），不把循环句或纵横句的效果体现出来，那么中文原文的艺术魅力也就没有了。这当然是个翻译
&&&& 翻译的最高要求是达意（loyalty in meaning）、传神（similarity in form）和表形（identity
in style），即要做到&意似、神似和形似&三者的统一。就这个循环句而言，有没有可能找到&三统一
&的译文呢？应该说还是有可能的。在着手翻译时，首先必须把它的基本意思传达出来，即进行意译。
同时还要表现出其循环句的特点。从翻译的思路来看，这五个字既然可以随意拆分与组合，说明它们各
自具有独立性。因此，要注意避免使用动词、介词和冠词；只能用名词和形容词。如将它译成A pot of tea refreshes就行不通。而下面的译法就基本上（只是相对而言）能达到上述要求：
Real nice refreshing cuppa tea
Nice refreshing cuppa tea real
Refreshing cuppa tea real nice
Cuppa tea real nice refreshing
Tea real nice refreshing cuppa
&&&& 这里的cuppa即a cup of tea（英式口语）。按说，tea这个词本来可以不要，但为了与原文在字数
上保持一致，所以有意添加了这个多余的词。看起来似乎有点画蛇添足，但也不失为解决问题的一个有
效途径。 &&&& 每到中秋节的时候，人们喜欢赏月和吃月饼。按照上面的样子，我们可以如法炮制出另一个循环句
：&月圆饼也香。&其特点是除了可以从左到右、自上至下念以外，还可以倒着念。如果把它翻译成英
语，它就有可能是这个样子：
MOON ROUND CAKE REAL NICE
ROUND CAKE REAL NICE MOON
CAKE REAL NICE MOON ROUND
REAL NICE MOON ROUND CAKE
NICE MOON ROUND CAKE REAL
我们再看另外一个如法炮制的例子：
创新 独特 翻译 准确 无误
独特 翻译 准确 无误 创新
翻译 准确 无误 创新 独特
准确 无误 创新 独特 翻译
无误 创新 独特 翻译 准确
翻译成英语后效果相同：
Trail-blazing Trade-mark Translation Trustworthy Trouble-free
Trade-mark Translation Trustworthy Trouble-free Trail-blazing
Translation Trustworthy Trouble-free Trail-blazing Trade-mark
Trustworthy Trouble-free Trail-blazing Trade-mark Translation
Trouble-free Trail-blazing Trade-mark Translation Trustworthy 而且这个译文中还有一个特点：五个词的第一个辅音相同，体现了&头韵法&（alliteration）的特点
三．&&& 对联的翻译
&&&& 中文广告中有时有使用对联的情况，因为这是中国人喜闻乐见的一种对偶语句，其特点是整齐打仗
。能不能把中文的对联翻译成英文，并且收到达意、传神和表形的效果呢？对这个问题的回答是，在有
些情况下，经过一定的努力，是基本上可以做到的。下面我们来看几个例子。第一个例子是一副从古至
今广为流传的对联，尽人皆知、家喻户晓：生意兴隆通四海，财源茂盛达三江。
试译成英语如下：
Business is thriving, reaching out to the five con Revenues are
accruing, flowing in from the four corners of the earth.
&&&& 译文除了在意思上和形式上同原文一致外，还尽量做到整齐对仗，并且把带数字的词组&四海&和
&三江&通过five continents和four corners对应地表现出来了。第二个例子是自创的另一则英语广告的一部分：
散装集装，绝无野蛮装运，
车队船队，保证安全迅速。
翻译成英语时不但传达了原意，而且还做到了整齐押韵（为此把rough handling改成了rough throwing
Bulk or container stowing, absolutely free Marine or vehicular fleet, definitely guaranteed safety and speed.
&&&& 在翻译这种特殊体裁时，基本的一条是要保证准确传达意思，其次才是外在的形式。切不可为了追
求形式而牺牲了内容。如果内容译得走了样，或者叫人看不懂，那么再好的形式也没有用。
有一家广告公司，它的广告语是：
&老老实实做人，认认真真做事。&
翻译成英语时也应该保持其原有的特点：
Be honest in all of our personal behaviors,
Be scrupulous in all our business dealings.
&要想皮肤好，早晚用大宝&是家喻户晓的广告语，译成英语后也可以有对仗押韵的特点：
Applying&Dabao&morning and night:
It makes your skincare a real delight.
四．意、形、音三者兼顾的翻译
&&&& 有一种&三优&牌家具，它的标识是三个英文字母U，其广告词为&优良的质量、优惠的价格、优
质的服务。&在翻译成英语时，必须考虑到把英文字母U与汉语中的&优&字相对应，做到形声兼顾： &三优&牌（3-U Brand） 优良的质量 Unrivalled quality 优惠的价格 Unbeatable prices 优质的服务 Unreserved service &&&& 当然，有时候也难以做到面面俱到。例如&美的&牌家用电器的广告词是这样的：&美的&家电，
&美的&全面，美的彻底。其中&美的&一共出现三次。但由于与&美的牌&相对应的英文是Midea，
它没有&美&的含义，所以翻译时就难以做到音意兼顾。但我们可以&迂回&一下，把三个&美的&用
三个beautiful来代替：
Midea products are beautiful-
beautiful from top to toe,
beautiful inside out.
正如&美的&这个牌名中包含有&美&的意思一样，下面的&三联&也暗含着&海陆空&联运之意：
三联运输公司：海陆空联运
用英语表现时，可以通过缩写来&标新立异&；
Sanlian Shipping Service SSS
Sea-borne, Air-borne and Land-surface Transportation (SALT)
五.&藏头诗&的翻译
&&&& 由于汉语和英语之间的差别太大，既要把原文的意思传达出来，又要把原来的&藏头诗&的形式表
现出来，这确实是一件相当困难的事情。但在有些情况下，也并不是完全没有可能。例如：
顾主满意的服务 Customer satisfaction
客观合理的价格 Affordable prices
至为可靠的质量 Reliable quality
上乘效率的交货 Efficient delivery
这里的CARE是We care for / take care of our customer之意，同原文的意思比较接近。
六.非常口语化的语言的翻译
&&&& 例如：建设银行的两条广告词就属于这方面的例子：一条是&要买房，到建行&。另一条是&衣食
住行，有龙则灵。&
当然，在翻译成英之后，其口语化和整齐押韵的特点也应该反映出来：
Want to buy a home but feel financially scant?
Why don&t you come to the Construction Bank?
Your everyday life&s so very busy,
But our LongCard can make it easy.
再看看这个农村流行的顺口溜&三亩地、一头牛，老婆孩子热炕头&的英译。
With 3 mu of land n&an ox, my life&
With my better half n&kids, my home&s so sweet and snug.
&&&& 这个译文在传达原意的基础上，还考虑到了三点：一是说话人自鸣得意、自我满足的神态；二是口
语体的表达风格；三是大体上的押韵和节奏。这也是朝着&达意、传神与表形&三统一的方向所作的努
七．&&& 汉语中常见的非常简练而独特的说法
（short-hand phrases）的翻译
&&&& 对于汉语中那些含义深刻而表达简练的特别说法，在翻译成英语时，应遵循两条基本原则：一是尽
量参考英语中原有的类似的说法，二是尽量运用英语中的习惯用法。下面举一些常见的例子：
&下海& To go into commercial business
To drop out of (teaching, etc.) and venture into business
To be seduced into commerce / industry
康居工程 The Affordable Housing Program
&货币分房& The &own-as-you-pay& housing system
&吃饭财政& A &mouth-feeding& budget-a budget much of which is used for a burgeoning government payroll
以外贸企业为龙头 With foreign trade companies as the locomotive / flagship
&摸着石头过河& &To wade across the stream by feeling the way&
文化搭台，经贸唱戏 Cultural events set the stage and trade activities play the star role.
大锅饭 The &big pot& distribution system under which everyone gets the same &portion& irrespective of his work / contribution
饭后百步走，活到九十九。 An after-dinner walk a day keeps the doctor away.
&金梧桐&企业实
行网上招聘人才。 Companies wishing to attract talents worldwide have set up recruitment homepages on the Internet.
带职分流，
定向培训，
加强基层，
改善结构。
无情调节，
有情安排。 To stream out redundant government staff with
to provide tailor-made training programs geared to re-
to move downward to join and rejuvenate grass-roots organizations and to improve the personnel composition with &fresh blood& injected.
To trim out redundancies relentlessly, and to re-assign the laid-offs considerately.
（集邮爱好者语）方寸之间，深情无限。 On these tiny postage stamps, Philatelic friendship &franks.&
生意场上&一锤子买卖&的做法 The &grab-the-money-and-run& business mentality
堤外损失堤内补 To gain on the swings what was lost on the roundabouts
把企业推向市场 To lead/guide enterprises (at their elbows) to the market
To let enterprises &swim& / &immerse& in the marketplace
八．带数字的归纳语的翻译
&&&& 这是指&三要三不要&之类的说法。翻译成英语是&three do&s and three don&t&s&。再如&三农问题&（指农业，农村，农民），我们似可把&三农&英译为rural
economy, rural development and rural demography。下面再举一些例子：（参见下表）
&三包&；包修、包换、包退 We offer 3-R guarantees: guaranteed repair, replacement and refund.
&三来一补&：来料，来图，来样加工；补偿贸易 The &Three plus one& trading mix: custom manufacturing (with materials, designs or samples by the customer) and compensation trade.
&三公&：公平、公正、公开 The recruitment is based on the principle of equal opportunity, fair treatment and open competition.
&三个面向&：面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来 Out education is oriented to the modernization program, to the global perspective and to our nation&s future goals.
&四大目标&：建设大港口、扶持大工业、发展大经济、实现大繁荣 We are determined to build a port of large size, foster an industry of large scope, develop an economy of large scale and achieve prosperity of large magnitude.
&四自原则&：自找伙伴，自筹资金，自主经营，自负盈亏 The &four-self& principle: self-supporting in finding partners, self-reliance in raising capital, self-decision in management, and self-responsibility for losses and gains.
一个确保、三个到位、五项改革 One goal to attain, three tasks to accomplish and five areas to undergo reform
&五讲四美&：讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲纪律、讲道德；心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美 Five merits to advocate and four virtues to promote: civilized behavior, common courtesy, hygienic conditions, proper discipline loft sentiments, refined language, good manners and environmental awareness
&九通一平&： 通水、通电、通热、通气、通下水、通邮、通讯、通闭路电视、通还道路；平整土地 Eight availables and two accessibles:
Water, electricity, heat, gas, sewage, post, telecommunications, and closed circuit TV are available. You are accessible to paved roads and leveled ground.
八个环境：园区的创新环境、开放环境、法制环境、引进人才环境、继续教育环境、产业发展空间环境
、政府管理和社会服务环境 To create a favorable environment in the Science Park for: technical innovation, outward orientation, operation legalization, talent attraction, continuing education, industrial expansion, governance and service provision
（英译汉）the three-P&s: patience, persistence, and perseverance &三性&：耐性、持久性、坚韧不拔性
九．带&化&字的表达方式的翻译
&&&& 汉语比较灵活，许多字后面都可以加一个&化&字，例如下面的&螺马化&。而英语则不然，不可
随意在任何名词和形容词的后面加上相应的词尾（-ize, -ization, -izing）而使其&化&字化。例如，下面若干个带&化&字的词中唯有mechanized一词是&正宗&的，
而其余的&化&字全都是根据意思&绕着弯儿&翻译的。这样一来，汉语原文中的简练有力而整齐划一
的特色就没有了。但是，意译的效果也有一定的特点，那就是意思清楚、语言地道；再加上大体整齐，
或者有可能的话，争取做到对称押韵。
男女平等制度化，同工同酬定规化。
The equality between men and women is here to stay, and equal work for equal pay is the order of the day.
重型装备的驮运已经从骡马化发展到机械化。
The moving of heavey-duty weaponry has undergone the stage from the use of draught animals to mechanized haulage.
干部队伍要革命化、知识化、专业化、年轻化。
The contingent of cadres should be composed of staunch revolutionaries who are better educated, better trained, and younger in age.
十．证书和奖状的翻译
&&&& 在把中文的证书和奖状翻译成英文时，应该考虑到以下几个方面：首先当然是要准确传达原文的内
容；译文中的意思必须正确无误。这一点是毋庸置疑的。其次是要反映出英文证书和奖状的文字风格和
语言特点。如果我们找来一些英语国家的证书（如结业证书、学位证书、公证书、营业执照等）和奖状
（如学校奖状、企业奖状等）加以研究，我们不难看出，其中的文字都十分庄重、严谨、贴切，并且都
有一些特定的表述方法。此外，英文证书和奖状在形式上的特征也不能忽视，译文要尽量模仿其常用的
格式。只有这样，译文才能称得上是贯彻了&洋为中用、外为我用&的方针；取得了&达意、传神、表
形&三统一的效果；从而为外国读者所喜闻乐见。
下面是一个中文奖状的例子。这里提供的译文（包括格式）参照了英文奖状的一些特点：
科技之星奖
为表彰在科学技术
方面做出卓越成就
特此颁发证书
获奖项目 AWARD
This certificate of nomination is
presented to
of scientific/technological
invention/innovation
(name of recipient)&&&
for the outstanding accomplishment of&&&
(name of project)&&&&&
Signed by& Date&&&&&&&
十一．英译汉的&特效处理&举例
&&&& 以下这几行英文属于&打油诗&或文字游戏之类，其内容离奇幽默，形式别出心裁。要把它翻译成
中文，既准确传达原来的意思，又照样表现其形式上的特点，确实颇费一番工夫：
I love my love with an E, because she&
I hate my love with an E, because she&s engaged.
I took her to the sign of the exquisite,
and treated her with an elopement.
Her name&s Emily,
and she lives in the east.
在着手翻译之前，首先要考虑它形式上的特点和意思上的难点：
1.大写字母E共出现三次：短语with an E重复两次；名字Emily出现一次。
2.小写字母e共出现五次，都是单词的首位字母。
3.with an E为&具有
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