单词现在分词是什么意思_百度知道
单词现在分词是什么意思
现在分词现在分词由动词加ing构成。非谓语动词中的现在分词主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中作定语、表语、补语或状语。 一、现在分词的两个基本特点。 1. 在时间上表示动作正在进行。例如： a developing country. 一个发展中的国家， boiling water 沸水， rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳。（试比较： a developed country 一个发达国家， boiled water 白开水， risen sun 升起的太阳） 2. 在语态上表示主动。例如： the ruling class 统治阶级， the exploiting class 剥削阶级。（试比较： the ruled class 被统治阶级， the exploited class 被剥削阶级） 二、掌握现在分词的基本功能。 1. 现在分词作定语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。也可以说明被修饰词的性质和特征，此时可换成相应的定语从句。例如： ① There was a terrible noise
the sudden burst of light. ② He saw a
bird and raised his bow.
③ I was satisfied with the exciting speech.
2. 现在分词作状语时，可作时间、条件、结果、原因和伴随状语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。此时分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，因此要注意人称、时态和语态的一致性。例如： ① The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.
② European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.
3. 现在分词作补足语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。例如： ① Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.
② The missing boys were last seen playing
near the river.
4. 现在分词的独立主格结构作状语。例如： ① With his lips still trembling, he couldn't say a word.
②“ Mama! ” he cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. “妈妈！”他突然哭着喊，泪水从他的脸上流下来。（这里需要用现在分词的独立主格结构 tears rolling down his cheeks 作状语。） ③ Weather permitting, we'll go to the Great wall. 如果天气允许的话，我们就去长城。（这里需要用现在分词的独立主格结构 Weather permitting 作状语。）
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现在分词由动词加ing构成。 非谓语动词中的现在分词主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中作定语、表语、补语或状语。
现在分词由动词加ing构成。 非谓语动词中的现在分词主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中作定语、表语、补语或状语。
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3秒自动关闭窗口请问 非谓语使用时 to have done 与 having been done 有什么区别_百度知道
请问 非谓语使用时 to have done 与 having been done 有什么区别
the book is said to have been translated in chinese the book is said having been translated in chinese 老师上课时给我们的是第一个句子 请问第二个句子正确吗 说下理由
在讲解下 不定时与 ing 完成时的用法 谢谢
提问者采纳
正确，第二句是现在完成进行是的被动语态，翻译过来为“这本书翻译为中文版正在进行中。不定式一般来说表目的和将来，ing表示正在进行
课时 having been done
是完成时的非谓语形式啊
这个不是也应该翻译出完成的意味？
是。这是现在完成时态的被动语态
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分词的用法
分词短语做定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词做定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前．例如:
The man standing by the window is our teacher.
The excited people rushed into the building．
注意：现在分词作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。例如：
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window． 2)作状语
分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。例如：
Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time．(时间)
The teacher stood there surrounded by the students．(方式)
注：①分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致．
注：②表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词 while或 when引出．
注：③有时“with( without)十名词(或代词宾格)十分词”的结构，表示伴随状况．例如：
He lay half dead，with all his ribs broken．
注：④当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时：分词必须有自己的主语．例如:
Time permitting, I will finish another lesson．
3)作表语．例如：
The news is inspiring.
The glass is broken．
4)作宾语补足语．例如：
We saw the teacher making the experiement.
注意：在 see，hear，watch，feel，observe，have，listen to，notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有差别的，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生，(即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束)，用不定式表示动作发生了，(即动作全过程结束了)。例如：
I saw the girl getting on the tractor．
I saw the gril get on the tractor and drive off．
He had his clothes washed. (他叫别人洗了衣服)
We had the fire burning all day．
(我们使火燃烧了一整天)。
注意：“ have十宾语十现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事；“ have十宾语十过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关．
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现在分词的用法
现在分词概说
动词的-ing形式，除了作动名词外，还可以起其他作用，称为现在分词，它在句中可用来：1）&构成谓语（主要是构成各种进行时态）：They are doing some pattern practice.他们在做句型练习。She is seeing a friend off.她在给一个朋友送行。I’ll be waiting for you at the entrance.我将在大门口等你。They have been designing a new jet plane.他们一直在设计一种新型喷气机。2）&构成不定式的进行形式：He seems to be worrying about something.他似乎在为什么事发愁。Walter happened to be working in the next room.沃尔特碰巧在隔壁屋里干活。They’re said to be making an important experiment.据说他们在进行一项重要试验。I don’t want you to be wasting your time like this.我不希望你这样浪费时间。3）作表语：The situation is quite encouraging.形势很令人鼓舞。4）作定语：He found her a charming girl.他发现她是位迷人的姑娘。5）构成复合宾语：I watched the children flying kites.我看孩子们放风筝。6）作状语：We spend all day looking for you.我们花了一整天找你。作为动词，它也可有自己的宾语（a）或状语（b），以构成现在分词短语：a．He stood there for two hours watching the game.他在那里站了两个钟头看比赛。b．I saw her speaking to a neighbour.我感到很累就睡觉了。现在分词可有下面形式：&&&&&&&&&&&& 主动形式&&&& 被动形式一般形式&&&&&doing&&&&&&& being done完成形式&&&& having done& having been done
现在分词作表语
1）现在分词常可以用作表语，特别是那些表示情绪的词：The dirty street is disgusting.那条肮脏的街道令人厌恶。It’s amazing that you should know that!你竟然连这都不知道。真令人惊奇。The report is most alarming.这份报告很令人惊恐。He was very amusing.他很有趣。This interruption is very annoying.这样的打断很让人恼火。It’s astonishing to me that he should be absent.他竟然缺席，这使我感到吃惊。The plight of the starving natives is appalling.土著居民挨饿的境况简直可怕。The book was rather boring.那本书相当枯燥乏味。The day was so charming.天气真是好极了。Some foreige press reports are quite confusing某些外国新闻报道很令人迷惑不解。To us all this was peculiarly distressing.对我们来说这一切都特别令人苦恼。This was very disappointing.这很令人失望。The test results have been very discouraging.测试结果很令人沮丧。The sight had not been encouraging.那景象并不令人鼓舞。It is frightening even to think of the horrors of nuclear war.即便是想象一下核战争的恐怖都令人毛骨悚然。Skiing is more exciting than skating.滑雪比滑冰更刺激。She was very pleasing in her appearance.她的外貌很招人喜欢。It’s all very puzzling.这事整个令人困惑。His concern for his mother is most touching.他对母亲的关爱很感人。It was thrilling to listen to the story of his adventures,听他的冒险故事很激动人心。2）&表示状态，品质的现在分词也可用作表语：The photograph is missing.那张照片不见了。She is always very obliging.她总是乐于助人。The reason he gave was not very convincing.他给的理由不太有说服力。These developments were rather disturbing.这些发展情况相当令人不安。The article was misleading,and the newspaper has apologized.这篇文章具有误导性，报纸已经道歉了。In a way,teaching is rewarding.从某种意义上说，教书是有回报的。The tea smells inviting and tastes fresh.。这茶香气诱人，味道清新。The breeze was cool and refreshing.这阵微风很凉爽提神。That cake looks tempting.那块蛋糕很诱人。Is the matter pressing?这事很紧迫吗？The wheat crop looks promising.小麦收成看来不错。The difference was most striking.差别很明显。这样的现在分词很多都已成了形容词。
现在分词作定语
1）上节提到的这类现在分词几乎都可以用作定语，修饰一个名词：Mary is an appalling cook.玛丽做饭很糟糕。Those relations of his are boring people.他那些亲属是些讨人嫌的人。The experiment was an amazing success.那项试验是一个惊人的成功。That is the least convincing excuse you could offer.那是你能提出的最没有说服力的理由。It was an astonishing performance.这是一场令人惊讶的演出。That’s a frightening thought.这是一个可怕的想法。There is a page missing from this book.这本书缺了一页。He is a promising new painter.他是一位很有希望的画家。That must have been a terrifying experience.那准是一段可怕的经历。I found nothing amusing in the streets.我在街上没发现什么趣事。I found him a charming person.我发现他是一个讨人喜欢的人。I have had rather a depressing time.我有过一段相当压抑的时期。Acid rain has a devastating effect on the environment.酸雨对环境有破坏性的影响。It was a distressing situation for them对他们来说这是个痛苦的局面。I have long thought of it as the most enchanting village in the area.我长久以来都认为它是这地区最迷人的村庄。It’s the most exciting news.这是最激动人心的消息。He’s a most interesting man.他是个非常有趣的人。What a shocking waste of time!这样浪费时间真令人震惊。It was a thrilling development.这是令人激动的发展。I’ve had a tiring day.我累了一天。2）&还有一些不及物动词的现在分词，不能用作表语，却可以用作定语：the ailing economy 不景气的经济&&& &&&&&&& a booming town 日渐繁荣的城市dwindling profits 日益减少的利润&& &&&&&&& increasing demand 日益减少的需求。growing doubts 越来越大的怀疑&&&&&&&&&&&&& diminishing returns 日益减少的效益the existing conditions 现有条件&& &&&&&&& lasting prevailing fashion 盛行的时装。the remaining days 剩下的岁月&&&&&&&&&&&&& lasting peace 持久的和平a shining example 光辉的榜样&&&&&&&&&&&&&& the leading newspapers 主要报纸developing countries 发展中国家&&&&&&&&&&& the ruling class 统治阶级a falling star 流星&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& the ageing population 日益老化的人口living things 有生命的东西&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& the reigning champion当前的冠军the rising generation 在成长的一代&&&&&&&& a resounding victory 辉煌的胜利3）&这类定语和构成合成词的动名词是有区别的。现在分词往往表示所修饰名词的动作，而动名词表示目的，用途等。试笔较下面内容：用现在分词作定语&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &由动名词构成的复合词flying sauces(=a sauce that flies)飞碟&&&&& flying suit(a suit one wears when flying)飞行服sleeping beauty 睡美人&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& sleeping-pills 安眠药片the waiting crowd 等候的人&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& the waiting room候机（车）室a walking dictionary 活字典&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& a walking stick& 手杖running water自来水&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &running track 跑道the working personal 员工&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &working conditions工作条件a livinglanguage 活的语言&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &living standard 生活水平4）现在分词还可构成合成形容词作定语;long-lasting effects 长远的影响&&&&&&&&&&& &long-standing policy 传统政策close-fitting clothes 紧身服&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &a man-meating beast吃人的野兽a good-looking girl 漂亮姑娘&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &a hard-working teacher 勤奋的教师far-reaching designs 远大的计划&&&&&&&&&& & never-ending work 没完没了的工作a time-consuming job 费时的工作&&&&&&&&&&&& an easy-going man好说话的人a record-breaking jump 破纪录的一跳&&&&&&&& an epoch-making event 划时代的事件earth-shattering news 震撼世界的新闻&&&&& & labor—saving device 节省劳力的装置oil-bearing crops 油料作物&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &fine-sounding words 动听的言辞5）现在分词（短语）还可用在名词后做定语，作用接近一个定语从句：a．Here is a leaflet giving(=that gives)full particulars of the plan.这里有一份介绍这计划全部细节的宣传单。This village is made up of 490 families belonging(=who belonged)to five nationalities.村子里有四百九十户人家，分属五个民族。China stretches across a vast area covering(=which covers)the cold,temperate and tropical zones.中国幅员辽阔，包括寒带、温带和热带。We are brothers sharing(=who share)weal and woe.我们是患难与共的兄弟。They plan to build a highway leading(=which lead)into the mountains.他们计划修一条公路通往山区。b．Who is the woman talking(=who is talking)to Jim?和吉姆交谈的女人是谁？There were 220 children studing(=who were studing)in the art school.有二百二十个孩子在这所艺术学校学习。There are a few boys swimming(who are swimming)in the stream.有几个男孩在小溪里游水。There is a car waiting (=which was waiting)outside.有一辆小汽车在外边等着。The girl sitting(=who was sitting)next to me was my cousin.坐在我旁边的姑娘是我表妹。There is a bus coming(=which is coming)up.一辆公共汽车正开过来。He was woken up by a bell ringing(which was ringing).他被铃声惊醒。在把分词短语改为定语从句时，从句谓语可以使一个一般时态的动词（a），也可以是一个进行时态的动词，这从上面的例句中可以看出。
现在分词构成复合结构
1）&现在分词可在某些动词后面构成复合宾语：I see him passing my house every day.我看见他天天从我房前走过。Did you hear the clock striking?你听见钟敲响吗？I smelt something buring.我闻到有东西烧焦了。He watched them rehearing the play.他看他们排戏。She caught them stealing her apples.她撞见他们偷她的苹果。I found a man standing at the door.我发现门口站着一个人。I could feel the wind blowing on my face.我能感到风迎面吹来。She noticed him carrying a bag.她注意到他提着一个包。He kept them working all day.他让他们整天干活。She soon had them all laughing.她很快就让他们都笑了。My clumsy mistake set all the girls giggling.我愚蠢的错误使姑娘们都咯咯笑了。His letter left me feeling pretty humble.他的信使我感到自己很卑微。This news started me thinking.这消息使我深思。在listen to和look at后也可跟这种复合宾语：I listened to the band playing in the park.我听乐队在公园里演奏。Just look at the rain pouring down.瞧这倾盆大雨。在某些动词后，复合宾语可由现在分词或不带to的不定式构成，表示动作正在进行时用现在分词，表示动作完成时用不定式，试比较下面句子：He saw her working in the garden,(She was working in the garden.)他看见她在花园里干活。He saw her enter the room.(She entered the room.)他看见她走进屋子。I hear a bell ringing。（The bell was ringing.）我听见铃声在响。I hear someone knock at the door.(He knocked at the door.)我听见有人敲门。She felt her heart beating fast.(It was beating fast.)她感到心跳的很快。She felt someone touch her shoulder.(He touched her shoulder.)她感到有人碰了碰她的肩膀。有时两者都可以用：I saw the train& coming(come) into the station.我看见火车进站。Did you notice him leaving(leave)the house？你注意到他离开这房子了吗？2）&上述结构很多可变为被动形式，这时句中可说包含了一个符合谓语：He was found lying on the floor.有人发现他躺在地上。She was often heared humming this song.人们常听见她哼这首歌。He was seen sitting in a cafe.有人看见他坐在一家咖啡馆里。I have been kept waiting for over an hour.让我等了一个多钟头。The man was caught selling drugs.那人卖毒品时被当场抓住。The papers were left lying around.文件散落了一地。3）&有些介词后有时也可以跟包含现在分词的复合宾语：This is a picture of an old woman kneeling in a temple.这张画画的是一位老太太在庙里跪拜。He was like an old tree blossoming again.他就像古树又开了花。The story is about several boys hunting for treasure in the mountai ns. 这故事讲的是几个男孩去深山寻宝。The day was bright,with a fresh breeze blowing.天气晴朗，不时吹来阵阵清风。I can’t move about in the city without everyone knowing.在这座城市我的行踪无法不让大家知道。4）下面这类“名（代）词+现在分词”结构也可说是一种复合宾语：I can’t imagine Grandma riding a motor-bike.我想象不出奶奶骑摩托车的样子。I can’t stop him talking to the press.我无法阻止他和新闻界谈话。I remember him (my father)telling me about it.我记得他（我父亲）曾告知我此事。Excuse me not having come earlier.原谅我没早一点来。He objected to people working for such low wages.他反对人们为这么低的工资干活。He insisted upon a second message being sent. 他坚持再发一份电报I should ask you instead of you asking me.。是我该问你而不是你问我。
现在分词作状语
1）在某些动词（a）或复合谓语（b）后可用现在分词（短语）作状语：a．He spent a lot of money modernizing the house.他花了很多钱，把房子搞得很新潮。We wasted a whole afternoon trying to repair the car.我们试着修车浪费了整个下午。She’s going shopping this afternoon..她今天下午要去购物。The boy came running into the house.男孩跑进屋来。He rode away whistling.他吹着口哨骑车走了。Sophia sat waiting on the sofa in the sitting-room.索菲娅坐在客厅沙发上等着。I stood watching her,not knowing what to do.我站着看着她，不知如何是好。She was lying in bed crying.她躺在床上哭。He pretends to busy himself writing.他假装忙着写东西。Some left the ball still weeping.有些人离开大厅时还在哭泣。The manager approached us smiling.经理笑着走近我们。He ran out of the house shouting.他喊叫着跑了出来。b.&The girls are busy making artificial flowers.姑娘们在忙着做纸花。She was in the kitchen preparing supper.她在厨房做晚饭。Many vehicles there are idle awaiting repairs.许多车辆停在那里等候修理。Over 20,000 people were there watching the football match.有两万多人在那里观看足球赛。Thousands of people were gathered at the airport cheering the visiting president.数以千计的人聚集在机场向来访的总统欢呼。The students were assembled in the school hall celebrating the occasion.小学生聚集在礼堂里庆祝这个日子。Have you been around seeing place?你去附近参观了什么地方没有？2）在不少情况下，现在分词（短语）可表示一个同时发生的次要的（或者说伴随的）动作，这时常有一个逗号把它和句子的主要部分分开，分词短语可以放在句首（a），也可放在后部（b），间或插在中间（c）：a．opening the drawer,he took out a box..他打开抽屉，拿出了一个盒子。Taking off our shoes,we crept along the passage.我们脱下鞋沿通道慢慢潜行。Following Tom ,they started to climb.他们跟着汤姆开始往上爬。Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.他从口袋里掏出钥匙开了门。Travelling by jeep,we visited a number of cities.我们做吉普车旅行，参观了许多城市。b．She went out ,slamming the door.他走了出去，砰地一声把门关上。He fired, wounding one of the bandits.他开枪打伤了一个匪徒。Mary walked round the town,looking at the sights.玛丽在城里转悠观景。Please fill in this form, giving your name ,address,etc.请把这份表填一下，写下你的姓名，住址等。I got home , feeling very tired.我到了家，感觉非常疲劳。c．Those youngsters,shoulding his spades and hoes ,left merrily for the fields.那些年轻人扛着铁锹和锄头，高高兴兴下地去。An old peasant,bringing his own food, volunteered as guide for us.一位老农带干粮要给我们当向导。一般来说，现在分词表示的是句子主语的动作，换句话说，句子主语也是分词的逻辑主语。3）分词短语有时表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句，可以放在前面（a）、（b）、或中间（c）：a．Being s student(=As he was a student),he was naturally interested in museums.由于他是学生，他自然对博物馆很感兴趣。Not knowing her address(As we didn’t know…),we couldn’t get in touch with her.因为我们不知道她的地址，没法和她联系。Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.因为没见有人在家，她决定给他们留一个条。Calling early ,I found him at home.因为去得早，我在他家找到了他。b．They sent us an open letter, hoping to get our support.他们寄给我们一封公开信，希望得到我们的支持。They went on with their strggle,thinking theirs was a just cause.他们继续斗争，认为他们的事业是正义的。He never went out in daylight,fearing that the police would recognize him.他白天从不出去，害怕警察会认出他来。c．Many of us ,being so excited, could not go to sleep that night.那一晚上，我们中间有好多人激动的都没睡着。The doctor,not wishing to alarm her, didn’t tell her how serious her condition was.医生不想让她惊慌，没告诉她病情有多么严重。4）分词短语还可表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，这有三种情况：a．表示一个动作一发生，另一个动作则随即发生（相当于when引导的从句）：Turning around(=When she turned around),she saw an ambulance driving up.她转过身，看见一辆救护车开了过来。Hearing the news(=When they heared the news), they all jumped with joy.听到这消息，他们都高兴得跳起来。Arriving at the worksite,he found them busy laying bricks.。到达工地时，他看见他们在忙着砌砖。Returning home , he began writing a melody for it. 回到家里，他开始给它谱曲。b．表示在做某事的过程中，发生某事或做某事，这时前面仍保留连词when和while：They got engaged when travelling in Europe.他们在欧洲旅行时订了婚。We wear plimsolls when doing physical exercises at school.我们在学校运动时都穿帆布球鞋。Don’t mention this while talking to him.和他谈话时别提这事。She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing。她在北京开会时认识了他们。c．表示上述情况时有也不带连词when或while：Coming(=While he was coming)down the mountain,he met Tom on the way.他在下山路上碰到了汤姆。Jim hurt his arm(while) playing tennis.吉姆打网球时手臂受了伤。The man slipped and fell(when) getting off the bus.那人下车时一滑摔倒了。Reading my newspaper,I heard the doorbell ring.看报纸时我听见门铃响了。【注】有时由动名词和介词构成的短语中，介词会省略，这短语也可看做是分词短语。I am fortune(in) having you with me.我很幸运有你和我在一起。There’s no point(in)telling her about it.告诉她这事毫无意义。Are you through(with)asking questions?你问题问完了没有？What’s the use(of)worrying?着急有什么用？5）分词短语偶尔也可表示结果：Her husband died in 1960,leaving her with 5 children.她丈夫死于1960年，给她留下了五个孩子。They opened fire,killing one of our patrolmen.他们开枪打死了我们一个巡逻兵。The snow lasted a week,resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.雪下了一星期，造成整个地区严重的交通混乱。有些表示状态或条件的从句，可以省略一些词，只剩下现在分词和连词一道构成状语：He turned round from time to time as if(he was)searching for someone.他不时转身望望，仿佛在找什么人似的。She paused for a while as though(she was)waiting for a reply.她停了一会儿，好像在等候回答。If (you’re)travelling north,you must change at Leeds.如果是向北走，你得在利兹换车。Unless(you’re)paying by credit card,please pay in cash.。除非你用信用卡，否则请付现金。
关于现在分词短语结构的几个问题
1）现在分词的完成形式：现在分词有时需用完成形式，说明它表示的动作在主要谓语表示的动作之前发生，这类短语或是作时间状语（a）、或是作原因状语（b）：a．Having found a hotel ,they began to look for a restaurant.找到旅馆之后，他们就开始找餐馆。Having reviewed his lessons,he went to bed.他复习完功课就睡觉了。Having got our tickets ,we drove to the airport to board the plane.买到机票之后，我们就开车到机场登机。Having sent the children to school ,she got ready to go to work.送孩子们上学之后，她就准备去上班。b．Having been ill for two weeks,she felt rather weak.由于病了两周，她感到身体很虚弱。Having lived there for some time,she know the plane quite well.她在那里住过一段时间，因此对那地方很熟悉。Having invited so many people,we had to prepared sufficient food.既然请了那么多人，我们就得准备足够的食物。Not having got answer,I decided to write him another letter.由于没收到回音，我决定再给他写一封信。2）独立结构：有时现在分词可以有自己的逻辑主语，称之为独立结构（Absolute Construction）:The day being fine(=As the day was fine),we decided to go swimming.由于天气晴朗，我们决定去游泳。It being a holiday(=As it was a holiday),all the shops were shut.由于这天是假日，所有商店都关门了。We’re playing golf this afternoon-weather permitting(=if the weather permits).要是天气允许，我们今天下午去打高尔夫球。We explored the caves,Peter acting as guide. 由彼得当向导，我们探察了那些洞穴。There being ice on the road,I told the driver to slow down..路上有冰，我让司机开慢点。3）现在分词构成句子状语：现在分词一般表示句子主语的动作，但作句子状语（说明说话人的看法）时，则情况不是这样：Strictly speaking ,that school is not very good.严格地说，那所学校不算很古老。Broadly speaking,adjectives are words that qualify nouns.广义的说，形容词是修饰名词的词。I think,personnally speaking ,it’s a good idea.就我个人来说，我认为这是个好主意。Judging by his testimonials,I think he will suit the post.从他的推荐来看，我认为他适合这项工作。He leads a very active life,considering his age.考虑到他的年纪，他的生活是很活跃的。Supposing he can’t come,who will dou the work?假如他来不了，谁来干这活？这类状语也可称为独立成分（Independent Element）.&& &&& && &
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