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职称英语阅读理解题型及解题技巧-主旨题
来源：　 16:40:36　【】　
4根据论述详略确定
　　有时文章主题很不明确，由上述方法较难找到文章主题，此时可以根据文章论述的详略确定主题。
　　通常与主题有关的部分有很详尽的论述，而与主题关系不够密切的部分论述较简略。
　　论述的详细还体现在重复之中，这种重复可以通过每段主题句实现，也可以在文章的字里行间以同义词复述全文关键词的方式完成。Ⅱ 主旨题型的变体1标题　　问标题的题也称为主旨题，与主旨题的做题方法和技巧完全一样。二者的区别主要体现在选项的形式：主旨题的答案通常以一句话表示，而问标题的答案大多为一个名词词组。　　标题必须反映文章的中心大意，而且只能反映文章的中心大意，这就要求选项的归纳范围要 恰如其分，既不能只提及文中的一个细节，也不能将文章以外的内容概括其中。
2写作目的　　写作目的与写文章主旨不同，但与它关系密切，所以也可以算做主旨题的一种变体。二者的异同可以从下面的对比中看出：文章主旨& 写作目的中心思想& 阐述中心思想的目的文章大意& 文章大意+论述方法(或+作者口吻)文章大意可以根据前面所叙述的方法找到。至于论述方法，可以根据阅读理解的主体文章体裁―说明文和议论文确定一些。advise...& 建议，劝告 analyse... 分析argue for& 论证argue against& 驳斥convince...& 说服 describe...& 描写emphasize...& 强调explain... 解释illustrate...& 例证inform... 通知introduce... 介绍outline... 概括present...& 阐述propose...& 建议report...& 报告stress...& 强调warn...& 警告假如文章列举某事的后果、危险性和困难等，警诫常常成为这些文章的写作目的；假如文章指出应该如何做，不应该如何做，那么劝谕和建议就是这些文章的写作目的。我们是通过文章的写作口吻看出来的。在前一类文章中作者通常使用警示提醒的口吻，而在后一类文章中作者通常使用祈使语气。3作者态度　　解作者态度(attitude)或语气(tone)题，关键在于把握作者对全文主体事物(与主题有关)或某一具体事物的态度。由于作者态度主要由语言来表达，因此必须弄清有关表达褒义、中性和贬义的手段：1)加入形容词定语2)加入副词状语加入的动词状语通常对动词的叙述加以界定。3)特殊动词英语中有些动词也表明说话者的正负态度，如：fail(未能)，ignore(忽视)，overestimate(估计过高)等动词表示一种否定态度。由上可知，确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词，确定作者的态度；如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。除了知识如何寻找答案外，了解答案本身的含义也很重要；有些考生能对作者的态度做出正确判断，但对答案理解不清，也找不到正确答案。用于作者态度题选项的词可以分为三类：褒义approving& 赞同，认可&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& informative 提供信息的instructive 有教育意义的，启发性的&&&&&&&&&&&& polite& 礼貌的positive& 正面的，肯定的&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& optimistic& 乐观的humorous& 幽默的 贬义critical& 批判的，挑剔的&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& questioning& 质疑的pessimistic& 悲观的&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& subjective& 主观的doubtful& 怀疑的中性neutral& 中立的&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& detached& 超然的concerned& 关心的&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& indifferent& 不感兴趣的objective& 客观的&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& serious& 严肃的Ⅲ& 主旨题干扰选项的特点1局部信息　　局部信息是主旨题干扰选项最常见的特点，是指主旨题型选项只涉及文章中的细节：1)某个自然段中的细节，如一句没有展开或论述的话；2)某自然段的大意。包含局部信息的选项不能成为主旨题的答案。包含自然段大意的选项干扰性很强，做题时尤其应该留神。2概括范围过宽　　这是指选项包含的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。提问标题的一些干扰常有这种特点，这在前面已有论述。3.无关信息由文章本身无法推断出来的信息，即文章中未提到、找不到语言依据的信息。&&&2&&&
文章责编：南方嘉木&　看了本文的网友还看了
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2014高考英语阅读理解基础真题及答案
2014高考英语阅读理解基础练习题及答案
★如何让阅读理解满分★
阅读理解我来看主要是单词和语法结构问题还有一点就是问题的理解，即使看懂了，问题理解错了一样会选错[解题过程]阅读理解的目的是检查考生通过阅读获取信息的能力。具体地说，它的题目可能涉及的方面主要有：　　一、词或短语的意思。要求确定对了解所读材料的主旨大意、关键事实和对细节有影响的词语的意思;　　二、句和句内容之间的联系。要求考生既能理解个别句子的意思，又能理解上下文的逻辑关系;　　三、文章的主题思想和大意。要求确定文章的中心思想、段落大意或设想文章的标题;　　四、句子和文章内在的涵义及推理。要求既能理解字面意思，又能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论;　　五、文章作者的态度。要求根据文章叙事的口气，判断作者的态度和倾向。　　一、 先看题干，带着问题读文章。　　即先看试题，再读文章。阅读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案;而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调，作者未加陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。　　二、 速读全文，了解大意知主题。　　阅读的目的是获取信息。一个人的阅读能力的高低决定了他能否快速高效吸收有用信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力。没有一定的阅读速度就不能顺利地输入信息，更谈不上运用英语。　　抓主题句这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。用归纳法撰写的文章，都是表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子居后。此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。当然也有些文章没有主题句，需要读者自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题，归纳概括题，中心思想题往往直接可从主题句中找到答案。 　　　 三、 详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。　　文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事;论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用&画图列表法&，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。　　四、 逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。　　在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解主要包括归纳概括题(中心思想，加标题等)和推理判断题，是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文;要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知推断未知，不能凭空想象，随意揣测;它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才有前提和基础。　 五、 猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。　　猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会&顺藤摸瓜&，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。　 六、 养成习惯，潜移默化结硕果。　　良好的阅读习惯：　　1、 养成默读习惯，使注意力集中的文字符号上，纠正唇读，心读，喉读等做法，以免分散精力，影响阅读速度。　　2、 克服指读、回视、重读等不良习惯，因为这样容易使理解只停留在某个词或句子上，使获得的信息支离破碎。要善于抓住句子中的核心词，从一个句子快速地扫视到另一个句子，进行连贯性理解。　　英语阅读能力的培养是一个渐进的复杂过程，要养成每天阅读英语的习惯，循序渐进，持之以恒，精泛结合，广泛猎奇。在潜移默化中你会感觉到你的阅读能力又有了长足的提高
If you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise&and as a result, we are ageing unnecessarily soon.　　Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could be slowed down.　　With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.　　Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character. (The rear section of the brain, which controls functions like eating and breathing, does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional faculties.)　　Contraction of front and side parts&as cells die off&was observed I some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty- and seventy-year-olds.　　Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple remedy to the contraction normally associated with age&using the head.　　The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.　　Matsuzawa&s findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. &The best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain,& he says, &Think hard and engage in conversation. Don&t rely on pocket calculators.&36. The team of doctors wanted to find out ________.　　A. why certain people age sooner than others
B. how to make people live longer　　C. the size of certain people&s brains
D. which people are most intelligent
【解析】细节理解题。由第二段&Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could be slowed down.&可知医生们想要研究出为什么一些人比其他人老得更快。37. On what are their research findings based?　　A. A survey of farmers in northern Japan.
B. Tests performed on a thousand old people.　　C. The study of brain volumes of different people
D. The latest development of computer technology.
【解析】细节理解题。由&he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.&可知选C。38. The doctor&s test show that ________.　　A. our brains shrink as we grow older
B. the front section of the brain does not shrink　　C. sixty-year-olds have the better brains than thirty-year-olds　　D. some people&s brains have contracted more than other people&s.
【解析】细节理解题。由&The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.&可知医生们的测试发现，一般而言，乡下人比城镇里的人的大脑收缩的更早。故选D。39. The word &subjects& in Paragraph 5 means ________.　　A. something to be considered
B. branches of knowledge studied　　C. persons chosen to be studied in an experiment　　D. any member of a state except the supreme ruler.
【解析】词义猜测题。由&&&but it was still not evident in some sixty- and seventy-year-olds.&可知&subjects&指的是被选入实验中做研究的人。故选C。40. According to the passage, which people seem to age slower than the others?　　A. Lawyers.
B. Farmers.
C. Clerks.
D. Shop assistants.
【解析】细节理解题。由&Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers,&&&可知律师变老的风险最小。故选A。
阅读理解------A
When Jeanne Calment entered the world in 1875, telephones and automobiles still lay in the future. Albert Einstein and Pablo Picasso were not yet born. The Eiffel Tower was 14 years from being built. As a teenager, she met Vincent Van Gogh, near her home in Arles, in the south of France. He was &very ugly, ungracious (举止粗俗的), impolite, sick&I forgive him, they called him loco (精神失常的)&, she recalled. When she died last week at age 122, she was the world&s eldest person. (There are others who claimed to the title, but only Calment had the official documents to prove her age.)
Each February 21, her birthday, she would share the secrets of long life. Some years it was &a sense of humour&, others it was &keeping busy&. &God must have forgotten me,& she once explained. The truth probably was that she had good genes: her mother reportedly lived to be 86 and her father 94.
Her life had its sadness: she outlived her husband, her only daughter and her grandson. According to a friend, she was imperturbable. &If you can&t do anything about it,& she reportedly said, &don&t worry about it.&
In her last years she was nearly blind and deaf, but her health remained good. She ate a few bars of chocolate each week and continued smoking until a few years ago, when she could no longer light her own cigarettes. She never lost her sense of humour. On her 110th birthday, she commented, &I&ve only ever had one wrinkle, and I&m sitting on it. &Her longe her spirit made her eternal (永恒的).
41. Why does the author mention Albert Einstein, Pablo Picasso and the Eiffel Tower?
A. To show that Calment had seen famous people and things.
B. To emphasize that Calment was born a long time ago.
C. To indicate that Calment is just as famous.
D. To admire the knowledge that Calment had.
42. The author believed that Calment&s longevity is mainly due to ______.
A. a sense of humor
B. being kept busy
C. belief in God
D. good genes
43. The underlined word &imperturbable& means ________.
B. humorous
C. friendly
D. healthy
44. Toward the end of the story, the author seems to be impressed by Callment &s _________.
B. religious belief
C. knowledge
D. longevity
The speaker, a teacher from a community college, addressed a sympathetic audience. Heads nodded in agreement when he said, &High school English teachers are not doing their jobs.& He described the inadequacies of his students, all high school graduates who can use language only at a grade 9 level. I was unable to determine from his answers to my questions how this grade 9 level had been established.　　My topic is not standards nor its decline(降低). What the speaker was really saying is that e he has been teaching for sixteen years, and is able to think and speak like a mature adult.　　My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. It is also human nature to look for the reasons for our dissatisfaction. Before English became a school subject in the late nineteenth century, it was difficult to find the target of the blame for language deficiencies(缺陷). But since then, English teachers have been under constant attack.　　The complainers think they have hit upon an original idea. As their own command of the language improves, they notice that young people do not have this same ability. Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generation of young people must be hopeless in this respect. To the eyes and ears of sensitive adults the language of the young always seems inadequate.　　Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generational phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to today's young people, it naturally follows that today's English teachers cannot be doing their jobs. Otherwise, young people would not have a poor command of English.41. The speaker the author mentioned in the passage believed that ________.　　A. the language of the younger generation is usually inferior to that t of the older generation　　B. the students had a poor command of English because they didn't work hard enough　　C. he was an excellent language teacher because he had been teaching English for sixteen years　　D. English teachers should be held responsible for the students' poor command of English
【解析】细节理解题。由&High school English teachers are not doing their jobs.&可知作者提到的说话人认为，英语老师应该为学生的英语不好负责。故选D。42. In the author's opinion, the speaker _______. 　　A. gave a correct judgment of the English level of the students　　B. had exaggerated (夸张)the language problems of the students　　C. was right in saying that English teachers were not doing their jobs　　D. could think and speak intelligently
【解析】细节理解题。由&As their own command of the language improves, they notice that young people do not have this same ability. Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generation of young people must be hopeless in this respect.&可知作者认为发言者夸张了学生的语言问题。故选B。43. The author's attitude towards the speaker's remarks is _______.　　A. neutral
B. positive
C. critical
D. compromising
【解析】细节理解题。A.中立的;B.肯定的;C.批评的;D.妥协的。由&Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generation of young people must be hopeless in this respect.&可知作者不同意发言者的评论。故选C。44. It can be concluded from the passage that ______.　　A. it is justifiable to include English as a school subject　　B. the author disagrees with the speaker over the standard of English at Grade 9 level　　C. English language teaching is by no means an easy job　　D. Language improvement needs time and effort
【解析】细节理解题。&Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years,&&&说明成年人的语言能力是经过了多年的发展的，所以语言教学绝不是一项简单的工作。故选C。45. In the passage the author argues that ______.　　A. it is unfair to blame the English teachers for the language deficiencies of the students　　B) young people would not have a poor command of English if the teachers did their jobs properly　　C) to get rid of language deficiencies one must have sensitive eyes and ears　　D) to improve the standard of English requires the effort of several generations
【解析】细节理解题。由&Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generational phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to today's young people, it naturally follows that today's English teachers cannot be doing their jobs.&可知作者认为，因学生语言上的不足而责备英语老师是不公平的。