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日本外交学者网站5月28日发表文章，对中国与欧洲国家进行正常的技术交流提出质疑，文章称中国的潜艇部队的一大结构性弱点是中国的动力工程，换句话说这方面有空白，原因是中国潜艇现在使用的大多数发动机仍然是进口技术，往往是凭借国外许可证转让技术之后，由中国自己生产。文章认为，正是德法这些国家的支持才让中国获得了军事现代化的机会。由于柴电动力潜艇的噪音一般比核潜艇小得多，这主要归功于专门设计的能最大程度减少振动和噪音、以避免声呐发现的柴油发动机。例如，中国海军的宋级攻击型潜艇和元级攻击型潜艇都配备了最先进的德国造柴油发动机——德国MTU公司设计的396SE84系列柴油机动力包。另外，中国最新型的052D导弹驱逐舰和054A型导弹护卫舰都在使用由法国授权生产的皮尔斯蒂克(Pielstick) 16PA6V-280STC系列舰艇用柴油机。日本媒体曾埋怨道：更加令人感到讽刺的是，法国和德国都在“巴统”和“瓦纳森体系” 的框架下对华实行严厉的武器装备和高技术禁运，但中国居然在美国的眼皮底下堂而皇之的获得了世界一流的舰用和潜艇用柴油机，法德两国是否真的在遵守协定的义务?是否考虑到日本的感受?该媒体称，“中国新型潜艇装备的德国动力是世界一流的潜艇柴油发动机，而且每艘宋级或元级潜艇都配备了三台这种发动机，这些发动机是根据中国国防合同自1986年开始建造的，但在后来，德国MTU公司居然还在90年代后期开始不断输出动力技术给中国。据军事专家解释称，柴油机作为主动力装置在舰艇上得到广泛应用已有50多年历史。为了提高市场竞争力，世界的柴油机制造厂出现了兼并或联合组成大行业集团，所以目前只有少数几家能制造舰艇高速大功率柴油机。它们是德国的MTU公司、法国的SEMT皮尔斯蒂克公司、意大利的GMT公司和英国的Paxman公司等。其中德国的MTU公司的舰艇柴油机，由于系列完整、功率覆盖面广、通用性强、寿命长、低负荷性能好和起动方便等优点而占据世界舰用柴油主机的绝大部分市场，雄居主导地位。日本媒体分析称，中国海军054A型护卫舰采用了全柴联合动力装置，安装了4台16PA6V-280STC柴油机，电力系统设置前、后两个发电站4套发电机组。该柴油机单台最大功率6400KW，总功率25600KW。这些发动机是法国皮尔斯蒂克(Pielstick)公司授权中国陕西柴油机厂生产，核心部件和设计图纸还是来自法国。而德国MTU公司更是和中国交往甚密，2010年，中航商发与德国MTU还合作研制新型航空发动机，并建立了合资企业。除此之外，德国MTU公司研制的MB870和871系列V型液冷柴油发动机也被提供给中国，用于中国的新型坦克研制，据悉，中国的99式坦克的动力系统采用WR703/150HB系列柴油机，而这款发动机的技术完全来自于德国，而且中国的军用卡车和军用装甲车等装备都在广泛使用德国MTU公司生产的柴油机和ZF公司、道依茨公司生产的动力包、传动系统。中国人还通过引进德国民用液冷柴油发动机来完善自己的坦克发动机，提高生产工艺能力，提升发动机自身的动力水平，“可以说，近年来，中国一系列先进武器系统背后都是法德等国家对中国的支援，而日本政府却无能为力阻止，比较棘手”外务省人士说到。最后，日本媒体称，除了上述公司外，法国赛峰公司还与中国生产商建立深度合作关系，不仅联合研制涡轴-16先进直升机发动机，还直接向中国输出直升机发动机技术，可以说一般以上的中国军用直升机都受益于法国厂商的技术支援，而日本没办法阻止这种技术输出，正是法德这样的国家促进了中国的军事现代化，日本媒体呼吁德法公司不能只为金钱而忽视道义和国际责任。本贴发自手机铁血网：[]
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宋级长什么样？性能怎么样？
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中国039宋级常规潜艇性能全解析我国海军装备的最新一代国产常规动力攻击潜艇，代号零三九型，西方称为宋级潜艇。宋级的各项指标都达到世界先进水平。一九九四年五月，美国侦察卫星发现一艘新型常规潜艇从武昌造船厂下水。这就是中国从八十年代中期开始研制的零三九型潜艇。根据《詹氏海军年鉴》一九九七年报道：第一艘宋级潜艇代号三二零，第二艘代号三二一，从一九九八年后将以每年两艘的速度进行建造。现在所知，三二二、三二三两艘已在一九九九年前加入海军现役，三二四、三二五和三二六另三艘正在建造中。目前，宋级潜艇的部署情况，是东海舰队和南海舰队各两艘。估计到二零零五年左右，中国海军将会有二十艘宋级潜艇服役。八十年代初，中国海军装备有大量仿制的零三三型常规潜艇和少量自制的零三五型常规潜艇。但这两种潜艇技术落后，无法适应现代战争的需要。一九八二年，邓小平爱将刘华清接任海军司令员后，立即下令研制新一代常规潜艇，并将其列为海军二代舰艇建设的重点之一。当时，中国海军对新潜艇提出的技术战术要求：艇体为水滴线形，以获较高水下航速和较小流体噪音；采单轴七叶高弯角螺旋桨推进器，以减少航行噪音；使用数字化声纳和显示设备，以提高情报处理能力，并实现指挥控制自动化；配备性能先进的线导反潜鱼雷和新型鱼雷发射装置，以具备反潜和反舰双重作战能力；配备潜射反舰导弹和潜射反潜导弹，以适应现代海战的需要。同时，为吸取核潜艇配套武器研制严重拖后的教训，特别强调海军武器装备研制必须作到&五个成套&，即成套论证、成套设计、成套定型、成套生产、成套交付使用的原则。八十年代中期，武昌造船厂全面展开宋级潜艇研制，一九九六年五月首艇正式交付海军使用。相配套武器的研制也进展顺利，潜射型鹰击一号反舰导弹在八十年代后期已配备汉级核潜艇，鱼五型线导鱼雷则在九十年代初研制成功，潜射型长缨一号反潜导弹也在九十年代中期试射成功。所以，当宋级潜艇首艇在一九九四年下水时，主要配套武器也基本研制成功。与此同时，潜艇人员的培训也基本到位。据《解放军报》一九九七年三月二十八日透露：专门培养潜艇人员的中国海军潜艇学院，已研制成功零三九型潜艇的操纵指挥模拟器，可实施水上水下的全部操作，以及水下发射导弹等特殊科目的训练，到一九九七年前五个艇员队已完成全部训练项目。以下为该型潜艇的基本情况简要介绍：一艇身：宋级潜艇为双壳体结构。全艇依次分为七个舱，即雷弹舱、指挥舱、前蓄电池舱、后蓄电池舱、柴电机组舱、推进电机藏和轴系舱。该级潜艇长七十六点四米，宽七点八米，高五点三米，正常排水量一千七百吨，水下排水量二千二百五十吨，采用单轴七叶高弯角螺旋桨推进器，具有很好的静音效果，水下最高航速可达二十二节，水上最高航速十五节。宋级潜艇为水滴型艇体，装有围壳舵和十字型尾操纵面，具有良好的操纵性，并实现了自动驾驶和自动均衡。艇上配有侧推装置，离靠码头灵活方便。艇上还装有可弃压载和短路吹除系统，强化了潜艇的动力抗沉能力。此外，该型潜艇在水下一定深度可快速上浮脱险，并具有与深潜救生器对接的能力。二消音：宋级潜艇的一大特点，是大力采取降噪措施（加装了消声瓦），使噪音大幅降低，在中国海军国产现役潜艇中噪音最低（前几年公开报道的超基洛级即是宋级）。三电子：在声电系统方面，宋级潜艇的声纳系统相当进步，一套为装设在艇首的中频主被动搜索与攻击舰壳声纳，一套为装设在舷侧的被动低频搜索声纳阵，估计还将研制配备拖曳式被动声纳系统。宋级潜艇的光电桅杆系统非常先进。从桅杆外形看，光电探测系统包括电视摄象机、红外成像仪以及激光测距器等，还配有平面搜索雷达和雷达告警系统等。艇中作战指挥系统也已高度数字化和自动化，所有探测系统与武器系统均整合在一起，作战性能相当不错。据中国媒体透露：宋级潜艇配备的新一代探测设备，作战指挥系统功能齐全，自动化程度很高，快速反应能力、搜索和跟踪能力很强，有较高的方位分辨率，对作战全过程可实施集中指挥和对多种武器的综合控制，并可在一定距离上对来袭鱼雷报警。从前月访问香港的八艘大陆海军舰艇不难看出，宋级（039）艇已经呈现了很大的技术变化，显示出大陆海军正致力强化系统作战能力。几乎所有访问香港的水面舰艇都换装了HN900数据链，尽管两条潜艇（314及324艇）并未许可一般香港市民入内参观，但由此不难得出：宋级的先进程度超乎想象。在此前一段时间的中央电视台对039内部情况介绍的录象片中得以证实。四武器：宋级潜艇配备的相当齐全。具有在全深度发射线导鱼雷、自导鱼雷、反舰导弹和布放水雷的多种作战能力。在鱼雷方面，装备有鱼五型反潜鱼雷和鱼四型反舰鱼雷。前者是中国海军装备的第一种线导鱼雷，也是中国常规潜艇装备的第一种反潜鱼雷。该型鱼雷弹径五三三毫米，使用先进的奥图式热动力推进系统，采线导加主被动声导联合制导方式，最高航速达五十节，最大航程三十公里，战斗部二百零五公斤，可有效对付核潜艇。为发射鱼五型线导鱼雷，宋级潜艇装有新型的鱼雷发射装置。在六个鱼雷发射管中，两个发射管可发射鱼五型线导鱼雷。鱼四型则为电动声导反舰鱼雷，战斗部四百公斤，最高航速可达四十节，最大航程十五公里。宋级潜艇装备鱼五型鱼雷，对提高中国常规潜艇作战能力具有重大意义。在此之前，中国海军只有一种可使用的反潜鱼雷，即鱼三型声自导鱼雷。但该鱼雷只能由夏级和汉级核潜艇使用，不能装备常规潜艇。零三三型和早期零三五型潜艇仅配有反舰鱼雷，而无反潜鱼雷，只具对水面舰船作战，而无对潜艇作战能力。配备鱼五型鱼雷后，中国海军常规潜艇才第一次具备了反潜作战能力。此外，039还装备有可从鱼雷管发射的潜射反舰和反潜导弹。潜射鹰击一号导弹(C801)最大射程四十五公里，弹头一百六十五公斤，可有效攻击中小型水面舰艇；长缨一号反潜导弹(CY-1)的最大射程约二十公里，弹头为仿制的MK46反潜鱼雷。配备潜射反舰导弹和反潜导弹之后，该级潜艇的作战能力和生存能力大为增强，可从远距离攻击敌水面舰艇和水下潜艇，而不必因过度接近敌舰艇而被发现。部分服役039艇估计换装了潜射型鹰击二号反舰导弹(C802)，该型导弹对水面舰船的攻击距离超过一百公里。在武器分配上，通常宋级潜艇在艇艏装有六具鱼雷发射装置，具有全深度发射武器和布放水雷的能力，其中两具可发射线导鱼雷，其他可发射声自导鱼雷和潜射导弹。最大武器携带量为十八件，通常为六枚线导鱼雷、六枚声导鱼雷、六枚潜射导弹，水雷则可携带三十枚。五动力：德国军事工业界权威早在去年就曾向外界证实：大陆为加速建造039A潜水舰，已对德购买了16V396SE84柴油机且已陆续交付（并开始国产化）。16V396SE84的功率分别为1350kW，发动机重量1800公斤；使用16V396SE84柴油机的039在动力系统的自动化、模组化程度方面显然优于引进俄国的KILO636。该潜艇由3-4台MTU12V493柴油机做动力并加装了AIP系统。图片看这里吧：/eastday/mil/node62186/node62671/node62673/node132687/userobject1ai2042932.html
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正文翻译:
By David Lague
HONG KONG (Reuters) - If the People&s Liberation Army went to war tomorrow, it would field an arsenal bristling with hardware from some of America&s closest allies: Germany, France and Britain.
Most of China&s advanced surface warships are powered by German and French-designed diesel engines. Chinese destroyers have French sonar, anti-submarine-warfare helicopters and surface-to-air missiles.
Above the battlefield, British jet engines drive PLA fighter bombers and anti-ship strike aircraft. The latest Chinese surveillance aircraft are fitted with British airborne early warning radars. Some of China&s best attack and transport helicopters rely on designs from Eurocopter, a subsidiary of pan-European aerospace and defense giant EADS.
But perhaps the most strategic item obtained by China on its European shopping spree is below the waterline: the German-engineered diesels inside its submarines.
香港（路透社） - 如果解放军明天就开战，军械库里运往战场的装备里将有许多是来自一些与美国最亲密的盟友：德国，法国和英国。
大多数中国先进水面舰艇是德国和法国设计的柴油发动机。驱逐舰装有来自法国的声呐，反潜直升机和地对空导弹。
战场上空，英国喷气发动机则驱动着解放军战斗轰炸机和反舰攻击机。最新型侦察机配有英国的机载预警雷达。一些中国最好的攻击和运输直升机依靠欧洲直升机公司的设计，其为泛欧航空航天和国防巨头EADS公司下的一家子公司。
但可能中国在欧洲的疯狂购物中获得最具战略性的产品是海面下的：潜艇内部德国设计的柴油发动机。
Emulating the rising powers of last century - Germany, Japan and the Soviet Union - China is building a powerful submarine fleet, including domestically built Song and Yuan-class boats. The beating hearts of these subs are state-of-the-art diesel engines designed by MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH of Friedrichshafen, Germany. Alongside 12 advanced Kilo-class submarines imported from Russia, these 21 German-powered boats are the workhorses of China&s modern conventional submarine force.
With Beijing flexing its muscles around disputed territory in the East China Sea and South China Sea, China&s diesel-electric submarines are potentially the PLA&s most serious threat to its American and Japanese rivals. This deadly capability has been built around robust and reliable engine technology from Germany, a core member of the U.S.-led North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
模仿上世纪崛起的大国 - 德国，日本和苏联 - 中国正在建设一支强大的潜艇舰队，其中包括其在国内建造的宋，元级潜艇。这些潜艇跳动的心脏是德国MTU腓特烈港的腓特烈港有限公司设计的国宝级柴油发动机。除了从俄罗斯进口的12艘先进的基洛级潜艇，这21艘德国机动艇在中国现代常规潜艇部队中广为应用。
随着北京在其围绕争议的中国海东领土和中国南海展示着肌肉，中国的柴电潜艇是解放军最能威胁到竞争对手美国和日本的潜在武器。来自德国强劲可靠的发动机技术部署着这种致命能力，而德国是以美国为首的北大西洋公约组织的核心成员。
CHINA&S MILITARY MARKET
The Chinese defense ministry says the PLA&s dependence on foreign arms technology is overstated. &According to international practice, China is also engaged in communication and cooperation with some countries in the area of weaponry development,& the ministry said in a statement responding to this series. &Some people have politicized China&s normal commercial cooperation with foreign countries, smearing our reputation.&
Transfers of European technology to the Chinese military are documented in SIPRI data, official EU arms trade figures and technical specifications reported in Chinese military publications.
These transfers are crucial for the PLA as it builds the firepower to enforce Beijing&s claims over disputed maritime territory and challenge the naval dominance of the U.S. and its allies in Asia.
China now has the world&s second-largest defense budget after the United States and the fastest growing military market. Many of Europe&s biggest defense contractors have been unable to resist its allure. High-performance diesels from MTU and French engine maker Pielstick also drive many of China&s most advanced surface warships and support vessels, SIPRI data shows. Pielstick was jointly owned by MTU and German multinational Man Diesel & Turbo until 2006, when Man took full control.
中国的军火市场
中国国防部发表解放军对外国武器技术的依赖被夸大了。“依照国际实例，中国也和一些国家在武器研发领域进行交流与合作,& 部长在回应这些质疑的一份声明中说，“有些人把中国和国外正常的商业合作政治化，抹黑我们的声誉。”
欧洲技术转移到中国军方都记录在斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所的数据库，欧盟官方武器贸易数字，和中国军事刊物有关技术规格的报告中。
这些转移对于解放军是至关重要的，因为它构建的火力加强了北京在有争议的海上领土的声明以及挑战美国及其盟国在亚洲的海上霸主地位。
中国目前拥有仅次于美国的世界上第二大国防预算，也是增长最快的军用市场。许多欧洲最大的国防承包商已经无法抗拒它的诱惑力。斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所的数据显示，来自MTU和法国引擎制造商皮尔斯蒂克的高性能柴油发动机为许多中国最先进的水面战舰和支援舰艇提供动力。皮尔斯蒂克原本由MTU与德国跨国公司曼柴油机&透平联合拥有，在2006年由曼完全控制。
Some military analysts remain skeptical about the quality of China&s military hardware. They say the engines and technology the PLA is incorporating from Europe and Russia fall short of the latest equipment in service with the United States and its allies in Asia, including Japan, South Korea and Australia. This leaves the PLA a generation behind and struggling to integrate gear from a range of different suppliers, they say.
Others counter that China doesn&t need to match all of the most complex weapons fielded by the United States and its allies. Even if it deploys less than the best gear, Beijing can achieve its strategic goal of blunting U.S. power.
&At what point do they become good enough?& says Kevin Pollpeter, a specialist on Chinese military innovation at the University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at San Diego. &If they have sufficient quantities of good-enough weapons systems, maybe that will carry the day.&
一些军师分析家保留对中国军队装备质量的质疑。他们说解放军所吸收的欧洲和俄国的引擎和技术，与美国及其亚洲盟国，包括日本，南韩和澳大利亚最新服役中的设备对比还有差距。解放军落后了一代，并在努力整合来自一系列不同供应商的装置。
其他人反驳说中国并不需要赶上所有美国及其盟国派出的最复杂武器。即使并没有部署最好的装备，北京也能达到牵制美国力量的战略目标。
“什么情况下他们变的足够好？”Kevin Pollpeter，加州大学全球冲突和合作圣地亚哥分校中国军事创新专家说，“如果他们有足够数量足够好的武器系统，或许这一天就到来了”
LIMITS OF EMBARGO
Russia remains China&s most important outside source of arms and technical assistance. The Chinese navy&s best-known vessel -its sole aircraft carrier, the Liaoning - was purchased from Ukraine. A U.S. Navy vessel nearly collided with a Chinese warship last week while maneuvering near the Liaoning, during a time of heightened tensions over Beijing&s recent declaration of a new air-defense zone in the East China Sea.
European hardware and know-how fills critical gaps, however. It wasn&t supposed to play out this way.
The European Union has had an official embargo on arms shipments to China since the 1989 Tiananmen crackdown. Washington imposes even tighter restrictions on transfers of U.S. military technology to China, inspiring energetic efforts by Beijing to smuggle American gear and know-how. Europe&s embargo, however, has been far more loosely interpreted and enforced. Thus weapons and, perhaps more importantly for the PLA, dual-use technology have steadily flowed from America&s European allies to China.
EU arms makers have been granted licenses to export weapons worth almost 3 billion euros ($4.1 billion) to China in the 10 years to 2011, according to official figures from Brussels collated by the London-based Campaign Against Arms Trade. EU governments approved the sale of aircraft, warships, imaging equipment, tanks, chemical agents and ammunition, according to official figures.
Michael Mann, an EU spokesman in Brussels, said the EU arms embargo issued in June 1989 &does not refer to dual use goods.& It is up to individual member states to exercise control over such goods, Mann said.
禁运极限
俄国依然是中国武器和技术支持最重要的境外来源。中国海军最知名的军船-唯一的航空母舰辽宁号-就是采购自乌克兰。就在北京最近发布中国东海上空新的防空区以来高度紧张期间，上周一艘美国海军舰艇在演习时靠近辽宁号，几乎和中国军舰发生了冲撞。
欧洲硬件和专有技术填补关键差距，然而，却不该以这种方式。
欧盟对军火出口到中国进行正式禁运,而美国对中国的武器禁运更加严格，使得中国大量的走私美国的武器和技术。而欧洲对中国的武器禁运则要宽松的多。这样，武器以及（或许对解放军更加重要的）军民两用技术就源源不断的从美国的欧洲盟友那里流向中国。
到2011年为止的10年间，欧盟武器制造商向中国出口的授权武器出口额达到了接近30亿欧元，这是欧盟发布的官方数据，该数据由位于伦敦的“反对武器贸易运动”组织整理提供。根据官方数据，欧盟政府批准了飞机，战舰，成像设备，以及化学药剂和弹药。
位于布鲁塞尔的一位欧盟发言人说，欧盟于1989年6月开始的武器禁运“并没有包含军民两用技术产品。”他说，由各成员国自行决定是否出口军民两用产品。
From China&s perspective, France and the UK interpret the arms embargo most generously, mostly blocking only lethal items or complete weapons systems. France was by far the biggest EU supplier, accounting for almost 2 billion euros of these licenses. The United Kingdom ranked second with almost 600 million euros, followed by Italy with 161 million euros. The value of weapons actually shipped is difficult to extract from the data because some countries, including the UK and Germany, don&t report these figures.
从中国的角度来看，法国和英国实行的武器禁运是最慷慨的，大多只阻止致命的物品或完整的武器系统。
法国是目前为止最大的欧盟供应商，占这些授权中的近20亿欧元。英国排名第二近6亿欧元，其次是意大利1.61亿欧元。实际交付的武器价值很难从数据中获得，因为一些国家，包括英国和德国，不报道这些数据。
The value of German export licenses for weapons was a relatively modest 32 million euros in the decade to 2011. However, EU arms trade figures don&t include dual-use technology that in many cases can be sold without licenses. Examples of such technology include many kinds of diesel engines. The same applies to transfers of commercial aerospace design software that can be used for fighters, bombers and unmanned aerial vehicles.
德国授权出口的武器价值是相对适度的，到2011年为止的十年中有3200万欧元。然而，欧盟武器贸易数据不包括军民两用技术，在许多情况下，没有授权也可以销售。这种技术的例子包括各种柴油发动机。商业航空航天设计软件同样如此，可用于战斗机，轰炸机和无人机。
Arms industry experts say dual-use transfers are almost certainly more valuable to the PLA than the actual weapons Europe has delivered. But it&s impossible to calculate a hard number for European-Chinese trade: The EU lacks a consistent system for tracking these transfers amid the vast flow of goods, services and intellectual property to China. Europe shipped goods worth 143.9 billion euros to China in 2012, according to EU trade statistics.
军工行业专家说军用两用技术的转让对中国人民解放军来说几乎可以肯定比欧洲实际交付的武器更有价值。但不可能统计中欧贸易的硬数据：在众多商品、服务和知识产权向中国流动的过程中，欧盟缺乏持续性系统来跟踪这些交易转让。根据欧盟贸易统计数据，2012年欧洲对中国的贸易额是1439亿欧元。
Critics of the EU&s arms trade with China say member states have failed to devise a system to enforce the embargo. They say this reflects the loose structure of the EU, where each member state interprets the restrictions differently according to domestic law, regulations and trade policies.
欧盟与中国的军火贸易的批评者说成员国未能设计出一个系统来实施禁运。他们说这反映了欧盟的松散结构，其中每个成员国根据国内的法律、法规和贸易政策，对禁运的解释不同。
Geography plays a role, too: The distance between Europe and Asia means there is ambivalence about the rapid growth of Chinese military power. From Europe, China looks like an opportunity, not a threat.
地理位置也发挥了作用：欧洲和亚洲之间的距离意味着对中国军事力量的迅速增长持矛盾的心态。在欧洲看来，中国看起来像一个机会而不是威胁。
SELLING COMPONENTS
销售组件
The embargo is nevertheless an embarrassment for B senior Chinese officials routinely call for it to be lifted, and pressure from Washington keeps it in place. That means the sale of complete weapons like the pan-European Eurofighter, German submarines or Spanish aircraft carriers remain impossible for the foreseeable future.
禁运对北京来说只是一种尴尬；中国高级官员经常性呼吁解除，而来自华盛顿的压力迫使维持在原位。这意味着出售完整的武器，像泛欧洲的欧洲战机，德国潜艇或者是西班牙航母，在可以预见的未来，这些依然不可能。
In the meantime, Europe has discovered a lucrative trade selling components, particularly if they incorporate dual-use technologies that fall outside the embargo.
与此同时，欧洲发现销售组件是有利可图的，特别是如果他们整合军民两用技术，则超出禁运的范围。
&Nobody sells entire weapons systems,& says Otfried Nassauer, director of the Berlin Information Centre for Transatlantic Security and an expert on Germany&s arms trade. &But components, especially pricey high tech components, that works OK.&
“米有人销售完整的武器系统，”Otfried Nassauer说道，他是跨大西洋安全柏林信息中心主任以及德国武器贸易专家。“但是组件，尤其是昂贵的高科技组件，卖的很好。”
Under Beijing&s long-term policies to promote innovation, domestic arms makers are encouraged to import the foreign technology that China lacks. The challenge is to adapt this range of components and know-how into locally built weapons.
在北京促进创新的长期政策下，国内的武器制造商被鼓励引进中国缺乏的国外技术。挑战在于适应这一系列组件并知道如何将其融入本地武器的构建之中。
One example is how German engine makers have contributed technology to support China&s expanding fleet of support vessels that monitor satellites and missiles.
有一个例子是德国发动机制造商贡献了技术支持中国舰队扩充能够监控卫星和导弹的支援船的舰队。
Man Diesel & Turbo last year announced it would supply engines built under license in China for two new transport vessels for the China Satellite Maritime Tracking and Controlling Department, part of the PLA&s General Armament Department (GAD). The GAD oversees weapons research and development and manages all of China&s military and civilian space operations, including the tracking of satellites and missiles. The European engine maker will also supply gear boxes, propellers and propulsion control systems for the ships from its Danish manufacturing unit, it said.
曼恩柴油机与涡轮机公司去年声称在中国的许可下为两艘新的运输舰提供发动机，这两艘运输舰属于解放军总装备部（GAD）下的中国卫星海上跟踪和控制部门。解放军总装备部监督武器研发和管理中国所有的军用和民用空间操作，包括跟踪卫星和导弹。欧洲发动机制造商也为舰船提供了齿轮箱，螺旋桨和推进控制系统，这些来自其丹麦制造子公司。
A spokesman for Man Diesel & Turbo said about 250 of its engines had been made under license in China and supplied to the Chinese navy. The company also provided some selected services and spare parts including fuel equipment.
曼恩柴油机和涡轮制造公司的一名发言人表示，大约250个引擎在中国的许可下被制造，并提供给中国海军。公司同时还提供了一些选择性服务以及包括燃油装置在内的备用配件。
&All our business does fully comply with the applicable export control or embargo regulations set by Germany and the European Union,& the spokesman said. He added that Pielstick brand engines supplied to the PLA navy by Chinese licensees were not subject to export approval. &None of these engines is specifically designed for military purposes,& he said. &There is a broad variety of civil applications for these engines, too.&
“我们所有的业务完全遵守适用的出口管制或由德国和欧盟规定的禁运条例，”发言人说道。他补充道这些由中国授权并提供给中国海军的Pielstick牌发动机并不需要得到出口许可。“这些发动机都不是专门设计用于军事目的，”他说。“这些引擎在民用上也很广泛。”
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----------------------------------------------我一直在思考一个问题
这个世界到底是谁在管
张友人？释迦牟尼？穆罕默德？耶和华？
回复时间： 11:03
UNDERWATER DISASTER
水下灾难
Reliable submarine engines top Beijing&s shopping list, and China&s navy has good reason to want the best.
可信赖的潜艇发动机一直位于北京购物单的首列，中国海军有足够的理由希望最好的。
In the late spring of 2003, a disabled Chinese submarine was found drifting, partly submerged, in the Bohai Sea off China&s northern coast. When the boat was raised, rescuers found all 70 of its crew dead. Their deaths were blamed on &mechanical difficulties,& according to reports at the time in China&s state-controlled media. The outcome of any inquiry was never made public.
2003年暮春，在中国渤海北部海岸发现了一艘残缺的中国潜艇漂浮于水面，部分淹没在水里。当船被捞起时，救援人员发现70名船员已经全部死亡。根据当时的中国官方媒体报道，他们的死亡归咎于”机械故障“。任何调查结果从未公开。
Since then, submariners all over the world have speculated about what went wrong aboard Ming class submarine number 361, a Chinese copy of an obsolete Russian design. Most agree it was probably a fault with its diesels. The engines either didn&t shut down immediately when the submarine submerged, sucking the oxygen out of the hull in minutes, or the suffocating exhaust vented internally rather than outside the hull. Either way, the outcome was catastrophic.
自那以后，世界各种地的潜水艇工作人员都在推测这艘编号361的明级潜艇到底哪里出了问题，明级潜艇模仿的是俄罗斯的老式设计。大多数人认为这可能是柴油机出了问题。潜艇下潜时，发动机没有立即关闭，几分钟内抽干了船体内的氧气，或者令人窒息的废气排向室内而不是船体外。不管怎样，结果是灾难性的。
It was one of Communist China&s worst peacetime military disasters, and the navy chief and three other senior officers were sacked. But the People&s Liberation Army navy was already taking delivery of diesels from MTU. Engineers at the Wuchang Shipyard on the Yangtze River were fitting these power plants in China&s first indigenously designed and built conventional submarines, the Song class.
这是共产主义中国和平时期军事最严重的灾难之一，海军首领和其他三名高级官员被解职。但中国人民解放军海军已经提货从MTU买了柴油机。位于长江的武昌造船厂的工程师把这些动力装安装在了中国第一个自主设计并建造的宋级常规潜艇上。
MTU is a unit of Germany&s Tognum Group, which is jointly owned by UK-based multinational Rolls Royce Group PLC and Germany&s Daimler AG. Contracts with the PLA and powerful defense manufacturers give MTU and its parent influence in competing for contracts in China&s massive civilian market. China&s biggest arms maker, China North Industries Group Corporation, or Norinco, has been making MTU engines under license since 1986.
MTU是德国托克纳集团的一个单位，该集团为英国劳斯莱斯以及德国的戴姆勒共同所有。和中国人民解放军以及强大的国防制造商的合同让MTU极其母公司在中国巨大的民用市场的合同竞争中具有影响力。中国最大的军火制造商，中国北方工业集团公司，或北方工业，自1986年以来一直在许可下做MTU引擎。
In 2010, Tognum opened a joint venture with Norinco to assemble large, high speed MTU diesel engines and emergency generators at a plant in the city of Datong in Shanxi Province. A major goal of the joint venture is to win orders for emergency backup generators for China&s expanding roster of nuclear power plants, Tognum said in a press statement. MTU engines are also built under license at the Shaanxi Diesel Engine Heavy Industry Co Ltd, a subsidiary of one of China&s two sprawling military and commercial shipbuilders.
2010年，托克纳集团在山西大同开了一个与北方工业合资组装大型高速MTU柴油发动机和应急发电机的工厂。合资企业的一个主要目标是赢得对为中国扩大的核电站提供紧急备用发电机的订单，托克纳集团在新闻声明中说。MTU引擎也被许可在陕西柴油机重工有限公司建造， 陕西柴油机重工有限公司是中国两个庞大的军事和商业造船企业之一的一个子公司。
Submarine diesel technology is hardly new, but these engines are built to exacting standards to ensure reliability under extreme conditions. MTU has been building them for more than 50 years. The engine delivered to China for the Song and Yuan classes, the MTU 396 SE84 series, is one of the world&s most widely used submarine power plants. Each of the Chinese submarines has three MTU diesels, according to technical specifications listed in Chinese military affairs journals and websites.
潜艇柴油机技术已经见怪不怪，但这些引擎是必须以严格的标准制造，以确保在极端条件下的可靠性。MTU已经制造潜艇柴油机50多年了。装配给宋、元级潜艇的MTU 396 SE84系列发动机是世界上最广泛使用的潜艇动力装备之一。，根据中国军事杂志和网站列出的技术参数，每艘宋、元潜艇都配有三个MTU柴油机。
China&s military is reluctant to acknowledge the role of foreign technology in its latest weapons, preferring to recognize the performance of its domestic designers and arms makers. But articles in maritime magazines and naval websites have credited the close relationship between MTU and China&s domestic industry for providing the Song class with &the world&s most advanced submarine power system.&
中国军队不愿意承认外国技术在其最新武器中的作用，而更愿意承认国内设计师和武器制造商的绩效。但海事杂志和海军网站上的文章相信MTU和中国国内工业之间的密切关系，提供了宋级”世界上最先进的潜艇电力系统。”
In its promotional brochures, MTU says almost 250 of these engines in service with submarines around the world have each racked up over 310,000 hours in operation. Some have also been fitted to nuclear submarines as back-up power plants, the company says. MTU also sells different versions of the 396 series for use in locomotives, power generation and mining.
在宣传册里，MTU宣称将近250个这种发动机服务于世界各地的潜艇上，每一个累积了超过310,000小时的运作。该公司表示一些也被安装在核潜艇上作为备用电站。MTU还销售不同版本的396系列用于机车、发电和采矿。
A spokesman for the Federal Office for Economics and Export Control (BAFA), the German authority that has to approve dual-use exports, said exports of diesel engines built especially for military use would be illegal. Engines that can be used for both civilian and military purposes would have to be approved by BAFA, he said - and in the case of China, such dual-use engines &would probably not be approvable.& He declined to comment specifically, however, about the MTU diesel engine sales to China&s navy.
德国批准两用技术出口的联邦经济和出口控制办公室的发言人说用于军事目的柴油发动机的出口是非法的。可军民两用的柴油机的出口必须得到该办公室的批准，他说，而就中国而言，“这样的出口是不会被批准的。”但他拒绝就MTU柴油机销售到中国一事做出评论。
STEALTHY SUBMARINES
隐形潜艇
Top quality diesel engines like the MTU designs minimize vibration and noise, reducing the risk of detection by enemy sonar. In the hands of a capable crew, modern diesel submarines can be fiendishly difficult to detect. When using their electric motors, they are significantly stealthier than nuclear submarines such as those in service with the United States, naval warfare experts say. For a relatively modest investment, a diesel electric sub could sink a hugely expensive aircraft carrier or surface warship.
MTU设计的优质柴油发动机可减少振动和噪声，降低被敌人的声纳探测到的风险。在一个能干的船员手中，现代柴油潜艇可以极其难以检测。海战专家说，当使用它们的电动马达时，他们比美国现役的那些潜艇更加静悄悄。作为一个相对适度的投资，柴油电动潜水艇能够使一艘巨大的昂贵的航母或者水面舰艇下沉。
With whisper-quiet engines, China&s best conventional submarines armed with modern torpedoes and missiles may pose the biggest danger to any potential adversary - including the U.S. Navy. Beijing&s naval strategists are banking on their growing fleet of subs to keep the Americans and their allies far away from strategic flashpoints in the event of conflict, such as Taiwan or disputed territories in the East China Sea and South China Sea.
使用静音引擎，中国最好的常规潜艇装备上现代鱼雷和导弹，可能对任何潜在的对手造成最大的危险――包括美国海军。北京的海军战略家寄希望于他们不断壮大的潜艇舰队，让美国及其盟友远离冲突事件的战略爆发点，比如台湾，或者中国东海及南海的争议海域。
That means the Pentagon&s favored method of modern warfare - parking carriers near the coast of an enemy and conducting massive air strikes - would be very risky in any clash with China.
这意味着五角大楼的青睐的现代战争的方法――将航母停在敌人的海岸附近，并进行大规模空袭-----在任何与中国的冲突中会非常的危险。
The PLA navy has already demonstrated this capability. In 2006, a Song class submarine shocked the U.S. Navy when it surfaced about five miles from the U.S. aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk, well within torpedo range, in waters off the Japanese island of Okinawa. The Chinese boat had been undetected while it was apparently shadowing the U.S. carrier and its escorts, U.S. officials later confirmed.
中国海军已经显示出这种能力。2006年，一艘潜艇在距离美国“小鹰”号航母五英里处浮出水面，震惊了美国海军，同样还出现在日本冲绳岛海域的鱼雷范围内。美国官员后来证实，这艘中国船只一直跟在美国航母极其护卫舰只身后而未被发现。
PLA submarines are becoming much more active. Recorded Chinese submarine patrols increased steadily from four in 2001 to 18 in 2011, according to U.S. Naval Intelligence data supplied in response to freedom of information requests from a Federation of American Scientists researcher, Hans M. Kristensen.
中国潜艇越来越活跃。根据美国海军情报数据，中国潜艇巡逻次数从2001年的4次稳步增加到2011年的18次，这份数据是对美国科学家联合会研究员Hans M. Kristensen关于信息自由请求的回复。
A senior U.S. Navy official declined to comment on German delivery of diesel engines to China, but said the United States is well aware of the challenges such submarines pose. &Diesel engines are notoriously difficult to detect, but we are also always investing in improving own capabilities to make our submarines quieter,& the official said.
美国海军一名高级官员拒绝评论德国提供柴油发动机给中国，但他表示美国很好的意识到了这样的潜艇带来的挑战。“柴油发动机是出了名的难以察觉，但我们也总是投资于提高自己的能力，让我们的潜艇更安静，”这名官员说道。
(Additional reporting by John Shiffman in Washington and Sabine Siebold in Berlin. Edited by Bill Tarrant and Michael Williams)
（额外的报道来自华盛顿的John Shiffman以及柏林的 Sabine Siebold，由Bill Tarrant 和 Michael Williams编辑）
评论翻译:
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Toecutter 1 day ago
The west sows the seeds of it&s own destruction.
支持74 反对19
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西方埋下自我毁灭的种子。
November 23 hours ago
There is no difference between Europe selling weapon to China versus US selling weapons to SE Asia countries.
支持27 反对13
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欧洲出售武器给中国与美国出售武器给东南亚国家相比，没有任何区别。
Steven 23 hours ago
Nothing about these silent sub can or can not be arm with nukes. If so, US mainland is much more vunlerable once war is started. China already declared first strike option is open if they determine threat to China is immediate. I hope US knows what they are doing, as the Chinese are not Russian. They don&t have much tolerance to cat/mouse games like the cold war with USSR.
支持9 反对3
对这些沉默的潜水艇可不可以装备核武器知之甚少。如果是这样， 一旦战争开始 ，美洲大陆更脆弱。中国已经宣布放开首先发动攻击的限制，一旦受到威胁中国将立即反击。我希望美国知道他们正在做什么，因为中国不是俄罗斯。他们没有多少耐性和冷战时期的苏联一样玩猫捉老鼠的游戏。
Frank 23 hours ago 8 31
I read somewhere or saw on TV that a one megaton nuclear bomb that would be detonated high over the center of the United States would cause an electro magnetic pulse that would destroy our entire electrical grid for as long as ten years..........That could be accomplished by a country like china who has both nuclear bombs at its disposal and the means to deliver them......We live in perilous times.
支持31 反对8
我曾经读过或者是在电视上看到过，一颗百万吨级的核炸弹在美国中心区域爆炸，形成的电磁脉冲将会破坏整个输电网络长达十年......这对于像中国这样拥有核弹并能够发射的国家来说不是难事......我们生活在一个危险的时代。
Zion 23 hours ago 0 16
Indeed, Money is the root of all kinds of evil...
支持16 反对0
事实上，金钱是一切罪恶之源。
notaradicalrepub 22 hours ago 6 36
Yeah, we spent billions developing the Patriot missle and we gave it to Israel and they changed the name to sparrow and sold it to China!
支持36 反对6
是的，我们花了数十亿美元开发爱国者防空导弹，然后将它给以色列。可是以色列却将它改名为“麻雀”并卖给中国!
robert 22 hours ago 4 14
This is all possible because greedy Americans are addicted to cheap Chinese labor.
支持14 反对4
这都是有可能的，因为贪婪的美国人沉迷于廉价的中国劳工。
cronos 22 hours ago 0 3
Please tell your children, christmas gifts are made in china not in north pole..
支持3 反对0
请告诉你的孩子，圣诞礼物在中国而不是在北极。
What? 22 hours ago 4 8
China&s military paid for by U.S. CEO&s. Capitalism has turned into GROSS TREASONIST GREED.
支持8 反对4
中国的军事由美国首席执行官支付。资本主义已经变成了恶心贪婪的背叛者。
Julio 22 hours ago 9 37
Interesting. No doubt Chinese military capabilities are increasing as is evident by their push to extend their sphere of influence/control eastward into the Pacific. I would not however be to quick to push the &panic button&. In spite of recent advances, the PLA and it&s naval arm remain at a significant technical and operational disadvantage to the United States. Can they inflict some damage?? Heck yeah. Can they prevail in an all out conflict?? I&d still put my money on the US of A.
支持37 反对9
有趣。中国军事能力提高是显而易见的，他们向东努力扩大自己的势力范围，进入太平洋。但是我不会快速按下“紧急按钮”。尽管有一些最新进展，但是中国人民解放军和他的海军相比美国依然在技术和运作上处于劣势。他们能造成一些损害吗? ?见鬼啊。他们能在一场全面冲突中占据优势吗? ?我还是会把钱押在美国身上。
Ben 22 hours ago 5 3
Lets not forget the technology sales by Clinton/Gore. Plus the Chinese Communist steal everything they can.
支持3 反对5
不要忘记克林顿和戈尔的技术出售。再加上中国共产党窃取一切他们可以窃取的东西。
Pathdoc 22 hours ago 1 3
.............and nearly EVERYONE of the Chinese weapons has chips and software which has long been compromised by the US which can disable or takeover the weapons in case of War.
All the Fear mongering has a purpose - MONEY, MONEY, MONEY !!!!!!!
支持3 反对1
几乎所有中国武器的芯片和软件一直以来都被美国威胁，一旦发生战事，美国可以瘫痪或者占有这些武器。
所有恐慌源于一个目的――钱,钱,钱! ! ! ! ! ! !
----------------------------------------------我一直在思考一个问题
这个世界到底是谁在管
张友人？释迦牟尼？穆罕默德？耶和华？
回复时间： 21:01
我绝对相信。
回复时间： 16:50
就开战，军械库里运往战场的装备里将有许多是来自一些与美国最亲密的盟友：德国，法国和英国。
大多数中国先进水面舰艇是德国和法国设计的柴油发动机。驱逐舰装有来自法国的声呐，反潜直升机和地对空导弹。
战场上空，英国喷气发动机则驱动着解放军战斗轰炸机和反舰攻击机。最新型侦察机配有英国的机载预警雷达。一些中国最好的攻击和运输直升机依靠欧洲直升机公司的设计，其为泛欧航空航天和国防巨头EADS公司下
回复时间： 16:51
所有中国武器的芯片和软件一直以来都被美国威胁，一旦发生战事，美国可以瘫痪或者占有这些武器。
所有恐慌源于一个目的――钱,钱,钱! ! ! !
