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＞＞＞---_______ does harm to your health.--- I will ______ and l..
---_______ does harm to your health.&--- I will ______ and live a healthy life. A．S give up itB．S give up itC．S give up smokingD．S give it up
题型：单选题难度：中档来源：不详
D本题主要考查的是：动词不能直接作为主语，必须用动词的非谓语形式，同时，动词与副词构成的词组，后接的宾语为名词时，可以放在动词与副词之间或副词之后，但是如果宾语为人称代词宾格时，应该位于两者之间，故选D
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“---_______ does harm to your health.--- I will ______ and l..”主要考查你对&&实义动词，实义动词的单数第三人称形式，动词短语&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
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实义动词实义动词的单数第三人称形式动词短语
实意动词：即行为动词，表示动作的动词。实义动词与系动词是相对的，能独立用作谓语。它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种：及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词。实意动词使用方法：及物动词后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如：I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久?”Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。不及物动词本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如：Birds fly.鸟会飞。It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。My watch stopped.我的表停了。She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。兼作及物动词和不及物动词英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词)They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?英汉实意动词用法比较：与汉语的比较，有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况：a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如arrive到达，agree同意，listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如：We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较：We reached the railway station at noon.)Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较：We all heard the lecture.)Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如serve为…服务。Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务用于be动词之后，实义动词之前。&实意动词的用法：肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其它否定句：主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他一般过去式：Did+主语+动词原型+其他在一般现在时的肯定句中，当主语为非第三人称单数时，谓语动词用原形；当主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词用单数第三人称形式。实义动词的一般现在时的单数第三人称形式遵从“s，es, ies”六字母规则。如下表所示：
实意动词单数第三人称变化规律：注意：不规则变化的有have—has， be—is， go—goes， do—does 一般现在时，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式&主语是第三人称单数有以下几种情况：&
（1）&不可数名词做主语：Some&water&is&in&the&glass&
（2）&单个的可数名词做主语：
The&girl&is&Chinese.&&My&watch&is&on&the&dresser.&
（3）&He&,she&,&it&等代词单个做主语:&He&is&in&the&tree.&She&likes&her&family&very&much.&（4）&单个的人名，地名或称呼作主语：Mary&is&a&doctor.&&Uncle&Li&speaks&a&little&English.&&&Changchun&is&a&beautiful&city.&
（5）&指示代词this,&that&等作主语:&This&is&a&pear.&&That&is&an&apple&.&
（6）&Everyone,&everything&,something,&nobody,&nothing.等不定代词作主语时&Is&everyone&here&today?&&&Everything&is&ok&.&
（7）单个数字作主语时：”8”&is&a&good&number&in&China.动词单数第三人称形式的一般现在时的句子的否定句、疑问句及特殊疑问句。&&&&
否定句：在主语的后面实义动词前加doesn’t(注意实义动词应恢复原形。)&&&&&
主语（单三）+doesn’&+&动词原形+其他&
Jim&likes&football变否定：&Jim&doesn’t&like&football&&&&&&&&&&&&&
He&has&lunch&at&school.&变否定：He&doesn’t&have&lunch&at&school.&&&
一般疑问句及答语，在句子前面加助动词does.&实义动词恢复原形&&&&&
Does&+主语（单三）+&动词原形+其他&
Does&your&father&work&?&Yes,&he&does.&/No,&he&doesn’t&&&&
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句&
特殊疑问词+&does&+主语（单三）+&动词原形+其他&&&&&&&&&
Where&does&a&bird&live&?&&&&&&&&&
How&does&she&go&to&school？&动词短语：由动词和动短语成，或以动词为中心，功能同动词的短语叫动词短语,动词短语是动词的一种固定搭配形式，动词短语的搭配可分为下列四种基本类型。 动词短语搭配形式：1．动词+副词 ①作及物动词，例：&He brought up his children strictly． 　　 从以上的例句中可以看出，在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置有两种情况：宾语如是名词，则可置于副词后面，亦可置于动词和副词之间。而如果宾语是代词，只能置于动词后面，即动词和副词之间。 　　 ②作不及物动词，例： 　　&Something unexpected has turned up． 出现了令人意外的情况。（turn up=appear） 　　 ③既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，例： 　　 The barrel of gunpowder blew up．（不及物）火药桶爆炸了。 　　 The soldiers blew up the bridge．（及物）士兵们把桥炸毁了。 2．动词+介词&动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词，宾语总是在介词后面，例：I don’t much care for television．我不很喜欢电视。（care for=like） 3．动词+副词+介词 在这类动词短语中，动词、副词、介词紧密结合，是动副词组和动介词组的合成体，词义上相当于一个及物动词。它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点，但宾语总是位于介词之后，例：&We must work hard to make up for lost time．我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。（make up for＝compensate） 4．动词+名词 这类动词短语中的常见动词是have，take，give，make等，后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词，并表达了短语动词的真正意义，例： 　　&Let’s have another try．让我们再试一下。（have a try=v．try） 　 5．动词+名词+介词 　　&这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度，宾语总是位于介词之后，&例：Keep an eye on the baby while I am out．我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。 　　 6．be+形容词（包括过去分词作形容词）+介词 　　&这类动词短语也相当于及物动词，宾语位于介词后面，形容词是短语动词的真正词义， 例：I know he is slow at understanding，but you have to be patient with him. 我知道他理解力差，但你得对他耐心些。 动词短语与短语动词:一、短语动词(1)短语动词常常是两个词（一个动词+一个副词性小品）构成，如：wake up , get up ,turn out 等。
(2)同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词，构成不同意义的短语动词。如：He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.
(3）短语动词用法普遍，尤其在非正式语言中：
我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。
我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .
短语动词的类型
Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :
Monday ,February 5th.
*有些短语动词不带宾语：
The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.
*多数主短语动词可以带宾语，宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后：
动词+副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词
I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.
如果宾语较长，则通常放在副词之后：
I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)
如果宾语是代词，其结构通常如下：
动词+代词+副词性小品词
I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)
*有些短语动词是由三个词构成的（动词+副词性小品词+介词），这样，宾语就只能放在介词后面：
I don`t get on with the people at work.短语动词由动词加上介词或副词小品词构成。比如：1. 由动词break构成的常见短语动词有：break away (from) 突然逃离；断绝往来，脱离；改掉，破除break down （机器等）坏了；（计划等）失败；（谈话等）中断；（健康等）变坏；感情失去控制break in 突然进来，强行进入；插嘴，打岔；训练，使适应break into 强行进入；突然…起来；打断，插嘴；占用时间break off 停止讲话；暂停，休息；（使）折断break out （火灾、战争等）突然发生，爆发break through 突破；克服，征服；强行穿过；（太阳等）从云层里出来break up 解散，驱散；（学校等）放假；结束，破裂；击碎；绝交break with 与…绝交，与…决裂2. 又如由bring构成的常用短语动词有：bring about 引起，实现，导致bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法；使苏醒；顺便把某人带来串门bring back 送还；使想起，使恢复bring down 击落；打死，打伤；使倒下；降低bring forth 产生，引起，结果bring in 收获；获利；介绍，引进；聘请；逮捕bring off 从船上救出；设法做成bring on 带来，引起；促使生长；帮助提高bring out 取出，拿出；显示出，使出来；出版bring over 说服，使改变（思想等）bring through 使度过（困难，危机等）bring together 使和解bring up 提出，提起；抚养，培养；呕吐二、动词短语动词短语由动词加上宾语或状语构成。如：break a glass 打破一个玻璃杯break one’s leg 摔断腿break a window 打破窗户break the rules 违反规定break a bad habit 改掉坏习惯break the world record 打破世界记录bread easily 容易断break to pieces 破成碎片bring a book 带来一本书bring sb sth 给某人带来某物bring sb great satisfaction 给某人带来极大的快慰bring death and famine 导致死亡和饥荒初中英语动词短语整理：1. breakbreak down破坏，出毛病，拆开break off暂停，中断 break in破门而入， 打断break into破门而入，突然…起来 break out爆发 break away from打破陈规；奋力挣脱；放弃习惯 break through 出现，突破break up打碎，拆散， 分裂、分解
2. callcall at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。call away 叫走，叫开…;转移(注意力等)。call back唤回; 回电话;call for需要，要求call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来，喊着叫人取来某物call in 叫进，请进; 找来，请来;来访；收回call off取消; 叫走，转移开call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人call sb sth 为某人叫某物call (up)on sb to do sth 叫(请)某人做某事call up给…打电话;& 想起，回忆起; 召集，应召入伍&&& call out大喊，高叫; 叫出去3. comecome down下跌，落，降，传下来&&& come in进来&& come out出版，结果是come on来临/ 快点&&& come along一道来，赶快come over走过来&&& come up发芽，走近&&&&& come back回来&&& come from来自，源自4. cutcut down砍倒，削减&& cut up连根拔除，切碎5. diedie of死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）die from死于（外界原因）&&&& die out绝种6. fallfall behind落后& fall down掉下，跌倒 fall into 落入；陷入fall off 从。。。掉下 fall out与。。。争吵7. gogo along沿着。。。。走go through通过，经受 go over复习，检查&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go up（价格）上涨，建造起来&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go against违反&& go away离开go by时间过去&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go down降低，（日、月）西沉go on(with)继续进行&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go out外出，熄灭&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go off发出响声8. getget down下来，记下，使沮丧&&&&&&&&& get on进展，进步，穿上，上车&&&&&&&&&&& get off脱下,下车get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假get over克服，从疾病中恢复&& get along with进展，相处get up起床&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& get into (trouble) 陷入困境中&&&&&&&&&&&&&& get back取回，收回&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& get out 出去get to 到达。。。9. givegive away赠送，泄露，出卖&&&&&&&& give out发出，疲劳，分发，&&&&&& give in (to sb.) 屈服give up放弃，让（座位）10. handhand in交上，提交hand out分发&&&& 11.holdhold on to…继续，坚持hold up举起，使停顿 hold on别挂电话，等，坚持&&&&&
12. keep&&&&&&& keep up with跟上keep out 不使。。。进入&&&&&&&&&&&&&& keep from克制，阻止keep away from避开，不接近， keep on继续，坚持下来keep down 使。。。处于低水平&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 13.knockknock at/on敲knock into撞到某人身上&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 14. looklook up查找，向上看& look through翻阅，浏览&&&&& look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找look out(for)当心&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& look about / around/round四下查看look forward to盼望&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 15. makemake up编造，打扮，组成&&&&&&&&&&& make into / of / from 制成&&&&&&&&&&& 16.pass&&&&& pass by经过&&&&&&&&&&&&&& pass down(on)…to传给 17. paypay back还钱，报复& pay for付钱，因…得到报应&& 18. pickpick up拾起，接人，站起，收听，pick out挑选，辨认，看出&& 19. putput up张贴，举起，&&& put out伸出，扑灭&&&&&&&&&&&& put off推迟&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& put into放进，翻译put away放好，存钱&&&&&&&&&&& put down记下，平息put on穿戴，上映，&&&&&&&&&&&&&& put aside放到一边&&&&&&&&& put back放回20. standstand out 突显，引人注目stand up 起立，站起来38.其它常用词组wake up 醒，唤醒，弄醒stay up 不睡觉；熬夜depend on依靠；取决于worry about为。。。担忧laugh at嘲笑。。。begin with以。。。开始mix up混合、搀和major in 主修grow up成长open up 打开，张开；开发end up到达或来到某处； 达到某状态throw away 丢弃。。。ask for要求。。。wait for等待。。。agree with同意。。。find out（经研究或询问）获知某事send out 发出，放出，射出search for 搜索，搜查chop down 砍到have.. on 穿着。。。step out of 跨步走出drop out of 从。。。掉出happen to 发生在。。。belong to属于arrive in /at到达。。。try on试穿。。。vote on对。。。进行投票strech out伸展。。。hang out闲逛leave for离开前往 sell out 卖完、售完show up 出席；露面21. runrun after追逐，追捕&&& run away逃跑&& run off跑掉，迅速离开&&&&&&& run out of用完22. setset up建立&&&&&&& set off 激起，引起&&&&&& 23. taketake after 与…相像take off脱掉，起飞&& take away拿走&& take up从事，占用（时间空间）&&& take down记录，取下&&&&&&& take back收回take pride in以… ……为自豪, take the place of 代替24. thinkthink of想起，考虑，对…看法&&& think out（自然）想出办法&& think up想出（设计出、发明、编造） think about考虑&&&&&& think over仔细考虑&&&&&& 25. turnturn off / on打开&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& turn to翻到，转向，求助turn down调低，拒绝&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& turn back返回，转回去turn round转过身来&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& turn up向上翻，出现，音量调大&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 26. care care about 担心，关心；在乎，介意care for 关心，关怀，照顾27. cleanclean up 把…打扫干净，把…收拾整齐clean out 清除；把…打扫干净28.learnlearn about 获悉，得知，认识到learn from& 从/向。。。学习29. fightfight for..争取获得…fight against 争取克服、战胜…fight with…与。。。搏斗/战斗30. dreamdream of梦想，想橡dream about 梦到。。。31. workwork for 为。。工作work out 产生结果；发展；成功32. argueargue with …与。。。争论argue about..争论。。。33. complaincomplain to 向。。抱怨complain about抱怨。。。34. hear hear of 听说，得知hear about听到。。。的事，听到。。的话hear from接到。。。的信35. talktalk about 讨论。。。talk with/to..和。。。讨论36. livelive in 住在。。。live on 以。。。为主食&
发现相似题
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304959301845275651302675270550281754There is clear evidence _____ smoking does harm to our health.A.whereB.whatC.whichD.that_百度作业帮
There is clear evidence _____ smoking does harm to our health.A.whereB.whatC.whichD.that
答案D考查同位语从句.该同位语从句对evidence进行解释说明,用that引导起该同位语从句,that在句中不充当任何成分,没有任何意思.Smoking and Health
文章来源： 文章作者： 发布时间： 02:33
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
Smoking and Health　Today cigarette smoking is a widespread habit all over the world. It was reported recently that smokers make up one quarter of the world population， while in China， 33.9 precent above the age of 15 are smokers. It's a very serious problem because not only the old， the youth， but also middle school students and girls have been engaged in smoking.　Many heavy smokers say they cannot leave off， although they know smoking is harmful to their health and they have tried again and again to stop.&Scientific research shows that smoking is not only harmful to smokers themselves， but also a threat to public health， especially to women and children. The poisonous gas from smoking is one of the major causes of many kinds of diseases. Therefore， many countries have worked out laws forbidding smokers to smoke in public places such as cinemas， hospitals and stations.&Smoking and Health&&We meet smokers everywhere. There are 6.5 billion people in the world, and about 1.2 billion of them are smokers, which make up to 20 percent of the world&s total population. Not only the old, the youth, but also middle school students have been engaged in smoking. Many of them think that smoking is a smart symbol.&&Smoking harmful to the health of smokers. First, those who smoke too much may not live long. Smoking may cause many diseases. The most serious one is lung cancer. Smoking costs a great deal of money.second, smoking is hazardous to the health of others. If all smokers give up smoking, we can enjoy clearer air.&&Luckily, more and more people have come to realize the great harm of smoking. However, tobacco, unlike other natural disasters, can be prevented and controlled, smoke-free world, and need everyone's efforts!smoking and health &It's said that a half Chinese are smoking . A large of boys and girls had been form the habbit of smoking.&As we know smoking is harmfull for health . Although they well ware the problems ,they always smoking and with a lucy attitude. In their view: smoking is very intersting . Even more some people think smoking can prove a people's atmospher and can relax themseves. & In the smok there are many harmfull sustains such as nicotine(尼古丁) carbon monoxide and so on . Nicotine included in a smok can kill a mouse and twenty smoks can kill a cattle . You can calculate how many you had been smoking and calculate how many mouses or cattls you had killed . &When you are smoking you will more harmfull for other people who stand behind you . The smoking to other people is secondhand smok . It will bad for skin especial female who care her performance . && If you want live long you must stop smoking . If you care people who live your behind you must stop smoking .&Smoking And Health&Today smoking is a widespread habit ali over the world. Not only the old, the youth, but also middle school students have been engaged in smoking. Many of them think that smoking is a smart symbol. &However, smoking is harmful to one's ,health. It contributes a lot of lung cancer, from which many people have died in the past years. It can also cause many other diseases. In a word, if you smoke, you do have a much greater chance of losing your health. Furthermore, scientific research shows that smoking is not only harmful to smokers themselves, but also a threat to public health, especially to women and children. Therefore, many countries have made laws forbidding smokers to smoke m public places such as cinemas, stations, hospitals, and so on Giveup smoking! If you don't smoke, don't start. Give upsmoking for the sake of your health, for the sake of your family, and for the sake of the whole world.&Smoking and Cancer 吸烟和癌 &19. Smoking and Cancer 吸烟和癌1. Americans smoke six thousand million cigarettes every year (1970 figures).This is roughly the equivalent of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more. It is estimated that 51% of American men smoke compared with 34% of American women.1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。据估计，美国有51％的男性吸烟：而女性吸烟的比例则为34％。2. Since 1939, numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking, particularly cigarette smoking, is associated with shortened life expectancy.2 1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。证据所显示的趋势是一贯的，并表明对人体的健康有严重的危险。许多研究小组进行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食烟草，特别是吸卷烟与预期寿命缩短有关。3. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of the bladder and the oral cavity. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. (Female smokers are thought at to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.) The majority of doctors and researchers consider these relationships proved to their satisfaction and say, &Give up smoking. If you don't smoke--don't start!&3．这方面的研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，还认为膀胱癌、口腔癌也与此有关。男性吸烟者的心脏病死亡率比不吸烟的高。(他们认为女性吸烟者受影响小一些，因为她们吸烟不那么深。)大多数医生和研究人员认为，上述那些关系己得到令人满意的证实，并且告诫说：&戒烟吧，如果你不会抽--那可不要学!&4. Some competent physicians and research workers--though their small number is decreased even further--are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health. They consider the increase in respiratory diseases and various forms of cancer may possibly be explained by other factors in the complex human environment --atmospheric pollution, increased nervous stress, chemical substances in processed food, or chemical pesticides that are now being used by farmers in vast quantifies to destroy insects and small animals. Smokers who develop cancer or lung diseases, they say, may also, by coincidence, live in industrial areas, or eat more canned food. Gradually, however, research is isolating all other possible factors and proving them to be statistically irrelevant.4有些精通业务的医生和研究人员--虽然这些人不多，并且人数在进一步减少--不那么肯定吸卷烟对人体健康有影响。他们认为呼吸系统疾病和各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外一些因素，即：空气的污染、人们精神压力的增大、经过加工的食品中的化学物质、或化学杀虫药引起的。农民现在大量使用这些农药杀死昆虫和小动物。据他们说，那些患了癌症或肺病的人可能恰巧也住在工业区，或是吃了更多的罐头食品。但是研究工作逐渐排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用统计数字证明这些因素是无关的。5. Apart from the scientific statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco actually does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash, and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is a powerful poison, and black tar. As the smoke is breathed in, all these components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube, or bronchus, divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.5除了科学统计之外，研究工作还有助于认清吸食烟草对人体的实际影响。抽烟产生的烟雾是一种混合的气体，包括气化的化学物质，极小的灰末微粒和其它固体，还有毒性很强的尼古丁和黑焦油。当吸进烟时，所有这些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在气管和支气管分支的地方有一个集中点。大部分肺癌就从这里发端。6. Smoking also affects the heart and blood vessels. It is known to be related to Bearger's disease, a narrowing of the small veins in the hands and feet that can cause great pain and lead even to amputation of limbs. Smokers also die much more often from heart disease.6抽烟也影响心脏和血管。现已查明抽烟与伯尔格氏病有关。这种疾病使手脚的细静脉不断缩小，从而引起剧烈疼痛甚至会导致截肢。抽烟者死于心脏病的也比不吸烟的人多得多。7. While all tobacco smoking affects life and expectancy and health, cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. However, nicotine consumption is not diminished by the latter forms, and current research indicates a causal relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only marginally reduce, not eliminate the hazards.7．尽管吸食各种烟草都会影响预期寿命和健康，但是抽香烟的影响要比抽雪茄和抽烟斗大得多。不过，后两种并不能减少对尼古丁的吸食，并且当前的研究指出各式各样的吸烟都和口腔癌、喉癌有某种因果关系。据称过滤嘴香烟和低焦油烟草能使吸烟在某种程度上比较安全，但是这只能略微减少危害，而不能消除危害。Smoking and Cancer 吸烟和癌1. Americans smoke six thousand million cigarettes every year (1970 figures). This is roughly the equivalent of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more. It is estimated that 51% of American men smoke compared with 34% of American women.美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。据估计，美国有51％的男性吸烟，而女性吸烟的比例则为34％。American =美国人；thousand=一千；million =百万；cigarette =香烟；figure =统计数字；roughly =.概略地；equivalent=相等的；person =人；estimate=估计；compare with =比较；本段中有种常见的句子结构形式：为It is&&that &&的句子如：It is estimated that 51% of American men smoke compared with 34% of American women. 本句that引导的是主语从句数词+名词修饰名词时，数词后面的名词一般保留单数形式。例如Six thousand million cigarettes：数词six＋名词单数thousand million修饰名词cigarettes， 60亿支烟2. Since 1939, numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking, particularly cigarette smoking, is associated with shortened life expectancy.1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。证据所显示的趋势是一贯的，并表明对人体的健康有严重的危险。许多研究小组进行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食烟草，特别是吸卷烟与预期寿命缩短有关。since =自...以来；numerous =许多的；scientific=科学的；studies =study的复数，研究；conduct=进行；determine =确定；whether ＝是否；health hazard ＝危害健康；hazard =使遭危险；trend =趋势；evidence=证据；consistent =一致的；indicate=指出；serious=严重的；risk =冒险；research ＝研究；team＝组；beyond all doubt＝毫无疑问的，doubt=怀疑；reasonable=有道理的；&tobacco =烟草；particularly =特别是；cigarette =卷烟；associated with= 把...联系起来；shorten =缩短；life expectancy ＝平均寿命，expectancy =预期；　　3. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of the bladder and the oral cavity. Male cigarette Smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. (Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.) The majority of doctors and researchers consider these relationships proved to their satisfaction and say, &Give up smoking. If you don't smoke&don't start!&这方面的研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，还认为膀胱癌、口腔癌也与此有关。男性吸烟者的心脏病死亡率比不吸烟的高。(他们认为女性吸烟者受影响小一些，因为她们吸烟不那么深。)大多数医生和研究人员认为，上述那些关系已得到令人满意的证实，并且告诫说：&戒烟吧，如果你不会抽&那可不要学!&factor=因素；development =产生；lung = 肺；throat=喉咙；related =有关系的；bladder=膀胱；oral cavity=口腔；male =男性；death rate ＝死亡率，rate比率；heart disease=心脏病；non =非, 不；female =女性的；affected =受到影响的；no&so&＝不是那样；breathe=呼吸；deeply =深地；majority=多数；consider =认为；relationship ＝关系；proved =被证实的；satisfaction =令人满意的；Give up=放弃；&.. the development of cancer of the lungs &..翻译有关of 的内容时，从后往前一个一个of 翻译，这句话就是先翻译cancer of the lungsDD肺的癌症，然后再翻译the development of 肺的癌症DDD肺癌的产生本课曾是2003全国春季高考题中的【完形填空】中的一道题，在此提供给大家熟悉此类型题：Since 1939 ,numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine 1 smoking is a health threat.The 2 of the 3 has been consistent (constant) and indicates that there is a serious health risk.Research teams have conducted studies that show 4 all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking ,particularly cigarette smoking is 5 with a 6 life expectancy(time).Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this 7 to be an important 8 in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related 9 cancer of other organs.Male cigarette smokers have a higher death 10 from heart disease than non-smoking males.(Female smokers are thought to be 11 affected because they do not breathe in the smoke 12 deeply.) The 13 of physicians and researchers consider these relationships proved 14 their satisfaction and say,&Give 15 smoking,If you don&t smoke don&t start!&1.A.that&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.whether&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.what&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.which2.A.style&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.fashion&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.trend&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.drift3.A.matter&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.affair&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.exhibit&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.evidence4.A.to&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.in&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.beyond&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.for5.A.associated&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.joined&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.mixed&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.tied6.A.cutting&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.shortened&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.lessening&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.lengthened7.A.field&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.part&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.aspect&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.ground8.A.point&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.key&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.factor&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.step9.A.of&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.on&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.by&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.to10.A.rate&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.ratio&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.pace&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.speed11.A.mentally&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.less&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.directly&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.strongly12.A.far&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.such&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.so&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.still13.A.few&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.majority&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.minority&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.most14.A.to&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.for&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.with&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.of15.A.in&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.up&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.away&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.out训练指要完形填空要求考生跳读全文，通篇考虑，掌握大意，并能综合运用所学词汇、语法等知识及文章的文化背景与上下文逻辑关系，从每小题所提供的四个选项中选出最佳答案，使短文得以恢复本来面貌，做到文理通顺，结构完整。在解题过程中考生需要随时设想所遇空白中应该出现的内容，而后再以该题选项来验证自己的推测，做出调整或修正&4、Some competent physicians and research workers&though their small number is decreased even further&are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health. They consider the increase in respiratory diseases and various forms of cancer may possibly be explained by other factors in the complex human environment &atmospheric pollution, increased nervous stress, chemical substances in processed food, or chemical pesticides that are now being used by farmers in vast quantities to destroy insects and small animals. Smokers who develop cancer or lung diseases, they say, may also, by coincidence, live in industrial areas, or eat more canned food. Gradually, however, research is isolating all other possible factors and proving them to be statistically irrelevant.有些精通业务的医生和研究人员&虽然这些人不多，并且人数在进一步减少&不那么肯定吸卷烟对人体健康有影响。他们认为呼吸系统疾病和各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外一些因素，即：空气的污染、人们精神压力的增大、经过加工的食品中的化学物质、或化学杀虫药引起的。农民现在大量使用这些农药杀死昆虫和小动物。据他们说，那些患了癌症或肺病的人可能恰巧也住在工业区，或是吃了更多的罐头食品。但是研究工作逐渐排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用统计数字证明这些因素是无关的。competent =有能力的；physician =医师；research worker=研究人员；though =虽然；decrease =减少；even =甚至；are sure of =确信，sure对....有把握；less＝很少，little的比较级，含否定意义；effect=影响；consider =认为；increase =增加；respiratory=.呼吸的；various =各种各样的；form =形式；explain=解释, 说明；complex =复杂的；human environment ＝人类环境，environment环境；atmospheric pollution ＝大气污染，atmospheric大气的；nervous =神经紧张的；stress =压力；chemical ＝化学的；substance=物质；process=加工；pesticide =杀虫剂；farmer＝农夫；vast=大量的；quantity =数量；destroy=消灭；insect =昆虫；animal＝动物；by coincidence=碰巧；industrial =工业的；area =区域；canned=罐装的；gradually =逐渐地；isolate = 使孤立；possible=可能的；statistically =统计上地；irrelevant =不相关的；　and的前后时态要一致，如本段中的如下句子：research is isolating all other possible factors and proving them to be statistically irrelevant：and的前后时态要一致，因此采用proving和前面的isolating时态一致；5. Apart from the scientific statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco actually does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash, and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is a powerful poison, and black tar. As the smoke is breathed in, all these components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube, or bronchus, divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.5、除了科学统计之外，研究工作还有助于认清吸食烟草对人体的实际影响。抽烟产生的烟雾是一种混合的气体，包括气化的化学物质，极小的灰末微粒和其它固体，还有毒性很强的尼古丁和黑焦油。当吸进烟时，所有这些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在气管和支气管分支的地方有一个集中点。大部分肺癌就从这里发端。apart from＝除&之外， apart =分开的；statistics =统计学；helpful ＝有助于；tobacco =烟草；actually =事实上；mixture =混合；gas＝气体；vaporize= (使)蒸发；minute ＝微小的；particle =微粒；&ash=灰；solid ＝固体；nicotine=尼古丁（烟碱）；powerful =强大的；poison=毒药；tar=焦油；breathe in＝吸进；component=成分；deposit=堆积物；membrane =膜；point ＝点；concentration =集中；tube =管子；bronchus =支气管；divide =分开, 隔开；　6. Smoking also affects the heart and blood vessels. It is known to be related to Beurger's disease, a narrowing of the small veins in the hands and feet that can cause great pain and lead even to amputation of limbs. Smokers also die much more often from heart disease.6、抽烟也影响心脏和血管。现已查明抽烟与伯尔格氏病有关。这种疾病使手脚的细静脉不断缩小，从而引起剧烈疼痛甚至会导致截肢。抽烟者死于心脏病的也比不吸烟的人多得多。Affect=影响；blood vessels=血管；relate to =涉及；disease ＝疾病；narrowing=缩小；veins = 静脉，vein的复数；feet ＝脚，foot的复数；cause ＝导致；pain＝痛苦；lead to＝导致；&amputation=切断手术；limb =肢；&&lead even to amputation of limbs.当你在一句话中看到lead一词时，看看后面是否能发现to^_^，lead to＝导致　　7. While all tobacco smoking affects life and expectancy and health, cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. However, nicotine consumption is not diminished by the latter forms, and current research indicates a causal relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only marginally reduce, not eliminate the hazards.　尽管吸食各种烟草都会影响预期寿命和健康，但是抽香烟的影响要比抽雪茄和抽烟斗大得多。不过，后两种并不能减少对尼古丁的吸食，并且当前的研究指出各式各样的吸烟都和口腔癌、喉癌有某种因果关系。据称过滤嘴香烟和低焦油烟草能使吸烟在某种程度上比较安全，但是这只能略微减少危害，而不能消除危害。while =尽管；appear＝看来；cigar =雪茄；pipe=烟斗；however =不过、可是；nicotine =烟碱；consumption =消费；diminished=减少了的；current=当前的；indicate =显示；causal=原因的；relationship=关系；filter=过滤；tar =焦油；claim =声称；to some extent＝某种程度上，extent程度；safer＝安全，safe的比较级；marginally=略微；eliminate =排除, 消除；hazard=使遭危险；between&.and&＝在A和B之间；only&not＝跟...差不多；不定式：一定是to＋动词原型，如下句中的have&..cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect&&：抽香烟看来有很大影响，to have是不定式，所以要用原型have&..causal relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth&..：当你在一句话中看到between一词时，看看后面是否能发现and ，between&.and&＝在A和B之间本课曾是2003全国春季高考题中的【完形填空】中的一道题，在此提供给大家熟悉此类型题：Smoking does 16 to the lungs.Smoking also affects the heart and blood vessels.Smokers also die much more often 17 heart disease.While all tobacco smoking affects life expectancy and health,cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. 18 ,nicotine consumption is not decreased by the latter forms,and current research indicates a 19 relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat.Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some 20 safer,but they can only marginally reduce,not eliminate the threats.16.A.harm&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.injury&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.wound&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.hurt17.A.in&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.from&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.with&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.by18.A.Moreover&&&&&&&&&&& B.Though&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.Therefore&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.However19.A.personal&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.intimate&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.causal&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.social20.A.area&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.length&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C.size&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.extent根据下面提示，写一篇题为&Give up Smoking&的短文，词数约120。　　1. 不少学生可能抽烟，学生中抽烟的人数还在增多。　　2. 一份调查报告透露，某些学校五分之二以上的学生在抽烟，个别学生甚至偷钱买烟。　　3. 对于中学生来说，抽烟的危害比成年人更大。抽烟不仅有害于身体，还有害于思想。　　4. 中学生是国家未来的建设者，抽烟的学生该下决心戒烟了。　　范文　　Giving up Smoking　　Now many students smoke and the number has been increasing. According to the investigation, more than two fifths of the students in a certain school smoke and some even steal money to buy cigarettes. It is really a serious problem for so many students to smoke.　　As we know, smoking is very harmful to our health. For us teenagers, it does greater harm not only to our health but also to our minds.　　Middle school students are the future builders of our motherland. We should devote our time to learning things useful and valuable for our country, for our people and for ourselves as well. So those who smoke should get rid of such a bad habit and form some good ones.How To Stop SmokingWithout Quitting Cold Turkey&&&&The Preface&&&I knew quitting smoking was the right thing to do & it was affecting my health and limiting my activities. I couldn't go on a serious hike, my handball game was on the skids, and my morning cough was scary. The smart part of me wanted to stop smoking, yet another part wanted to continue. I'd quit for two weeks and start up again. Or it would be two months, or four months, or a weekend, but inevitably I'd start up again. If it was any consolation, I had plenty of company & all my friends and co-workers seemed to be going through the same quit and start-up cycles. &I came to hate the hold smoking had over me. I felt like a drug addict, but it wasn't as if my friends and I were living in the street and stealing for our next fix & we were solid, hard working people. It didn't make sense that a drug such as nicotine could have such control over our lives. &Somehow, it was more than the nicotine. There was a comfortable and secure feeling about having a cigarette. Having a smoke was a way of relaxing, thinking, a taking a nicotine pill just didn't have the same feeling as smoking. &Finally, I did stop smoking for good, but my bewilderment over the habit's power lingered. &Years later, while designing a project for a drug treatment program, the multiple layering concept of habit construction surfaced. Put simply, it states that habits get their strength from the many little acts in repetitive routines. Repetition creates a familiarity that transforms simple acts into soothing, calming rituals. &In addition to their calming ability, habits make life easier by removing the need to pay attention to mundane tasks. Habitual tasks can be done without thinking. The act of getting dressed could take hours if each zipper and buttonhole had to be thought out. Instead, dressing becomes a habit, and gets done without a thought & not that different from the smoking habit. &Therein lies the secret: habits contain complex networks of actions tied together to make life easier and less stressful. Little movements become single automatic, comforting actions. Thereby the strength of smoking does not lie in the drug nicotine, but in its web of connections tied to the actions involved with smoking. &Focusing on the nicotine alone is the main problem with quitting cold turkey. It treats smoking as simply a nicotine addiction and ignores other connections to your life. &With that insight, the solution became clear. Break the little bonds to your daily routines, and the smoking habit loses its power. With these connections eliminated and the addiction reduced, smoking becomes just another activity that you either do or don't do. No quitting needed. You just don't bother to smoke. &This book combines these insights into a step-by-step program for stopping smoking. Originally designed as a series of smoking cessation workshops, the training has been modified to function as a complete individual program.