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Mold and Moisture
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A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home
A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home
EPA 402-K-02-003, Reprinted September 2010
. Documento de la agencia EPA número 402-K-03-008, reimprimido el 2010 de mayo.
[EPA 402-K-01-001, reprinted September 2008]
Order publications from EPA's .
Use the EPA Document Number when ordering.
This Guide provides information and guidance for homeowners and renters on how to clean up residential mold problems and how to prevent mold growth.
We would like to thank Paul Ellringer, PE, CIH, for providing the photo of mold on the back of wallpaper in the Hidden Mold section. Should you like to use some of the photos used in this guide, higher quality print versions are available in the . These photos may be used for presentations and educational purposes without contacting EPA.
Please note that this document presents recommendations. EPA does not regulate mold or mold spores in indoor air.
Mold Basics
The key to mold control is moisture control.
If mold is a problem in your home, you should clean up the mold promptly and fix the water problem.
It is important to dry water-damaged areas and items within 24-48 hours to prevent mold growth.
Why is mold growing in my home?
Mold growing outdoors on firewood.Molds both white and black molds are shown here.
Molds are part of the natural environment. Outdoors, molds play a part in nature by breaking down dead organic matter such as fallen leaves and dead trees, but indoors, mold growth should be avoided. Molds reproduce by
the spores are invisible to the naked eye and float through outdoor and indoor air. Mold may begin growing indoors when mold spores land on surfaces that are wet. There are many types of mold, and none of them will grow without water or moisture.
Can mold cause health problems?
Molds are usually not a problem indoors, unless mold spores land on a wet or damp spot and begin growing. Molds have the potential to cause health problems. Molds produce allergens (substances that can cause allergic reactions), irritants, and in some cases, potentially toxic substances (mycotoxins). Inhaling or touching mold or mold spores may cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Allergic responses include hay fever-type symptoms, such as sneezing, runny nose, red eyes, and skin rash (dermatitis).
Allergic reactions to mold are common. They can be immediate or delayed. Molds can also cause asthma attacks in people with asthma who are allergic to mold.
In addition, mold exposure can irritate the eyes, skin, nose, throat, and lungs of both mold-allergic and non-allergic people. Symptoms other than the allergic and irritant types are not commonly reported as a result of inhaling mold. Research on mold and health effects is ongoing.
Magnified mold sporesMolds gradually destroy the things they grow on.
You can prevent damage to your home and furnishings, save money, and avoid potential health problems by controlling moisture and eliminating mold growth
This [guidance] provi it does not describe all potential health effects related to mold exposure.
For more detailed information consult a health professional. You may also wish to consult your state or local health department.
How do I get rid of mold?
It is impossible to get rid of all mold and some mold spores will be found floating through the air and in house dust. The mold spores will not grow if moisture is not present. Indoor mold growth can and should be prevented or controlled by controlling moisture indoors. If there is mold growth in your home, you must clean up the mold and fix the water problem. If you clean up the mold, but don't fix the water problem, then, most likely, the mold problem will come back.
Mold Cleanup
Who should do the cleanup depends on a number of factors. One consideration is the size of the mold problem. If the moldy area is less than about 10 square feet (less than roughly a 3 ft. by 3 ft. patch), in most cases, you can handle the job yourself, . However:
If you already have a mold problem - ACT QUICKLY.
Mold damages what it grows on.
The longer it grows, the more damage it can cause.Leaky window - mold is beginning to rot the wooden frame and windowsill.
If there has been a lot of water damage, and/or mold growth covers more than 10 square feet, consult EPA's
Although focused on schools and commercial buildings, this document is applicable to other building types.
If you choose to hire a contractor (or other professional service provider) to do the cleanup, make sure the contractor has experience cleaning up mold. Check references and ask the contractor to follow the recommendations in EPA's , the guidelines of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenists (ACGIH), or other guidelines from professional or government organizations.
If you suspect that the heating/ventilation/air conditioning (HVAC) system may be contaminated with mold (it is part of an identified moisture problem, for instance, or there is mold near the intake to the system), consult EPA's guide
before taking further action. Do not run the HVAC system if you know or suspect that it is contaminated with mold - it could spread mold throughout the building.
If the water and/or mold damage was caused by sewage or other contaminated water, then call in a professional who has experience cleaning and fixing buildings damaged by contaminated water.
If you have health concerns, consult a health professional before starting cleanup.
Mold Cleanup Guidelines
Tips and techniques
The tips and techniques presented in this section will help you clean up your mold problem. Professional cleaners or remediators may use methods not covered in this publication. Please note that mold may cause staining and cosmetic damage. It may not be possible to clean an item so that its original appearance is restored.
Mold growing on the underside of a plastic lawn chair in an area where rainwater drips through and deposits organic material.
Mold growing on a piece of ceiling tile.
Fix plumbing leaks and other water problems as soon as possible. Dry all items completely.
Scrub mold off hard surfaces with detergent and water, and dry completely.
Absorbent or porous materials, such as ceiling tiles and carpet, may have to be thrown away if they become moldy. Mold can grow on or fill in the empty spaces and crevices of porous materials, so the mold may be difficult or impossible to remove completely.
Avoid exposing yourself or others to mold (see discussions:
Do not paint or caulk moldy surfaces. Clean up the mold and dry the surfaces before painting. Paint applied over moldy surfaces is likely to peel.
If you are unsure about how to clean an item, or if the item is expensive or of sentimental value, you may wish to consult a specialist. Specialists in furniture repair, restoration, painting, art restoration and conservation, carpet and rug cleaning, water damage, and fire or water restoration are commonly listed in phone books. Be sure to ask for and check references. Look for specialists who are affiliated with professional organizations.
Bathroom Tip
Places that are often or always damp can be hard to maintain completely free of mold. If there's some mold in the shower or elsewhere in the bathroom that seems to reappear, increasing ventilation (running a fan or opening a window) and cleaning more frequently will usually prevent mold from recurring, or at least keep the mold to a minimum
What to Wear When Cleaning Moldy Areas
It is important to take precautions to LIMIT YOUR EXPOSURE to mold and mold spores.
Cleaning while wearing N-95 respirator, gloves and goggles.
Avoid breathing in mold or mold spores. In order to limit your exposure to airborne mold, you may want to wear an N-95 respirator, available at many hardware stores and from companies that advertise on the Internet. (They cost about $12 to $25.) Some N-95 respirators resemble a paper dust mask with a nozzle on the front, others are made primarily of plastic or rubber and have removable cartridges that trap most of the mold spores from entering. In order to be effective, the respirator or mask must fit properly, so carefully follow the instructions supplied with the respirator. Please note that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that respirators fit properly (fit testing) when used in an
consult OSHA for more information (800-321-OSHA or ).
Wear gloves.
Long gloves that extend to the middle of the forearm are recommended. When working with water and a mild detergent, ordinary household rubber gloves may be used. If you are using a disinfectant, a biocide such as chlorine bleach, or a strong cleaning solution, you should select gloves made from natural rubber, neoprene, nitrile, polyurethane, or PVC (see ). Avoid touching mold or moldy items with your bare hands.
Wear goggles. Goggles that do not have ventilation holes are recommended. Avoid getting mold or mold spores in your eyes.
How Do I Know When the Remediation or Cleanup is Finished?
Mold growing on a suitcase stored in a humid basement.
You must have completely fixed the water or moisture problem before the cleanup or remediation can be considered finished.
You should have completed mold removal. Visible mold and moldy odors should not be present. Please note that mold may cause staining and cosmetic damage.
You should have revisited the site(s) shortly after cleanup and it should show no signs of water damage or mold growth.
People should have been able to occupy or re-occupy the area without health complaints or physical symptoms.
Ultimately, thi there is no easy answer. If you have concerns or questions consult our
database and ask a question if you don't find what you need.
Moisture and Mold Prevention and Control Tips
Moisture Control is the Key to Mold ControlMold growing on the surface of a unit ventilator.
Condensation on the inside of a windowpane.
When water leaks or spills occur indoors - ACT QUICKLY. If wet or damp materials or areas are dried 24-48 hours after a leak or spill happens, in most cases mold will not grow.
Clean and repair roof gutters regularly.
Make sure the ground slopes away from the building foundation, so that water does not enter or collect around the foundation.
Keep air conditioning drip pans clean and the drain lines unobstructed and flowing properly.
Keep indoor humidity low. If possible, keep indoor humidity below 60 percent (ideally between 30 and 50 percent) relative humidity. Relative humidity can be measured with a moisture or humidity meter, a small, inexpensive ($10-$50) instrument available at many hardware stores.
If you see condensation or moisture collecting on windows, walls or pipes ACT QUICKLY to dry the wet surface and reduce the moisture/water source. Condensation can be a sign of high humidity.
Actions that will help to reduce humidity
Vent appliances that produce moisture, such as clothes dryers, stoves, and kerosene heaters to the outside where possible. (Combustion appliances such as stoves and kerosene heaters produce water vapor and will increase the humidity unless vented to the outside.)
Use air conditioners and/or de-humidifiers when needed.
Run the bathroom fan or open the window when showering. Use exhaust fans or open windows whenever cooking, running the dishwasher or dishwashing, etc.
Actions that will help prevent condensation
Mold growing on a wooden headboard in a room with high humidity.
Reduce the humidity.
Increase ventilation or air movement by opening doors and/or windows, when practical. Use fans as needed.
Cover cold surfaces, such as cold water pipes, with insulation.
Increase air temperature.
Renters: Report all plumbing leaks and moisture problems immediately to your building owner, manager, or superintendent. In cases where persistent water problems are not addressed, you may want to contact local, state, or federal health or housing authorities. You can also contact
Testing or Sampling for Mold
Rust is an indicator that condensation occurs on this drainpipe. The pipe should be insulated to prevent condensation.
Is sampling for mold needed? In most cases, if visible mold growth is present, sampling is unnecessary. Since no EPA or other federal limits have been set for mold or mold spores, sampling cannot be used to check a building's compliance with federal mold standards. Surface sampling may be useful to determine if an area has been adequately cleaned or remediated. Sampling for mold should be conducted by professionals who have specific experience in designing mold sampling protocols, sampling methods, and interpreting results. Sample analysis should follow analytical methods recommended by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA), the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), or other professional organizations.
Hidden Mold
Suspicion of hidden mold
Mold growing on the back side of wallpaper.
Water stain on a basement wall -- locate and fix the source of the water promptly.
You may suspect hidden mold if a building smells moldy, but you cannot see the source, or if you know there has been water damage and residents are reporting health problems. Mold may be hidden in places such as the back side of dry wall, wallpaper, or paneling, the top side of ceiling tiles, the underside of carpets and pads, etc. Other possible locations of hidden mold include areas inside walls around pipes (with leaking or condensing pipes), the surface of walls behind furniture (where condensation forms), inside ductwork, and in roof materials above ceiling tiles (due to roof leaks or insufficient insulation).
Investigating hidden mold problems
Investigating hidden mold problems may be difficult and will require caution when the investigation involves disturbing potential sites of mold growth. For example, removal of wallpaper can lead to a massive release of spores if there is mold growing on the underside of the paper. If you believe that you may have a hidden mold problem, consider hiring an experienced professional.
Cleanup and Biocides
Biocides are substances that can destroy living organisms. The use of a chemical or biocide that kills organisms such as mold (chlorine bleach, for example) is not recommended as a routine practice during mold cleanup. There may be instances, however, when professional judgment may indicate its use (for example, when immune-compromised individuals are present). In most cases, it is not possible or desirable
a background level of mold spores will remain - these spores will not grow if the moisture problem has been resolved. If you choose to use disinfectants or biocides, always ventilate the area and exhaust the air to the outdoors. Never mix chlorine bleach solution with other cleaning solutions or detergents that contain ammonia because toxic fumes could be produced.
Please note:
Dead mold may still cause allergic reactions in some people, so it is not enough to simply kill the mold, it must also be removed.十万火急的英语问题（听力）Test 8M:Hello,my name’s David Parker .I'm calling about the apartment advertised in the paper.Can you tell me something about it?W:Yes,it’s a one-bedroom apartment,with a living room,a kitchen,a bathroom and_百度作业帮
拍照搜题，秒出答案
十万火急的英语问题（听力）Test 8M:Hello,my name’s David Parker .I'm calling about the apartment advertised in the paper.Can you tell me something about it?W:Yes,it’s a one-bedroom apartment,with a living room,a kitchen,a bathroom and
十万火急的英语问题（听力）Test 8M:Hello,my name’s David Parker .I'm calling about the apartment advertised in the paper.Can you tell me something about it?W:Yes,it’s a one-bedroom apartment,with a living room,a kitchen,a bathroom and a balcony.M:Where is it located?W:It's on Montreal Road.M:Is it furnished?W:Yes,it is furnished with sofas,a dining table,chairs and some ap&pliances.M:How much is the rent?W:It’s five hundred dollars per month,including utilities.M:You mean gas,electricity and heat?W:Yes,that's right.M:Is there anything like management fee or parking fee?W:The management fee is included in the rent.But parking is fifty dollars a month.M:Can I come and have a look at it today?W:Yes,how about one o'clock this afternoon?M:One o'clock sounds fine.See you then.W:See you.13.How many rooms has the apartment got?A.Four B.Five C.Six
it’s a one-bedroom apartment,with a living room,a kitchen,a bathroom and a balcony.一个睡房,一个起居室,一个厨房,一个洗手间,一个阳台如果阳台不算的话,应该是4个吧,所以是A
Ait’s a one-bedroom apartment, with a living room, a kitchen, a bathroom a balcony.How to Sleep in the Airport: 20 Tips for Sleeping in Airports
How to Sleep in an Airport
Airport Sleeping Tips
You may now be curious about this odd idea of sleeping in airports and you may be asking yourself one (or all) of the following questions: Can I really sleep in an airport? How do I do it? What should I bring with me? What tips do you have to share with us airport sleeping newbies? Well, here are a few tips that we have gathered over the years. We hope these help you
get started in your airport sleeping adventures.
Got your own tip to share? Share
your tips with us on our
are a few tips:
Always have a backup plan
This is the most important tip for anyone who voluntarily sleeps in airports. Some airport officials are not totally supportive of the airport sleeping idea. Although you won’t be kicked out of a large majority of the airports listed on this site, you will be asked why you are there, why you are not in a hotel like a normal person and they will ask for proof that you are flying out the next day. So BE PREPARED to answer those questions and present your outbound airline ticket! They seem to not appreciate us using the airport as our personal hotels — go figure!?!? Our
provide you with information such as the availability of airport lounges, WiFi, transit hotels, 24-hour food options, showers and much more at over 800 airports around the world. And you can also read airport reviews from travellers just like you.
Thankfully (and thanks to this site), we were fully prepared to sleep at the airport with our blankies and pillows. - Janet
Be prepared
When reports of an upcoming snowstorm, hurricane or erupting Icelandic volcano are in the news a few days before your trip, you really have no excuse but to go to the airport prepared for a longer than expected airport stay. Here are some recommended items for your airport survival kit:
A cheap inflatable raft • eye shades (or sunglasses) • ear plugs • bottled water and snacks • Entertainment: personal music device, laptop, books, magazines, travel diary • headphones • alarm clock • tissue/toilet paper • disinfectant wipes or hand sanitizer
• An airline blanket and/or pillow (borrowed - NOT STOLEN!!!) or a sleeping bag.
Final Tip: If you are travelling solo take a pen and some post-it notes. Write a &Wake me at 5:00 AM& note and stick a few on yourself and the seats around you -- it works. People will wake you.
Whether you are sleeping in the airport by yourself or with friends, it is good to know where security is. Know where their office is located and look for video cameras in the spot you decide to stay the night. They’ve probably seen many airport sleepers before you and they will direct you to a safe spot. If you are travelling alone we recommend that you sleep near other travellers. Make sure they are actual travellers and not homeless people – it is sometimes hard to tell in certain airports. While there have never been any reports of attacks against airport sleepers, there have been a few bum fondlings. A few ipods and laptops have also gone missing! Be smart and be safe!
Get there early
If you are staying at a busy airport overnight, you’ll have to get there early if you want a good spot, especially during the summer season (peak airport sleeping season). Airports such as London’s Stansted are so popular they can look like refugee camps on an average night. Many people complain of limited seating when they arrive at 10PM.
Thanks for this homepage we found the nice comfortable bench at the restaurant where we spent the night. - kmaja
Scope it out
Finding a good spot may be your biggest challenge. If the situation looks dismal, explore the airport and various terminals. Take the terminal shuttles and go terminal hopping. Even if you are flying out of terminal A, you may discover that terminal C has better accommodation. In airports where there is an international and a domestic terminal, you may discover that the domestic terminal closes at night. Don’t panic, head over to the international terminal as it may remain open. Consider seating, temperature, announcements and people traffic when finding the best place to spend the night. You may need to be creative such as sleeping behind ticket counters, under and behind seats, in wheelchairs and on luggage conveyor belts. Your best source of info will be security, airport and airline staff. If you are nice, these people will likely direct you to a nice spot!
Just park it!
Whether you are stuck in the airport overnight or choose to be there voluntarily, there may be a chance that you will be uncomfortable and unhappy with your surroundings in the terminal. If you are travelling on a budget and do not want to pay for a room at one of the airport hotels, head over to the car rentals hall to find out the cost of a car rental and (assuming you can keep the car in the lot at no cost) sleep in the car. The great part about this is that you can recline on padded seats and there will be no annoying security announcements or rattling luggage carts whipping past your head throughout the night. On the negative side, car horns and screeching tires may jolt you from your slumber. Sure the car rental staff may look into your car wondering if you’ve had a stroke and the bathroom may be an issue depending on the location of the nearest toilet, but hey, you’re saving money here! Very important – remember to check the drop-off hours to ensure a staff member will be there when you “drop-off” the car before your flight the next morning! This is easier at larger airports.
Protect your bags
A major concern when sleeping in the airport is obviously getting robbed while you sleep! If you can’t keep your bags in the left luggage office overnight (check our
to find out if your airport has one), you’ll need to come up with a way to make sure someone can’t access your bags. How you do this really depends on where and how you sleep, so there is no right answer. In my experience, I have always slept with zippers facing either myself, the ground or the wall. This makes gaining access more difficult and potentially noisy. There have been times when I have slept with my arm or leg over or on top of the large bag, so that if it moves, I will wake. Some people have chained their bag to their leg. I’ve never had to go that far, simply because I’m generally a light sleeper and usually wake up if I sense someone near me.
I have to thank everyone who has provided reviews because it certainly helped me make a well researched decision - mc60
Act innocent (and behave)
Even if you sleep in airports on regular basis — Do Not Act Like A Professional!!! Act like you REALLY do not want to be there and that there is absolutely nowhere else to go. We find crying helps. Remember, in the airport officials’ eyes “the airport is not a motel.” On the other hand, don’t abuse the system and abuse the airport’s tolerance of sleepers hospitality. This site was created for people who wanted to save money on the cost of one night accommodation at an airport hotel. Staying at an airport for days, hanging your laundry in the terminal and cooking on a gas stove only ruins it for others who really need to sleep in the airport.
Late night snack, anyone?
As many food concessions shut down at night around the time of the last flight, you’ll want to stock up on supplies (water and late night snacks) before everything closes. There have been reports of a few generous vendors giving away their unsold food to airport sleepers. If you are travelling in a group, send out the most desperate looking person to wander aimlessly around the food court area when staff are starting to shut down. Who knows….they may come back with some burgers and fries.
It’s sometimes better to arrive than depart
The Arrivals lounges are sometimes more comfortable than seating near the Ticket Counter area. It’s amazing how different the two areas can be in some airports. Of course airport logic seems to be that people who are departing immediately go to their gates, they don’t sit around the ticket counters for hours. The arrivals lounge aims to make all those family members, who are waiting for your flight to finally arrive after a four hour delay, a little more comfortable until you and your bags finally show up. Downside: the jubilant cheers for arriving family members can get noisy.
Dress for the occasion
Dress in layers. Have clothes that will make you comfortable if it is unbearably hot or arctically cold in your airport. Pack a hat, gloves and fleece blanket in your carry-on! You may think it sounds silly now, but the airport can be a cold place day or night.
Thanks to a tip from the sleepinginairports website I found the reclining padded wheelchairs and slept in one of them. - BRValentine
Single travellers listen up
Travelling solo can be a pain in the ass, especially when you are an airport sleeper. Remember that in the airports where few, if any, other people camp out, you will have to take your luggage with you wherever you go. Even though you don’t have to worry about people stealing your belongings, you can’t just leave your stuff sitting there unattended. If you do you may see the bomb squad taking apart your bag by the time you return from the washroom.
Shhhhhhhhhh!!!!
Be considerate of your fellow airport sleepers! Just because you can’t sleep, that doesn’t mean others shouldn’t be able to as well. Take a hint when sleepers raise their heads off the floor and look directly at you with their death stares. You’re too loud! Keep it down or move!
I called my friend earlier about missing my original flight and he said I should sleep here overnight, and he read me some of the reviews on sleepinginairports.net - Tetsu
Perks of being a stranded traveller
Did you know that some airports have a supply of cots that they bring out for stranded travellers during snow storms and other weather delays? Some will even throw in a pillow, blanket, toiletries and food vouchers. We've added an
page dedicated to airports that offer stranded passenger services.
Lounge around
You no longer need to be flying first class to receive first class service and comfort. There are now some wonderful pay-in lounges that economy ticket travellers have access to – for a relatively small fee. The fee includes buffet style meals, drinks (including alcohol), wifi, showers and comfortable chairs. Some lounges even offer massages. A few lounges are open 24 hours, but most are open early morning. Visit our
section. One thing to keep in mind is that most lounges (even the pay-in lounges) have a dress code, of sorts. You don’t need to be dressed in suits or fancy clothes, but if you show up looking like a homeless person with a “just slept on the airport floor” look about you, don’t be surprised if they tell you the lounge is “full”.
After a night in the airport or a long travel journey, you may not be feeling so fresh. Fortunately, there are a few ways to freshen up the next morning before boarding your flight and stinking up the plane. First, there are actually a few airports that have shower facilities. Most of these facilities can be used for small fee that will cover the cost of the towel rental and shampoo/soap. Check our
to see if your airport has them. If your airport doesn’t have its own shower, head over to the airport hotel attached to the airport to see if they will let you use their gym/pool area for a fee. Again, in our airport guides, we list hotels that are attached to the airport and whether they offer showers, pool and gym facilities for a fee. Another option is to use a pay-in lounges. Some of these lounges offer shower facilities, so for a reasonable fee you can shower and have a good breakfast before boarding your flight. And finally, as a last (and FREE) resort, some less modest travellers have been seen in public washroom washing themselves in the sink. If you choose this option, try not to make too much of a mess!
Thanks to the warnings from your site I organised to visit the Qantas Club which is a haven in an otherwise horrible experience. - Ron
The early morning wake-up call
As sleeping in airports becomes more popular, the airports are becoming less tolerant about traveller’s sleeping on floors and prime airport seating once the airport starts up in the morning. We’ve received reports of airport security doing the rounds to wake-up overnight sleepers around 5:00AM when travellers start to arrive for early morning check-in. If you are sleeping on the seats or if you are in the way of airport traffic, you should expect to receive an early morning visit from an officer who will ask you to get up. If you are in a less conspicuous location, they may not bother you.
Have your credit cards ready!
While one of the objectives to sleeping in the airport is to save some money on hotels, there may come a time when you will just want to bite the bullet pay for a room. Sure a hotel will be more comfortable and you’ll get to take a shower, but where is the adventure in that? Before you go, it is good to know where the
are located. If you decide to book a hotel room, you will save some money by booking it online rather than just showing up at the hotel and asking for their rate. During snow storms, some hotels get greedy, so if you are in line at the hotel’s front desk pay attention to what people in front of you are paying. If you have a laptop or “smart” phone start shopping for the best rate while you are in the terminal or as you are sitting in the airport shuttle on the way to the hotel.
Write us and give us the Lowdown
with us by letting us know about your layover or overnight sleepover in the airport. By submitting your experiences, good and bad or just general good to know information, you are helping to keep this site as up to date as possible. Please pay it forward and help future airport sleepers!
While there will be times when you can’t sleep, sleeping in airports is not only extreme budget travel, it can be an adventure. Enjoy it! Have fun! Explore your inner homeless person. Most importantly…. make the most of the situation! The best memories of travel are the experiences we return home with, and trust me, there are quite a few adventures to be had in airports. From someone who has done it to save money and as a result of layovers, let me tell you that it can be adventure and it just adds an extra element of strangeness to your trip. After 18 years online, thousands of airport reviews and millions of site visitors, I’m probably not the only freak to think so!
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