Cleveland OH Local News, Breaking News, Sports & Weather -
... or search for more topics
Find Local
Our thoughts & yours
of the Day
More in Business
More in Sports
More in EntertainmentFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Alternative Chinese name
Second alternative Chinese name
This article contains a list of the , which are either officially designated neighborhoods or historically important in the United States. Historically speaking, many of these Chinatowns were formed in the 1800s and have served as ethnic enclaves.
Main article:
Chinatowns in the United States have historically been located in the "big cities" such as New York City, San Francisco, Boston, Los Angeles, and Chicago and existed initially as enclaves that ease transition into the American culture. The earliest Chinatowns tended to be on the west coast while the newer ones are being built in lesser profile cities as opportunities shift. As the migration trends toward returning to China, many Chinatowns, especially smaller ones like the one in Washington, D.C., begin to lose their initial mission. Today, many urban Chinatowns in the United States are becoming visitor centers rather than serving as the ethnic enclaves they once were, although the rapidly growing satellite New York City Chinatowns in the
represent a stark exception to this trend in North America, fueled by continuing robust levels of large-scale immigration from mainland China specifically directed toward New York.
The significant timeline is as follows:
1840s–1860s – Many initial Chinatowns developed in the west spurred by the
and the , such as .
opens up new opportunities for Chinese in the
1860s, 1870s, 1880s – racial tensions, labor tensions, leads to incidents such as the
was in effect, banning Chinese immigration into the United States.
1943 – Repeal of Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinatown populations start to rise again.
1970s – end of
2010s – Downturn of U.S. economy, China economy rises, causes reverse migration, and decay of Chinatowns
Main article:
In general, Chinatowns are not necessarily the locations where significant Chinese populations occur as some are defunct and some are merely historical, such as the one in Washington, D.C.
The cities with the five highest Chinese American populations, with
comprising over half of the combined total, according to the 2010 United States Census, were as follows:
New York City (486,463; 522,619 as of 2012)
Main article:
The U.S. city of
once had a Chinatown that was started in the 1870s and lasted until the 1940s with the general population scattering throughout the city thereafter. Sources from a research project indicated that more than one Chinatown existed in the city of Phoenix, with one around First Street and Madison and a second at First and Adams Street in the present location of the .
Given its relative proximity to East Asia and Southeast Asia,
has the largest number of Chinese among the American states, including the well-known Chinatown in San Francisco, an all-Chinese town of
built by Chinese immigrants, and Chinatowns in various cities throughout the state.
Main article:
The Sacramento River delta town of Locke was built in 1915 as a distinct rural Chinese enclave. A thriving agricultural community in the early 20th century, it is now largely uninhabited by Chinese-Americans. A historic district of 50 wood-frame buildings along Main Street, Key Street and River Road was designated a historic district in 1990.
Main article:
Color guards in Moon Festival Parade, Chinatown, Los Angeles, 1954
, another popular attraction in Los Angeles New Chinatown.
In the city of
proper, the old inner-city Chinatown was built during the late 1930s–the second Chinatown to be constructed in Los Angeles. Formerly a "," it is presently located along Hill Street, Broadway and Spring Street near
with restaurants, grocers, and tourist-oriented shops and . A sculpture of dueling
spans Broadway and marks the entrance to Chinatown with a statue honoring the
founder Dr.
adorning the northeast section. The enclave contains Buddhist temples, Chinese Christian church (with services conducted in Cantonese), and a temple devoted to the . Chinatown is home to family and regional associations and general service organizations for long time immigrants (called in Cantonese lo wah cue) as well as ones founded by and for a second wave of -born
Main article:
Chinatown, Oakland
's Chinatown is frequently referred to as "Oakland Chinatown" in order to distinguish it from nearby San Francisco's Chinatown. Originally formed in the 1860s, the Chinatown of Oakland – centering upon 8th Street and Webster Street – shares a long history as its counterpart in the city of San Francisco as Oakland's community remains one of the focal point of Chinese American heritage in the San Francisco Bay Area. However, the major difference with San Francisco's Chinatown is that Oakland's version is not as touristy, as its local economy tends not to rely on tourism as much. But the local government of
has since promoted it as such as it is considered one the top sources of sales tax revenue for the city. The Chinatown does not have an ornamental entrance arch () but the streets of the community are adorned with road signs in English with Chinese rendering.
Today, while it remains a Cantonese-speaking enclave, it is not exclusively Chinese anymore, but more of a pan-Asian neighborhood which reflects Oakland's diversity of Asian communities, including Chinese, , , , , , , , , and others. In addition to the standard Chinese New Year festivities, the Oakland Chinatown Streetfest (held by the Oakland Chinatown Chamber of Commerce) is also held yearly in August and it features Chinese lion dances, parades, music, cooking demonstrations and contests, a food festival, and various activities.
Main article:
Paifang at Sacramento's Chinatown Mall
Throughout the early 1840s and 1850s, China was at war with Great Britain and France in the
and . The wars, along with endemic poverty in China, helped drive many
to America. Many first came to San Francisco, which was then the largest city in California, which was known as "Dai Fow" (The Big City) and some came eventually to Sacramento (then the second-largest city in California), which is known as "Yee Fow" (Second City). Many of these immigrants came in hopes for a better life as well as the possibility of finding gold in the foothills east of Sacramento.
Sacramento's Chinatown was located on "I" Street from Second to Sixth Streets. At the time this area of "I" Street was considered a health hazard as, lying within a levee zone it was lower than other parts of the city which were situated on higher land. Throughout Sacramento's Chinatown history there were fires, acts of discrimination, and prejudicial legislation such as the
that was not repealed until 1943. The mysterious fires were thought to be set off by those who did not take a liking to the Chinese working class. Ordinances on what was viable building material were set into place to try to get the Chinese to move out. Newspapers such as , at the time, wrote stories that portrayed the Chinese in an unfavorable light to inspire ethnic discrimination and drive the Chinese away. As the years passed, a railroad was created over parts of the Chinatown and further politics and laws would make it even harder for Chinese workers to sustain a living in Sacramento. While the east side of the country fought for higher wages and fewer working hours, many cities in the western United States wanted the Chinese out because of the belief that they were stealing jobs from the white working class.
Main article:
San Diego's Chinatown was founded in the 1870s around Market Street and Third Avenue, but faded quickly after World War Two. In 1987, due to its historic and cultural value, the city council of San Diego sought to preserve the area and officially designated it the , which partially overlaps the burgeoning and gentrified
Historic District (the center of the San Diego's trendy nightlife scene). The annual San Diego Chinese New Year Food and Cultural Faire is presented in this particular district, and the San Diego Chinese Heritage Museum is located here.
Main article:
Distinctive Chinese-style architecture characterizes the streets of San Francisco's historic Chinatown, one of the oldest and largest in the .
to San Francisco's Chinatown.
The first, and one of the largest, most prominent and highly visited Chinatowns in the Americas is . Founded in 1848, Chinatown was destroyed in the
and was later rebuilt and re-realized, using a Chinese-style architecture that has been criticized as garish and touristy. For many years a center of tong wars and later gang activism, Chinatown is now much safer than it was in years past. Chinatown receives millions of tourists annually, making the community, along with
and , one of the prime attractions and highlights of the city of San Francisco, as well as the centerpiece of Chinese-American history.
Besides the main thoroughfare of Grant Avenue and various side streets, Chinatown has several side alleys, including . Contained within this alley is a mix of touristy stores, tiny barber shop, as well as a
factory. Ross Alley used to have , but they no longer exist. vAlso within the confines of Chinatown is the Woh Hei Yuen Recreation Center and Park on Powell Street.
The San Francisco Chinatown hosts the largest
parade in the Americas, with corporate sponsors such as the
and the award-winning and widely praised dragon dance team from the , composed solely of Chinese-American SFPD officers (the only such team in existence in the United States). In its founding, it received the grant from the , otherwise known as the Chinese Six Companies. As Chinatown and many Chinese-Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area have historical or current roots in province of , China (particularly ) and in Hong Kong, these dances mostly are performed in the southern Chinese style. San Francisco's Chinatown is also the birthplace of
and many other dishes of .
With its Chinatown as the landmark, the city of San Francisco itself has one of the largest and predominant concentrations of Chinese-American population centers, representing 20% of total population as of the , Though Chinatown remains the cultural and symbolic anchor of the Bay Area Chinese community, increasing numbers of Chinese-Americans do not live there, instead residing in Chinese enclaves in the
and , or elsewhere in the Bay Area.
Main article:
The city of
was home to five Chinatowns that existed until the 1930s. The initial Chinatowns in San Jose were frequently burned down by arson, with artifacts from May 1887 recently discovered around the San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art, which is located at 560 South 1st Street. Another Chinatown was excavated during an urban renewal project to build the Fairmont Hotel and Silicon Valley Financial Center on Market and San Fernando Streets. According to another article, this Chinatown was also known as the "Plaza Street Chinatown", which grew rapidly from the 1860s to the 1870s and was home to "... several hundred Chinese." According to this article, the area at the time was subject to controversy as many whites often complained to the city council about the area as "bothersome". By 1870, the area was burned to the ground with many Chinese evicted from the area as the anti-Chinese public sentiment grew.
Later in history, John Heinlen, a farmer and businessman, planned a six block Chinatown with brick structures with water and pipes in the area of Sixth Street and Cleveland Street in 1887, to the dismay of the non-Chinese public and caused public outrage. The area was then known as "Heinlenville" and contained a variety of merchants, barbers, traditional doctors, and Chinese herbal medicine. and the Ng Shing Gung temple. The area was surrounded by Little Italy and co-existed harmoniously, but then dwindled in the 1920s as the younger generations sought careers outside the area and with a lack of new Chinese coming in due to the , the area lost almost all of its Chinese population. Some artifacts from this Chinatown are now located in . At the time, an existing
nearby was evacuated due to the war, but was repopulated after the internment of the Japanese-Americans.
had a flourishing Chinese settlement in the early 1880s. The largest concentration of activity, known as China Alley, was just across Main Street from the . China Alley was parallel with Main Street and extended easterly off Figueroa Street between Main and Santa Clara Streets. The city council has designated the China Alley Historic Area a Point of Interest in the downtown business district.
Main article:
Chinatown in , , was a neighborhood on Wazee Street in what is now the " section of the city...." The first recorded Chinese person was of a man from southern
named "John" dated June 29, 1869, as documented by the .
It was also referred to as "Hop Alley" and it was torn apart by riots in the 1880s. A St. Louis newspaper dated November 1, 1880 documented the complete destruction of the neighborhood as "Chinatown Gutted by Murderous Scoundrels".
Main article:
Chinatown in , is a small, historic neighborhood east of downtown consisting of about 20 ethnic
restaurants and small businesses along
and I Streets between 5th and 8th Streets, . It is known for its annual
festival and parade and the Friendship Arch, a
built over H Street at . Other nearby prominent landmarks include the , a sports and entertainment arena, and the , which houses two of the
Museums. The neighborhood is served by the
station of the .
The Wo Fat Building in the Chinatown district of Honolulu.
Main article:
The official and historic Chinatown of , on North Hotel Street and Maunakea Street, contains traditional ethnic Chinese businesses. Unlike Chinatowns in the
which were largely pioneered and dominated by
immigrants, Honolulu's Chinatown was started by early settlers from ,
in the 1890s. They migrated to
for work in the island's
plantations as well as rice fields and then as they became successful eventually relocating to the city of Honolulu. As with other Chinatowns in the United States, it was noted for its unsanitary conditions. In the 1940s, it degenerated into a red-light district.
Today, it is also diverse with Pan-Asian and
businesses and the ethnic Chinese from Vietnam are largely demographically represented in Honolulu's Chinatown. Businesses include markets, bakeries,
shop, and shops specializing with gingseng herbal remedies. In Chinatown, there are also bazaars and street peddlers in the Kekaulike Mall (located on Kekaulike Street) bringing it unique bustling ambiance to the community. The variety of restaurants serving Hong Kong-style dim sum and others in Vietnamese
are frequent in Chinatown. The history of Chinese revolutionary
– from the Zhongshan region of Guangdong province of China – is tied to Hawaii, having receiving his Western education there. Chinatown, Honolulu was once served as the base of operations in a series of crusades against ruling
in China that culminate in the Revolution of 1911. There is a monument in his honor in Honolulu's Chinatown. Recent development and planning has dramatically transformed the once decaying and unsafe neighborhood to an upscale Asian inspired arts district blended with the traditional Chinese bazaars and family owned stores.
Chicago's Chinatown
Main article:
The Chinatown in
is a traditional urban Chinatown occupying the area along Wentworth Avenue at
south of downtown. This area has historically been dominated by commerce, though in recent years, residential developments have greatly increased the number of people living in the area. With restaurants, markets, shops, associations, and community services, this original Chinatown particularly attracts Chinese emigres hailing from China. The annual Chinese New Year and Chinese
Parade are held in Chinatown.
Main article:
The city of ,
was once home to the largest Chinatown in the Southern United States, from the 1880s until its destruction by
development in 1937. Today, the site is occupied by the . The first significant migration of Chinese into
took place during
after the American Civil War, when
imported hundreds of
from California as a low-cost . The Chinese eventually abandoned the plantations and migrated to the cities, especially , in search of higher pay and better working conditions. The 1880 census recorded 95 Chinese in New Orleans. Later in the 1880s, a Chinatown had developed on the 1100 block of , near Elk Place, in the .
Main article:
The U.S. city of ,
was home to a small . Historically, Baltimore had at least two districts that were called "Chinatown" where the first one existed on the 200 block of Marion Streetring the 1880s. A second and current location is at the 300 block of , which was dominated by laundries and restaurants. The initial Chinese population came because of the transcontinental railroad, however, the Chinese population never exceeded 400 as of 1941. During segregation, Chinese children were classified as "white" and went to the white schools. Chinatown was largely gone by the First World War due to urban renewal. Though Chinatown was largely spared from the riots of the 1960s, most of the Chinese residents moved to the suburbs. As of 2009, the area still shows signs of blight and does not have a Chinese arch.
Main article:
A view from within
looking towards the
The sole established Chinatown of
is in , on Beach Street and Washington Street near
and . There are many , , , and
restaurants and markets.
In the pre-Chinatown era, the area was settled in succession by , , , and
immigrants as each group replaced another. Syrians were later succeeded by Chinese immigrants, and Chinatown was established in 1890. From the 1960s to the 1980s, Boston's Chinatown was located in the , which served as Boston's , but sandwiched between the dual expansions of Chinatown from the East and
from the West, the Combat Zone, while still in existence, has shrunk to almost nothing.
Currently, Boston's Chinatown is experiencing a threat from
policies as large luxury residential towers are built in and surrounding an area that was overwhelmingly three, four, and five-story small apartment buildings intermixed with retail and light-industrial spaces.
Main article:
Chinatown was originally located at Third Avenue, Porter St and Bagley St, now the permanent site of the MGM Grand Casino. In the 1960s, urban renewal efforts, as well as the opportunity for the Chinese business community to purchase property led to a relocation centered at Cass Avenue and Peterboro. However, Detroit's urban decline and escalating street violence, primarily the killing of restauranteur Tommie Lee, led to the new location's demise, with the last remaining Chinese food restaurant in Chinatown finally shut its doors in the early 2000s. Although there is still a road marker indicating "Chinatown" and a mural commemorating the struggle for justice in the
case, only one Chinese American establishment still operates within the borders of the City of Detroit. The Association of Chinese Americans Detroit Outreach Center, a small community center, serves a handful of new Chinese immigrants who still reside in the Cass Corridor.
Main article:
Chinatown in , was a
that existed from 1869 until its demolition for
in 1966. Also called Hop Alley, it was bounded by Seventh, Tenth, Walnut and Chestnut streets. The first Chinese
to St. Louis was Alla Lee, born in
near , who arrived in the city in 1857. Lee remained the only Chinese immigrant until 1869, when a group of about 250 immigrants (mostly men) arrived seeking
work. In January 1870, another group of Chinese immigrants arrived, including some women. By 1900, the immigrant population of St. Louis Chinatown had settled at between 300 and 400. Chinatown established itself as the home to , which in turn represented more than half of the city's laundry facilities. Other businesses included , , , , and . Between 1958 and the mid-1960s, Chinatown was
and demolished for
and to make space for .
An intersection in
contains the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of , enumerating 735,019 individuals as of 2012, including at least 12 Chinatowns - six (or nine, including the emerging Chinatowns in
and , , and ) in
proper, and one each in , ; , ; and , not to mention fledgling ethnic Chinese enclaves emerging throughout the New York City metropolitan area. , as a whole, have had a (relatively) long tenure in New York City.
immigrants came to
around 1870, looking for the "golden" opportunities America had to offer. By 1880, the enclave around
was estimated to have from 200 to as many as 1,100 members. However, the , which went into effect in 1882, caused an abrupt decline in the number of Chinese who immigrated to New York and the rest of the United States. Later, in 1943, the Chinese were given a small quota, and the community's population gradually increased until 1968, when the quota was lifted and the Chinese American population skyrocketed. In the past few years, the
dialect that has dominated Chinatown for decades is being rapidly swept aside by , the national language of China and the
of most of the latest .
Main articles:
(simplified Chinese: 纽约华埠 ; traditional Chinese: 紐約華埠; pinyin: Ni?yuē Huá Bù), the historical focus of one of the largest concentrations of Chinese people in the , is located in the
in New York City. Within Manhattan's expanding Chinatown lies a
and surrounding streets, occupied predominantly by immigrants from the
of Mainland China. Areas surrounding the "Little Fuzhou" consist mostly of Cantonese immigrants from Guangdong Province, the earlier Chinese settlers, and in some areas moderately of
immigrants. In the past few years, however, the Cantonese dialect that has dominated Chinatown for decades is being rapidly swept aside by , the national language of China and the
of most of the latest . The energy and population of Manhattan's Chinatown are fueled by relentless, massive , both legal and illegal in origin, propagated in large part by New York's high density, extensive mass transit system, and huge economic marketplace.
The early settlers of 's
were mostly from
Province of China, which are the Cantonese speakers and also from . They formed most of the Chinese population of the area surrounded by
Streets. The later settlers, from , , form the Chinese population of the area bounded by . Chinatown's modern borders are roughly
on the north,
on the west,
on the east, and East Broadway to the south.
Main article:
on Broadway, a satellite of Flushing Chinatown.
The , in the
area of the borough of
in New York City, is one of the largest and fastest growing ethnic Chinese enclaves outside of Asia, as well as within New York City itself. Main Street and the area to its west, particularly along Roosevelt Avenue, have become the primary nexus of Flushing Chinatown. However, Chinatown continues to expand southeastward along Kissena Boulevard and northward beyond . In the 1970s, a Chinese community established a foothold in the neighborhood of Flushing, whose demographic constituency had been predominantly non-Hispanic white and Japanese.
began the surge of immigration, followed by other groups of Chinese. By 1990, Asians constituted 41% of the population of the core area of Flushing, with Chinese in turn representing 41% of the Asian population. However, ethnic Chinese are constituting an increasingly dominant proportion of the Asian population as well as of the overall population in Flushing and its Chinatown. A 1986 estimate by the Flushing Chinese Business Association approximated 60,000 Chinese in Flushing alone.
(including ), ,
, , , , , , , and English are all prevalently spoken in Flushing Chinatown. Even the relatively obscure
style of cuisine indigenous to
is now available in Flushing Chinatown. Given its rapidly growing status, the Flushing Chinatown may surpass in size and population the original New York City Chinatown in the borough of Manhattan within a few years, and it is debatable whether this has already happened.
, another neighborhood in the borough of Queens, also has a large and growing Chinese community. Previously a small area with Chinese shops on Broadway between 81st Street and Cornish Avenue, this newly evolved second Chinatown in Queens has now expanded to 45th Avenue and Whitney Avenue. Newer Chinatowns are emerging in
and , Queens.
Main article:
By 1988, 90% of the storefronts on Eighth Avenue in the , in southern , had been abandoned. Chinese immigrants then moved into this area, not only new arrivals from China, but also members of Manhattan's Chinatown, seeking refuge from high rents, who fled to the cheap property costs and rents of Sunset Park and formed what the website of the local branch of the Chinese Benevolent Association has called "the ", which now extends for 20 blocks along 8th Avenue, from 42nd to 62nd Streets. This relatively new but rapidly growing Chinatown located in Sunset Park, Brooklyn was originally settled by Cantonese immigrants like Manhattan's Chinatown in the past. However, in the recent decade, an influx of Fuzhou immigrants has been pouring into Brooklyn's Chinatown and supplanting the Cantonese at a significantly higher rate than in Manhattan's Chinatown, and Brooklyn Chinatown is now home to mostly Fuzhou immigrants. In the past, during the 1980s and 1990s, the majority of newly arriving Fuzhou immigrants were settling within Manhattan's Chinatown, and the first Little Fuzhou community emerged in New York City within Manhattan's C by the 2000s, however, the epicenter of the massive Fuzhou influx had shifted to Brooklyn Chinatown, which is now home to the fastest growing and perhaps largest Fuzhou population in New York City. Unlike the Little Fuzhou in the Manhattan Chinatown, which remains surrounded by areas which continue to house significant populations of Cantonese, all of Brooklyn's Chinatown is swiftly consolidating into New York City's new Little Fuzhou. However, a growing community of
immigrants from China's
is now also arriving in Brooklyn Chinatown. Also in contrast to Manhattan's Chinatown, which still successfully continues to carry a large Cantonese population and retain the large Cantonese community established decades ago in the western section of Manhattan's Chinatown, where Cantonese residents have a communal gathering venue to shop, work, and socialize, Brooklyn Chinatown is very quickly losing its Cantonese community identity. Newer Chinatowns are emerging around
in Brooklyn.
Built in 1922, Pittsburgh
Main article:
There is a Chinatown centered on 10th and Race Streets in . Over the years, several blocks were lost to the , and the . For the past few years, city officials have restricted redevelopment in , particularly as a result of efforts by a coalition of grassroots groups (pan-ethnic, labor groups) working together to preserve Chinatown. Today the lost blocks have been regained by the expansion of Chinatown to Arch Street and north of Vine Street. Asian restaurants, funeral homes, and grocery stores are common sights. 's
residents are mostly of , , , and
peoples. , , and
are also residents. Chinatown contains a mixture of businesses and organizations owned by the pan-Chinese diaspora, as Mainland Chinese, Vietnamese Chinese, Hong Kong Chinese, and
residing in the Philadelphia area call Chinatown home.
Main article:
The U.S. city of ,
was home to a "small, but busy" Chinatown, located at the intersection of
where only two Chinese restaurants remain. The On Leong Society was located there. According to the article, "... the first Chinese community in Pittsburgh developed around Wylie Avenue above Court Place," according to a 1942 newsletter of the American Service Institute of Allegheny County. The Chinatown spread to Grant Street, and then "... to Water Street and then spread out to Second and Third avenues."
Main article:
The US city of
was once home to at least two , with the first on Burrill Street in the 1890s until 1901 and then around Empire Street around the late 1890s in the southern section of the city. According to another source, the Burrill Street Chinatown was burned to the ground in 1901 by a "mysterious fire" caused by a kerosene stove.
The Empire Street Chinatown was considered one of the "last of the old Chinatowns" in a grouping that included ,
and . The extension of Empire Street, proposed in 1914 (according to the Providence Sunday Journal) and completed around 1951 doomed the Chinatown, and all of the buildings were demolished including the former headquarters of local Chinese societies. The enclave was once located next to the Empire Theatre and the Central Baptist Church.
Main articles:
The U.S. city of
has at least two locations that are recognized as Chinatown. The new Chinatown is located in
and the older one is located in an older neighborhood in East Downtown.
The first businesses of the East Downtown Chinatown were opened by Cantonese Chinese immigrants in the 1930s. It continued to grow in subsequent decades until many of its businesses relocated to Houston's new Chinatown. There have been attempts by business leaders to reverse the decline of Chinatown in East Downtown, but many new residents have sought to rebrand the area to reflect the current cultural shift.
The new Houston Chinatown in Southwest Houston can trace its beginnings to several businesses that opened in 1983. The new Chinatown began to expand in the 1990s when many Houston-area Asian American entrepreneurs moved their businesses from older neighborhoods in a search for more inexpensive properties and lower crime rates (at the time). Houston's new Chinatown is about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Downtown Houston. It is over 6 square miles (16 km2), making it among the largest automobile-centric Chinatowns in the United States. Some local officials have tried to change the name of the new Chinatown to "Asia Town" due to many different ethnic groups having a presence there.
Main article:
current Chinese neighborhood came into being around 1910 when much of the former Chinatown along Washington Street was condemned for street construction. The Chinese population began rebuilding along King Street, south of Seattle's . Chinese investors pooled their resources to build several substantial buildings to house businesses, organizations and residences, such as the .
In the 1950s Seattle officials designated Chinatown as part of the
(I.D.) due to the diverse Asian population that, by then, included , , , and . By the late 1970s,
immigrants also formed a
next to Chinatown, within the ID.
There has been some controversy over the name "International District." Some local Chinese Americans reject the term, preferring the historic designation "Chinatown" for the area as a source of pride. Others, especially American born generations of Asians, accept the ID designation as more appropriate due to their embrace of a more "" identity. Subsequently, the city redesignated the area the Chinatown-International District.
. U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
. U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
John Marzulli (May 9, 2011). . New York: (C) Copyright 2012 NY .
. U.S. Census Bureau.
. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service.
Lillian Gong-Guy, Gerrye Wong. .
accessed 26 March 2014 from link on
Resolution 99-3 of the City Council adopted and passed January 11, 1999
Chinatown Community Cultural Center Retrieved 12 December 2014
Cohen, Lucy (1984). Chinese in the Post-Civil War South. LSU Press.
Campanella, Richard (4 March 2015). . < () 2015.
Rachel Rabinowitz (January 6, 2013). . Baltimore Maryland Agent.
Palmer Jr, Thomas C. (). . The Boston Globe.
Chinatown, Burton collection, Detroit Public Library
Detroit News, Feb 19, 1960
Virtual St. Louis: Chinatown Web site
. U.S. Census Bureau.
Kirk Semple (June 23, 2011). . The New York Times.
Lawrence A. McGlinn (2002). . Middle States Geographer 35 (1153): 4.
Waxman, Sarah. . ny.com.
Semple, Kirk (October 21, 2009). . The New York Times.
Semple, Kirk (). . The New York Times.
Lam, J Anish P Tritia Thomrongnawasouvad (2001). . Voices of New York. NYU.
Nancy Foner (2001). . . pp.&#160;158–161.
Hsiang-shui Chen. .
Moskin, Julia (). . The New York Times.
Marques, Aminda (). . The New York Times (The New York Times Company).
. bca.net. Brooklyn Chinese-American Association.
Moreno, Jenalia (). . Houston Chronicle (Houston Chronicle).
Patel, Purva (). . Houston Chronicle (Houston Chronicle).
Gray, Lisa (). . Houston Chronicle (Houston Chronicle).
Lopez, J. Kenji (). . Serious Eats (Serious Eats).
Halloran, Liz (). . National Public Radio (National Public Radio).
Long, Rani (). . USA Today (USA Today).
American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods, Bonnie Tsui, 2009
Chinatowns: Towns Within Cities in Canada, David Chuenyan Lai, 1988
The First Suburban Chinatown: The Remaking of Monterey Park, California, Timothy P. Fong, 1994
San Gabriel Valley Asian Influx Alters Life in Suburbia Series: Asian Impact (1 of 2 articles), Mark Arax, , 1987
San Francisco Chinatown Largest Chinatown in the Americas
– A Chinatown-themed shopping center located in
– Remains of an old Chinatown
– Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
– Asian Week article on the first Chinese American suburban community of Monterey Park, California, USA (Greater Los Angeles area).
– A project researching the hidden history of a former Chinatown of a large American city,
– Los Angeles Times article on the suburban Chinese business district of San Gabriel, California (Greater Los Angeles area).
– Lists Chinatown SARS hoaxes that were distributed online.
– Several examples of early rural Chinatowns in Northern California.
Honolulu's Chinatown
Chicago Chinatown
Oakland Chinatown StreetFest
: Hidden categories: