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Chain-react,slurb,meritocrat,disaffiliate
Break a connection with an organization
1.ways of greeting and addressing people问候与称呼。
2.the use of self-deprecation（ 自谦 ）strategies in expressing modesty.
3.invasion of privacy.侵犯隐私
4.over-simplification.
Some related disciplines
Anatomy解剖学；biochemistry生物化学；
Cendocrinology内分泌学;gerontology老年医学;gynaecnephrology肾病学;orthopaedics骨科学;otolaryngology耳鼻喉科学;venereology性病学
Lexicology
Latin words:eg. a.m. cf. viz.
Greek words:pyramid&&organism
French words:ballet&&boulevard&&cuisine
Chinese elements:Taoism&&litchi&&ginseng&&li&&
& &Kuomingtang&&land reform&&Four Modernizations& & Confucianism
British and American English
Flat---apartment& &underground---subway
Coach---bus& &lorry---truck& &film---movie
Pavement---sidewalk& &homework---assignment& &post---mail&&match---game
Football---soccer& &lift---elevator
Petrol---gasoline&&fridge---icebox
Holiday---vacation& &post code---zip code
Shop---store&&autumn---fall luggage---baggage
Semantic and Pragmatic meaning
1.Pragmatic meaning语用意义
&&A.It is cold in here. B.The donkey!
&&C.Can I put this on?&&D.a:I am hungry b:I lend you money.
2.Semantic meaning语义意义
Polysemy一词多义； Hyponymy 上下义Synonymy同义关系； Antonymy反义关系
1.Polysemy
Board:a piece of wood---a flat surface used for playing a game on( a flat material fastened to the wall to pin notice on)
& &a piece of wood---table for meals(desk for meeting)---meals or a committee.
2.Hyponymy(superordinate上义词 and subordinate下义词)
& && && && && && && && && &bush& & pine
Living---plant---tree----oak
& && && && && && && && &&&flower& &maple
Colour---red(pink粉红;scarlet猩红;vermilion朱红;crimson绯红;ruby深红)
3.SynonymyHow to distinguish Synonyms
A.Stylistic level文体:colloquial口语体(informal);common普通体;formal正式体
nag/gee-steed/charger
?He mounted on the gee-gee.
child/decline/penalty/
commence/endeavour/ascend/
mount/purchase/virtually/almost
B.Degree of emphasis强调的程度
Big and Large are both commonly used words,but Large is more formal and may be used to describe things that are unusually Big,so it is more emphatic than Big,Huge is more emphatic than Large.
corpse/carcass fry/boilescape/flee fall/topple
comfortable<clever<angry<old<cold<famous<
pretty<unnatural<abnormal
C.Emotional coloring感情色彩
modest(laudatory褒义)/humble(derogatory贬义)& & statesman/politician&&homely/ugly
envious/jealous&&singer/vocalist&&donkey/ass
childlike/childish&&slim/skinny& &little/small
D.Collocation搭配:large(amount/number/quantity)/great(courage/confidence/ability/wisdom);accuse—of/charge—with/denounce—make a mistake/sour milk/
? The man badly wished John to leave.
Collocation is determined by grammatical rule and semantic feature.
?1.He elapsed the man.
?2.He frightened that he was coming.
?3.He elapsed a week ago.
?4.The man frightened the idea.
?5.He organized his supporter into a political group.
?6.The girl assembled.
4.Antonyms
A.Contraries相对反义词:beautiful—pretty—good-looking—plain—homely—ugly
rich—well-to-do—well-off—hard up—poor
B.Complementaries互补反义词:alive—married—male—boy—girl
3.Conversives换位反义词:buy—give—
Lend—husband—parent--child
Context上下文
fresh bread(stale);fresh air(stuffy);fresh flowers(faded);He looked fresh(tired).
An old man /A
A tall man /A tall building
refractory—docile(tame);evanescent—long
diffident—acquit---of—charge---with
1.Association联想MA
2.Semantic mapping
Hold back&&hold up
take/get/catch hold of
& && && && && && &&&HOLD(with hands)—shake hands
a party/a MEETING/ a match
break up/propose/vote/veto/take place(happen)
conference/congress/convention
& && && && && && && && && && && && &
Crime—criminal,,: T have a think
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(LDOCE)
Oxford Adanced Learners Dictionary of Current English(ALD)
Websters New world Dictionary of the American Language(WNWD)
What makes words difficult?
The sploony urdle departed.
1.Either Sploony or Urdle must be a noun.
2.Sploony looks like an adjective.
3.If sploony were the noun,urdle would also be a noun.
1.She poured the water into a tock.
A bucket,a bowl, a hole?
2.Then,lifting the tock, she drank.
3.Unfortunately,as she was setting it down again,the tock slipped from her hand and broke.
4.Only the handle remained in one piece.
In order to repair the car,I shall need____
A ceolacanth is a kind of living fossil,first discovered when one was caught off Madagascar in 1938
A ceolacanth is a kind of__a.rock b.plant c.fish d.animal
American Literature
1.The Colonial Period
(Puritanism清教主义）
2.The Romantic Period(Romanticism-American Renaissance)
4.Naturalism
5.The 20th century American Literature
Puritanism
1.Edwards():Personal Narrative自述
He accepted the doctrine of predestination,original sin.
2.Franklin()
He was a rare genius in human history.Everything seems to meet in this one man.He became almost everything:a printer,essayist,scientist,orator,states-man,philosopher,economist,ambassador
The Autobiography自传
13Virtues:Temperance节制，Silence,Order,Resolution,Frugality,In-dustry,Sincerity,Justice,Moderation温和，Cleanliness,Tranquility,Chastity禁欲，Humility
Romanticism
1.Irving:The Sketch Book见闻札记；The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷传说
2.Emerson:Nature论自然
3.Thoreau梭罗：Walden,or Life in the Woods林中生活
4.Hawthorne:The Scarlet Letter
5.Melville:Moby-Dick
Realism:Mark Twain()
The Gilded Age镀金时代(1873);The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1876);
Life on the Mississippi(1883);The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1886)
Naturalism:Dreiser()
Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹（1900）
An American Tragedy(1925)
Survival of the fittest(Jungle law)
The 20th century
1.Fitzgerald():The Great Gatsby writes about the frustration and despair resulting from the failure of the American dream.
Hemingway()
1.The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起（1926）-bull-fighting.
2。A Farewell to Arms永别了，武器（1929）
The experience in World War One gave him materials for his novels.(Lost Generation)
3.For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣(1940)
4.The Old Man and the Sea(1952)
(A man may be destroyed ,but not defeated)(Death and Courage)
A Day”s wait
1.Identify the cohesive elements and find out what each refers to
Cohesion includes reference(pro-forms代词形式）and ellipsis省略
The general feeling is if positive recognition
is given in the form of a compliment,that is the subjective opinion of another person and thus should be appreciated as a reflection of their similar good taste.
2.Rewrite the sentence as 2 or more sentences by removing co-ordinating conjunctions.
He&&look at the children with surprise that he should know such words at his age and indignation that he should be permitted to use them.
A.surprise that he should know such words at his age
B.indignation that he should be permitted to use them
(parallel平行)
3.Get the essential parts of the sentence(find nouns and its modifiers)
The general feeling is X.
Four types of Writing
1.Description(painting)
2.Narration(giving an account of)
3.Exposition(explaining)
4.Argumentation(convincing)
A good argumentative essay
1.Your paper should have a debatable point.Bad themes:A.Mere statements of facts.B.Statements of personal preference.
?Ba Jin is my favorite author.
2.You have to provide sufficient evidence to convince the reader.Evidence includes:statistics and quotations from authorities.
3.Good&&logic:There are generally 2 ways of reasoning.
2 ways of reasoning
1.Inductive reasoning归纳推理is the more common way.
2.Deductive reasoning演绎推理。
It works on the model of syllogism三段论
a conclusion.
If A and B are true ,C is bound to be true.
Interview is a meeting where a person is asked questions by another or others.
Student A:You are a newspaper reporter.You want to write an article about “how to respond to compliments”.You are interviewing Student B.
Student B:A reporter is going to ask you some questions about “how to respond to compliments”.Answer him or her politely.
在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。
闲聊时来句恭维话，往往让我们大多数人不知所措。
English syntax puts emphasis on Hypotaxis形合，chinese Parataxis意合.
1.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
2。谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
Criteria of Translation
FSElegance.信；达；雅。
“I kep it from her arter I heard on it,”said Mr.Peggotty,”going on nigh a year. We was living then in a solitary place.”(from “David
Copperfield”)
“起那时俺听了消息后，”辟果提先生说，“瞒着她快一年了，俺们那时呆的地方挺背。”
Process of Translation:
1.Comprehension理解
2.Expression表达
1.Comprehension
A.He eats no fish and plays the game.
B.He has written to me frequently since I was ill.
‘eat no fish’ is an allusion典故‘play the game’ is a phrase
他既忠诚又正直。
自从我病愈以来他经常给我写信（since I have been ill-病中)
1.Stative verbs静态动词such as:smell.
2.Dynamic verbs动态动词include:A.verbs indicate transient action B.verbs indicate continuous action
A.I have never heard of him since he graduated.
B.The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.
2.Expression:A.literal translation(metaphrase)直译 B.liberal translation(paraphrase)意译
A. a wait-and- to kill two birds with one stone
B.1.He bent solely upon profit.2.We are here today and gone tomorrow.
3.“How much did you suffer?””plenty”,the old man said.
4.盼星星盼月亮 5。他要是有个三长两短
他惟利是图； 人生朝露； 你吃了多少苦头？一言难尽。老头说
1。为促进统一，就要有个适当方式。
2.It is a gloomy thing,however,to talk about one’s own past,with the day breaking.Turn me in some other direction before I go.
1.To promote the reunification of the motherland,we must find a proper means.
2。不过，在天亮时谈个人的往事真扫兴。我走之前，谈点别的吧。
3.“You shouldn’t be discouraged.”Mother said to us,we all shook our heads.
Professor of Physics:What is matter?Student:Never mind.
Professor:Then what is mind?
Student:It doesn’t matter.
老师：什么是物质？（怎么啦？）学生：不是精神。（没有关系）
师：那什么是精神？（那什么有关系？）
生：不是物质。（什么都没关系）
我想了片刻，觉得世界上讲西班牙语的人最善于辞令，
也许可以从他们身上学到点什么。你对他们中的一个人赞叹说，“我从来没见过这么漂亮的房子”，他马上答道，“您大驾光临，更使蓬荜生辉。”让你站在那儿，一脸尴尬。要想回敬他们是没有用的—不管说什么，最后他们总会占上风。
有一点很清楚：在所有得体的社交场合，最根本的就是保持镇定。
伊利莎法勒写过一本美国最早的有关礼仪方面的书。她在书中讲述了一个故事，阐明保持镇定的重要性。那是在新英格兰举行的一次高雅的宴会上，主人切鹅时，鹅不慎脱手，滑出了盘子，落在一位贵夫人的衣裙上。
要是我遇到这种情况，我会感到极为窘迫，恨不得悄悄找根绳子去上吊。
可是，这位主人却泰然自若。他极为平静而庄重地说，“夫人，您把那鹅给我，我将感激不尽。”要是我们的行为举止都能保持这种风度，摆脱局促不安，那我们的社交生活就会有趣得多。
如果我们牢记下面这一点，我们就会显得更加镇定自如：
每当有人恭维你时，他可能只是想和你说说话。唯一明智的回答就是由八个小小的字母构成两个简洁的小词：Thank you!
我在接受这种特定的恭维时，
表示最能完全接受的说法就是“恩，我们喜欢。”
但是，在千百次的应对中才会有一句真正巧妙的应答。
只有像多萝西帕克或乔治考夫曼这样的人才能应对自如。
A sonnet is a poem of 14lines,usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming.
Iambic:a measure of poetry consisting of one weak beat followed by one strong beat,as in the word’alive’.
Pentameter: a line of poetry with 5 main beats.
1.Petrarch’s sonnet is divided into 2 parts.The fisrt8 lines are called an octave with a rhyming pattern of abba,abba.(theme)
The next 6 lines are called a sestet following a scheme cde,cde.(answer)
2.Shakespeare’s sonnet consists of 3 quatrains with a rhyming scheme abab,cdcd,efef and end with a couplet rhyming gg.
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &Couplet:2 lines of poetry, one following the other,that are of equal length and end in the same sound.对句
So long /as men /can breathe/,or eyes/ can see,
So long/ lives this /,and this/ gives life/ to thee.
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate .
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && & Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date.
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his go
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature’s chang
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’
Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st.
So long as men can breathe,or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Diction of Translation
1.他们讲唯心，我们讲唯物。
2.Common be your prayer,
& &Common be your deliberation,
& &Common be your desires.
3.She is a good christian,a good parent,child,wife.
1.They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.
2.愿同祈祷，目标无二；谋虑与共，意志合一。
3。她是一位虔诚的教徒，慈爱的母亲，孝顺的女儿，贤良的妻子。
4。理论水平/生活水平/劳动力水平不高/ 他的英语水平比我高/ 他们必须提高领导水平/&&开电视/开门/开船/开车/开机器/& && && &
个人卫生/公共卫生/环境卫生/&&青山/天/铜/丝/史/工/蛙& && && &&&教他们一些历史知识
4.theoretical level/living standards/the low quality of laborers/he knows more English than I/they should improve their art of leadership
Personal hygiene/public health/environmental sanitation
5.搞改革，总难免要犯一些错误，这是历史经验证明的。
6.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.
7.You nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and nearly tore the boat to pieces.
5.Mistakes are unavoidable in carrying out reforms,as past experience has proved.
6。帝国主义者的性格既残暴又狡猾。
7。当年我把一条活蹦乱跳的大鱼拖上船的时候，那家伙险些儿把那只船撞得粉碎。
Assignment:He will be a valuable acquisition to the teaching staff of our school.
他是我校教师队伍中一位新的骨干教师。
Outline:1.Thesis&&2.Main idea:A.Sub-idea
B.Sub-idea& & a.Supporting detail&&b.Supporting detail&&(fact 1; fact 2 )
3.Conclusion
The American writer Mark Twain once said,
“I can live for 2 months on a good compliment.”That is to say,once given as a gift to different people,compliments mean one thing ---casting warm light on their lives.&&
Compliments bring people closer to each other.
The depressed people will feel encouraged by compliments.
Conclusion:A good compliment is like a bright sun which is shining over the people.
Ways of Developing Paragraphs(Topic Sentence)
What Would Happen If There Were No Power
1.Ever since this century,electricity has become an essential part of our modern life.
2.If there were power,
3.Therefore,
1.?We have had electricity.&&?power is the most important one.
2.?We couldn’t live and work.&&?People would use fire to light the room in the evening.&&?We wouldn’t be happy.
All things would be in a mess.
Things would be quite different.
3.?power is the foundation of our society.
?power is so widely used today.
We shouldn’t waste electric power.
City and Countryside/ Smoking/ Protection of Environment
1.Both the city and countryside provide places for us to live and work.
2.Generally speaking,the environment is better in the countryside.
3.It is easy to see that the city and the countryside have their advantages and disadvantages.
1.Smoking cigarettes is hazardous to our health.& &2.There are other reasons to give up smoking in addition to health hazards.
3.Giving up smoking is not easy.
1.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious.
2.Man has made great progress in environmental protection.
3.Still more measures should be taken to solve the problem.
An important step in becoming an effective flatterer is to
Understand why flattery helps you establish better relationships with others.The root cause of the power of flattery gets at a basic principle of human behavior:People crave being appreciated.The vast majority of people are of the similar idea despite different cultures.In Asian cultures the desire for group recognition is generally stronger than the desire for individual recognition.Nevertheless,the need for recognition is present.& && &&&Many people hold that the joy of work itself is more important than external recognition,including flattery.
The joy of work may be a powerful motivator,but even
Those who get the biggest joy from their work---such as scientists,artists,and photographers---crave flattery and recognition.Otherwise they wouldn’t compete for Nobel Prizes or enter their work in important exhibitions.
Another reason flattery is so effective relates to the normal need to be recognized.
Although some articles and books have been written
And preached zealously about flattery,most people receive less recognition than they deserve.Many people hardly ever receive compliments either on the job or at home,thus intensifying their demand for flattery.
Develop a paragraph
1.Development by example.
& &Bike is very popular in China.The reasons are as follows:First, a bike is cheap,and most people can afford it.Second,riding a bike is a good exercise and it can help us to keep fit.Third,bikes donot cause air pollution.Finally,a bike doesnot need a large parking space.For these reasons,many people in China like a bike very much.
2.Development by comparison and contrast
& & Smoking is harmful.On one hand,it causes lung cancer.On the other hand,it speeds up the process of aging. ?
& & Health is better than wealth.Good health enables one to enjoy his life.On the other hand,poor health tends to deprive one of his interest in everything around him.Therefore,health is indispensable to one’s happy life.
Homework:Today,in Britain there are still some differences in status between men and women.
3.Development by cause and effect
I like travelling by bus better than travelling by airplane.
A large number of migrant workers enter big cities these days.
& &&&On one hand,they have helped to push forward the urban development by constructing buildings,bridges and so on.On the other hand,as too many migrant workers enter big cities at the same time,some problems are brought about.
“受话人‘Mrs.I.A.Pologize’（夫人，我道歉）”
接线员拖长声音说道，“名字的拼写为P.”一眨眼工夫，电话线两端的人整个一天由阴转晴。
幽默之所以能消除敌意的对抗，其力量在于无言的承诺：
“我的朋友，你让我脱身，我也让你走人。”其诀窍就是权当你的对手是心怀好意，微微一笑----适可而止。擅长此道的加拿大总督罗兰米切纳，去视察一所公立学校时，遇到了正在罢工的维修工人设置的一条气势汹汹的纠察线。
Amplification :1.words supplied for syntactic construction结构性增补.2.words supplied for semantic completion语意性增补
1。人民犯了法，也要受处罚，也要坐班房，也要判死刑。
2。其实地上本没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。
1.When anyone among the people breaks the law,he too should be punished,imprisoned
or even sentenced to death.
2.Actually the earth had no roads to begin with,but when many men pass one way,a road is made.
3.My audiences vary from tens to thousands.I expect opposition but got hardly any.
4.读书可以增长知识。
3。我的听众从几十人到几千人不等，我希望有持异议的人起来跟我辩论，但几乎没有遇到
过。 4.Through reading one can acquire knowledge.
Supply category words(范畴词）
tension&&jealousy&&preparation&&madness&&
indifference&&hostility&&irregularities越轨行为& &allergy& & unemployment
5.In the summer of 1969,the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.
Supply overlapping words or numerals to express the plural form of nouns.
6.Flowers bloom all over the yard.
7.The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.
6。朵朵鲜花开满了庭院7。连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。
8。看粮食，要看中国的农业。
9.“And before you go to beg their pardon,change those trousers for a dress.You know how your mother-in-law
feels about pants on a woman.She always says,’what was hatched a hen mustnot try to be a rooster!’”
8.To have a better understanding of the food situation in China we must take a full view of her agriculture.
9.“在你去向他们赔礼之前，先用女服换掉男裤。你知道你婆婆对女人穿长裤是怎样看的。她总是说：‘孵出来是母鸡就别想当公鸡。’”
Many employers like to hire men rather than women.
Most women do unskilled jobs while men are likely to take decent jobs.In addition,at present boys’ schools are still much better than girls’ schools.
Appearance
In his Fables,Aesop warns us :”We should look to the mind ,and not to the outward appearance.”The great ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle,however,says,”Personal beauty is a greater recommendation than any letter of introduction.” Work in groups to discuss whether people can be judged by their appearance.Use examples to support your answer.
Paragraph writing(U Coherence)
The following ways may help you to produce a fluent paragraph:
A.Repeating words.
B.Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences.
I don’t know where to stay in Beijing.I have never been to that place.
C.Being consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns and tense of verbs.
?1.Students should learn to analyze and solve problems independently.Don’t rely on your teacher’s help.
2.I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map.I had expected to be near my objective by now,but everything still alien to me.
D.Using logical connectors
1.启 To begin with/first of all/ in the first place/ Generally speaking/in general/ It goes without saying that/ everyone knows that/ no one can deny that/ it is well-known to us that/ ; At present/recently/ As can be seen from the table(chart)/from the chart,we can see that&&;
2.承 At the same time/in the meantime/meanwhile/
Similarly/after that/then/ ; Besides/moreover/furthermore/in addition/what’ For example/for instance/take sth. For an example/
3.转 However/nevertheless/but/despite/in spite of/yet/though/while/ on the contrary/conversely/on the other hand
4.合 Therefore/finally/in short/in a word/ as a result/above all/at last/in fact/ all in all/From the points mentioned above,we can draw the conclusion
I returned to my room.There was a note under my door.It was from
Bill.He said he was in the town looking for a job.He hadn’t found anything yet.He was sorry to have missed me.
Oranges are important part of a complete diet. Apples are nutritious,but they don’t have nearly as much vitamin C as oranges.Bananas are a good source of potassium,but so is the orange.
Correcting
& &They have more vitamin C than apples, which are considered very nutritious.Similarly,Oranges are as good a source of potassium as bananas,which are recommended as a source of mineral.
Merchant& &bark– embark(debark/disembark)
A winning team/a winning smile
Calculating/understanding/demanding
Anything clearly noticed is distinct:There’s a –smell of beer in this room.明显的，不同的。
A thing that is clearly different from others of its kind is distinctive/distinct from有特色的。Extinct/instinct
Evident (theorem定理)&&/obvious(axiom公理)
有一种形象常被误解，起根源在于人们对目光接触的看法。
他直视你的眼睛，一定是个老实人，这话你不知听过多少遍了。
不过大多数人都用这个标准判断他人，
你一定要经常直视他们的眼睛。
根据对方是否注视你的眼睛，评价他是否诚实，与根据你的猫或狗对来客的反应，判断这位客人的人品同样毫无道理。
Although we are often told not to “judge a book by its cover”,
or a man’s intelligence and abilities by his looks,the truth is that a person’s appearance does say plenty about him.It tells us a lot about his personality,his education,his judgment and even the opinion he has of himself.Everyone cannot be beautiful or handsome,but everybody can make an effort to look neat and tidy.From a social point of view,taking care of one’s appearance is a way of showing self-respect and respect for others.
Private cars,as the product of modern civilization,have been
playing a vital part in the daily activities of human society.We can now drive to work,to do shopping,to visit friends and even to travel across the country.Fast and labor-saving,private cars have become so essential and indispensable to us that it is no exaggeration to say our modern society is moving on the wheels.On the other hand,more often than not,the roads in big cities are jammed with cars and the air is filled with exhaust gas.Then couldn’t we live in the fresh air while enjoying the mobility of cars? Omission
1.From the grammatical point of view.
A.Omit pronouns.(We live and learn.)
a.She went,with her neat figure,and her sober womanly step,down the dark street.
B.Omit conjunctions.
b.Despite the privation,and the mounting toll of dead and wounded,however,morale remained intact,and people still smile in the street.
C.Omit Articles or prepositions.
c.The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
a.她顺着黑暗的街道走去，显出利落匀称的身材，迈着端庄的女人的步子。
b.尽管供应不足，伤亡增加，然而士气并未受影响。街上，人们照常脸有笑容。
&&c.1949年中华人民共和国成立。
2.From the rhetorical point of view.
d.There was no snow,the leaves were gone from the trees,the grass was dead.
e.海峡两岸的中国人都是骨肉同胞，手足兄弟。
&&f.大楼的质量不好。
g.Before the night was far advanced,they began to move against the enemy.
d.天未下雪，但叶落草枯。
e.The Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are of the same blood.
f.入夜不久，他们开始进击敌人。
3.Omit category words.
g.我们一定要逐步解决沿海同内地贫富差距问题。国家要加大对中西部的支持力度。
进一步简化手续/进一步加强法制/大大缩短人的寿命
g.We can gradually bridge the gap between coastal and inland
area.The state will increase it support for the central and western parts.
Simplify procedures/ strengthen the legal system/ shorten the lives of human beings.
Homework:Not less excellent,except for our less susceptibility in the afternoon,was the charm,last evening,of a January sunset.The western clouds divided and subdivided themselves into pink flakes modulated with tints of unspeakable softness,and the air had so much life and sweetness that it was a pain to come within doors.
昨日黄昏，我观赏了一次日落美景，时虽冬令正月，但景物
不减春秋，只是下午人的灵智不顶清明罢了。西方云散，纷纷化为绛色碎片，其色调之柔和，非言辞所可表达，空气清新，充满了活力，回到屋子里来，真成了受罪。
得体而有力度的握手表现一个人的个性，而死鱼般软绵绵
的握手方式，则不是好迹象。
再说，骗子老手在与人握手时很容易装出热情有力的样子。虽说握手时应该用力，这样就立刻留给对方一个良好的印象，但是下次有人握你的手时，你别太当真，因为这并不能告诉你关于他的具体情况。
Language is not to be taught but to be learned.
Communicative skills交际技能
Writing写作
Essay(outline)—paragraph—sentence—word(diction选词）
Paragraph writing段落写作:1.Unity统一（topic sentence主题句—development展开）
2.Coherence连贯（connectors启承转合)
Homework:Rewrite改写 the following passage.
I returned to my room.There was a note under my door.It was from Bill.He said he was in the town looking for a job.He hadn’t found anything yet.He was sorry to have missed me.
Sentence writing
Loose sentence松散句
Periodic sentence圆周句
From a rhetorical修辞 point of view ,sentences are loose,periodic
A loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplin other words,it puts first things first,and lets the reader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words.The reverse arrangement makes a periodic sentence:the main idea is expressed at or near the end of it,and it isn’t grammatically complete until the end is reached.The reader doesn’t know what is mainly about until he finishes pare:1.She decided to study English though she was interested in music.& &2.Although she was interested in music,she finally decided to study English.
The main idea of both sentences is the fact that she decided to
study English.This idea is put at the beginning of the first sentence and at the end of the second,thus making one a loose sentence and the other a periodic one.Besides,the first part of the first sentence is complete in structure,but that of the second is only an adverbial clause and cannot be called a sentence without the second part.&&
Loose sentences are easier ,simpler,more natural and direct.&&
Periodic sentences are more complex,emphatic,formal or literary.
The following is the sentence with which Jane Austen begins her Pride and Prejudice:
“It is a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”（傲慢与偏见）
It is clearly of the periodic structure because neither in syntax nor in meaning is it complete before the last word.The last word is the most important,because many words are piled up before the key word,the sense of climax is made very strong.
Correctness正确性（grammar) and Appropriacy适合性(communication交际）
What does he do?He work in a factory.
What is your brother doing?He works in a factory.
What happened to the crops? The storm destroyed the crops.(We should put known information first and new information at the end of the sentence)
Effective sentences:1.Unity统一性(a single complete thought)
A.Born in a small town in South China,he grew up to be a famous musician.
B.The waiters were serving coffee when the ship sank.
C.He came out first in the match,and which delighted us.
D.Du Fu was one of the greatest poets. 2.Coherence连贯性(means clear and reasonable connection between parts)
A.parallel constructions平行结构:parallel ideas should be expressed in parallel construction.
( neither&&either&&both&&not only&&)
a.The patient’s symptoms were fever,dizziness,and his head hurt.
b.He is not only well-known in China but also in many other countries.
c.A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.
d.We have great faith and high hopes for her.
e.The woman denied that she had got into the shop at night and she had taken the ring.
B.Pronouns with ambiguous reference.指代模糊
a.She told my sister that she was wrong.
b.He was knocked down by a bicycle,but it was not serious.
c.Every student must hand in their paper by the end of the term.
C.Misplaced modifiers误置修饰语
a.To get ready for the trip,all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.
b.Wrapped in a piece of silk cloth,Mother sent her daughter a birthday present.
c.His habit of speaking rapidly impressed the visitors.
D.Confusing shifts 胡乱转移in person,number,or in voice,tense and mood.
a.He has worked in the college for 20 years and publishes many books.
b.Come here and you must bring your with you.(declarative陈述句/imperative sentence祈使句）
c.The prime minister stepped off the plane and the journalists immediately surrounded her.
3.Conciseness简洁性(a sentence should contain no unnecessary words)
A.He returned back in the early part of the month of May.(small in size)
B.Mr.Smith likes to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France.
C.History,as we know,it is apt to repeat itself.(in my opinion,I think--)
D.sufficient enough/advance forward/continue on/climb up higher/resume again
Accelerate the pace of economic reform
Living standards for the people in both urban and rural areas continued to rise.
We should adopt a series of measures to ensure that---
With the final completion of construction,-
& && && && && &Homework:&&Humor
从更大的范围上讲，选民们往往仅因为某个政客的外表整洁清秀
而对他做出有利的反应。他的对手则因为没有生就一副令人信任的外表而常常遭到否定的评价。这种判断是错误的，其后果可能是灾难性的。就算许多选民投一位候选人的票完全是出于政治原因，但本不该应选的人，如果他有整洁清秀的形象，就会使他在势均力敌的选举中占有优势。& & 我们常常根据一个人的表达能力而做出轻率的判断。再回到政治这一话题上，许多选民根据候选人公开演讲的方式就对他的能力做出判断。
然而一个候选人可能非常善于演说，但并不一定能胜任他所竞选的职位。
我认识许多才能杰出的人物，他们只是没有培养自己在公开场合演讲的能力，但与别人一对一的交流中却表现极为出色。这种能充分表达自己见解的能力固然十分重要，但我们对于那些让人感觉善于辞令的人，往往产生错误的印象，因为很多情况下，这种优点仅仅只是表面现象。不难想象，一位外表整洁清秀讲话娓娓动听的政治家会轻而易举地战胜一位不事张扬但更为合适的对手。他之所以取胜仅仅因为他的形象令人信服。
如果销售经理聘用一些性格外向而又善于炫耀自己的人
就有很高的人员调整率。
姓名的听觉效果对听者产生的效应也是一个重要的因素。有时，我们听到一个动听而不是难听的名字，就形成毫无根据的观点，这是在是惭愧。
Negation and Affirmation in Translation
Nothing succeeds like success.
Wet Paint& &&&Look blue
我不喜欢游泳。
I did not call because I wanted to see her.
I did not call because I wanted to avoid her.
Some words,phrases or sentences are affirmative in form but negative in essence,which is worth our special care in translation.
一事成功事事顺/油漆未干/愁眉不展
我来访不是因为我想见她。
我没有来访是因为我想避开她。
1。学生还没走出校门。
2。他开车时不集中思想，差点丢了命。
3.February 17,1915,was just another day at the Western Bank in Chicago.That is,until 2:30PM.
1.before they have completed their studies.
2.His absence of mind during driving almost killed him.
3.日芝加哥的西方银行里一切如常，但到下午两点半钟情况就不同了。
In English “rather than” “but” “far from” “free from”&&“beyond” “fail”&&“refuse” are often translated in a negative form.
4.She has an incisive manner of speaking,happily free from urs and ers,and perhaps,a tribute to the elocution lessons she took while still a young girl.
4。她说话嘴尖舌利，完全没有哼哼哈哈的拖腔，或许应归功
于她少女时代所受的演讲术的训练。
We are familiar with the structure “too&&to”,but&&5.The process is too risky not to be checked in time.(Here “not” is placed before infinitive “to”,so it shares the meaning of affirmative.)
You can’t be too careful.你要特别小心。
All problems are unsolved.
All problems are not solved.
5.这一过程危险性太大，应及时加以制止。
所有问题都没有解决。(totally negated)
并非所有问题都没有解决。(partly negated)
In a sentence,there occurs all/ both/ every/ each/many /much/ the sentence is partly negated,but it contains no/ nothing/ by no means/ never/ or prefix like dis-/un-,it is totally negated.
Negation of negation:Two noes make a yes.
In regard to double negation which denotes emphasis,no fundamental difference in the way of thing exists between Chinese and English.
You can’t make something out of nothing.(巧妇难为无米之炊）
There is no smoke without fire.无风不起浪。
生产率低下，政策又不当，加上自身努力不够是造成农村地区贫穷的主要原因。
Low productivity,inappropriate policies and inadequate effort contribute mainly to poverty in rural areas. Conversion of parts of speech
English is greatly different from Chinese in many aspects.Verbs are more frequently used in Chinese than in English.Sometimes one and only verb is used in a long English sentence,but Chinese is quite different.
1.反对三峡工程的人说新形成的水库会淹没许多的城镇和乡村。
2。我们中国人崇尚教育，爱好学习。
3。振兴科技和繁荣经济，必须坚持教育为本。
1.Opponents to the Three Gorges Project argue that the new reservoir will flood
many cities and villages.
2.The Chinese show a high respect for learning and a love of knowledge.
3.The vitality of science and technology and the prosperity of economy must be based on education.
4.One after another,speakers called for the downfall of imperialism,abolition of exploitation of man by man,liberation of the oppressed of the world.
4。发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上被压迫
“downfall” “abolition” “exploitation” “liberation” are all nouns,but they are turned into verbs in the Chinese version.All these words in the original are nouns,yet they share the function of verbs,which are called “verbal noun”动作名词.Verbal nouns are usually changed into verbs when translated into Chinese.
5.The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
5.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我特别神往。
6。孩子们都上一个学堂。(v.-prep.)
The children are in the same school.
7.I barreled straight ahead,across the harbor and over the sea.
我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。
In English,the adjectives expressing the state of psychology such as feelings,desire,preceded by link verbs,the adjectives are translated into verbs in Chinese. 7.The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint,but I had to be cautious.
8.我们决不满足现有的成就。
7。她能够给我带个信儿就是个暗示，但是我必须小心谨慎。
8.We are not content with our present achievements.
(confident,careful,cautious,angry,ignorant,
afraid,concerned,able,anxious)
Sometimes,we should turn English verbs into Chinese nouns.
9.Formality has always characterized their relationship.
To them,he personified the absolute power.
9.他们之间的关系有一个特点，就是以礼相待。
在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。（symbolize)
Other conversion:
1.He was eloquent and elegant—but soft.
2.We took brief,restless naps,struggled to understand the intermittent broadcasting of Radio Prague.
3.They have not done so well ideologically,however,as organizationally.
1。他有口才，有风度，但很软弱。(a.—n.)
2。我们短短地，不安地睡了几次，竭力想听懂布拉格电台断断续续的广播。(a.—ad./n.—v.)
3。但是他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。(ad.—n.)
If you want a winning image with others,your first concern must be a winning self-image.
The individual who has a losing self-image will never be able to project a winning image to others.He may be able to fool some people for a while,but his poor self-image will eventually make it impossible for him to relate favorably to others.Throughout the ages,great philosophers have stated, “You are what you think you are.”It is imperative for you to have a good image of yourself if you want to create the same impression in others.
No matter who you are,everything worthwhile will
depend on your own self-image.Your happiness will be based on it.You will live only one life,and in order to enjoy it,you must have a winning self-image.Since we can all choose how we want to think ourselves,we should try to have positive,winning thoughts.In your own attempt to build a winning image,you must begin with the self—otherwise,the image you strive for will be supported&&by nothing but a sand foundation.
Any athlete will tell you that you must know you’re a winner
in order to be one.To many,this kind of message will sound like double-talk,but it contains an essential truth.Although you can apply this same message to anything in life,I will use athletics as the basis for illustrating my thoughts about self-images because sports involve physical exertion by which desired results can be achieved.
拥有所谓“限额患者”的那些医生，总是告诉公众说，他们
能处理的患者的名额已满，因此，所有其他患者都必须等候。然而，并不是只有他们限制服务对象的名额。我听说过许多搞室内装潢的人，如果你不是他们的老客户，他们只是偶而看你的面子，才让你得到他们的服务并付给他们费用。
我有一位朋友是个著名的律师，他把自己和不同的董事会成员围坐桌旁开会时拍的照片，放大到宽八英寸，长十英寸，经过一番精美装裱后，用来装饰自己的事务所。
Idiom translation
Both the English and the Chinese language are abundant in idioms.Chinese idioms are greatly different from English idioms,as most of the former are composed of 4 characters,whereas some of the latter are made of 2 words,and some ,of many words,even a complete sentence.English idioms include proverbs,slangs and collocations.
1.Literal Translation:There are some&&English idioms corresponding to ready-made Chinese idioms both in meaning and in structure.
Such idioms can be turned into corresponding Chinese ones and vice versa.
A.This is the rule of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.
B.The onlooker sees the most of the game..
C.You lose on the swings what you make on the roundabouts.(lose at sunrise and gain at sunset)/When the cat’s away,the mice will play./跑得了和尚跑不了庙/我们希望你不要忘乎所以。/A gentleman’s agreement/the open-door policy
The most-favored clause/to praise to the sky/to fish in troubled waters/walls have ears/to add fuel to the fire./burn one’s boats/mushroom
2.Some of English idioms are only partly corresponding to those of Chinese in Chinese in
Meaning,use and structure,we should use liberal translation.
A.我会一五一十地告诉你.
B.Among so many well-dressed and cultured people,the country girl felt like a fish out of water.
C.The sun was just entering the dappled east and his light illumined the wreathed and dewly orchard trees and shone down the quiet walks under them.
Jack of all trades/王小二过年一年不如一年。
同这么多穿着体面而又有教养的人在一起，这位乡下姑娘
感到很不自在。
C.太阳刚刚进入霞光灿烂的东方。阳光照耀着枝叶缠绕，露珠晶莹的果树。洒落在树下静悄悄的小径上。
杂而不精（脚踏两条船必定落空）
Go from bad to worse
By using idioms properly in our version,we can have our translation more natural,flexible and expressive.But bear in mind—Never overuse idioms,never use them carelessly.
1.Earthy and gracious,he finds the city dwellers too cold and sophisticated.
2.Two heads are better than one.
3.To carry coals to Newcastle.
4.She has beauty still ,if it is not in its heyday,it is not yet in its autumn.
5.John quickly struck him as being several cuts above even the brightest students.
Pull a long face/Every cloud has a silver lining./mountains of molehills
A straw in the wind/the last straw/a spent force
1.他朴实宽厚，觉得城里人过于冷淡无情玩世不恭？（太冷淡太世故）
2。一人不及两人智。
3。运煤到纽卡索（煤都）/多此一举？
4。她风韵犹存，纵然不是芳华正茂，也未到花落叶黄？/她依然很美，如果不是芳华正茂，也还不到迟暮之年。
4。他与约翰一接触就得到一种印象，约翰甚至比最聪明的学生还要聪明几倍。
愁眉苦脸/黑暗中总有一线光明/小题大做/事态发展的苗头a straw shows which way the wind blows草动知风向（见微知著）/最终使人无法忍受的事/强弩之末
Although Maugham wrote about 40novels,four of which retain
a certain popularity人间的枷锁，月亮和六便士，寻欢作乐，危险的边缘,his greatest achievement lies in his 150short stories,published in a complete edition of 3 volumes in1951.
Since he was born in Paris and spent much of his life there,he was very much under the influence of French writers.His short stories were influenced by Guy de Maupassant.He attracted readers mainly by his fascinating plots,strange characters,remote settings,humorous and colloquial language.&&The Luncheon “The Luncheon” is a well-known short story by Maugham毛姆
in which he describes an impoverished young writer who had to invite a lady to lunch.The lady said repeatedly that she preferred simple and light meals but turned out to have a very good appetite,especially for expensive things.The young writer felt he was caught in a trap of his own making.But at last he had his revenge,he found that the lady had become much too fat.
Maugham was also adept at using irony.He himself said he was “the best of the second-rate authors” and modern critics tend to agree with his assessment.
To narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events.In its broadest sense,narrative writing includes stories,biographies,histories,news items,and narrative poems.
其中寓意我一直难以接受，我认为不是因为自己过于执拗
而是因为儿时不合逻辑的思维，那时尚未形成健全的道德观。
有一段时间我一见到蚂蚁就非踩上一脚不可。（自那以后我发现自己这样做也是完全合乎人性的）我以这种简明的方式来表明自己看不惯蚂蚁这种审慎，理性的做法。
Active/Passive Voice in Translation主动/被动语态
1.In Chinese “被” “给” “遭受” “为---所” “把” “使” “由”“ 让” “加以” “是---的”are translated into English passive voice and vice versa.
A. 要让每个人都有机会实现自己的目标。
B.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。
C.I was received by a tall woman still beautiful in her late forties.
D.在经济发展中，我们要控制人口，节约资源，保护环境，并把它们放到重要位置上。
A.Everybody should be given the chance to achieve their aims.
B.Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
C.接见我的是一个高挑身材，虽年近五十但仍风韵犹存的女人。
D.Great importance must be attached to population control,the conservation of resources and environmental protection in economic growth.
2.To make the context more coherent,smooth,we often use passive voice in English.
A.他出现在台上，观众给予热烈鼓掌。
B.It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.
C.On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismissed briefly.
A.He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
B.如果（人们）没有强烈地感到损失，那倒是奇怪了。
C.在他们国内电台的广播中，中东事件只轻描淡写地报导了一下。
3.Some English expressions.
It is said/hoped/reported/supposed/believed that----& &It is well-known that---
It must be pointed out that必须指出
It will be seen from this that由此可见
来宾请出示入场券。
Visitors are requested to show their tickets.
他粗野，卤莽，自私，但他从前从未干过任何骗人的事，也就是乔治所指的非法的事。
每当他向我借50英镑时，我总是感觉欠了他的债。
(Jupiter木星)
Venus金星：& && && &Atmosphere:95%carbon dioxide.
Diameter:7,700miles(one of the smallest planets)
Weight:about same as earth
Distance from sun:67million miles(second nearest planet to sun)
Temperature:as high as 477
Speed of rotation:we don’t know,but probably very slow
最近几年考托福的人大大减少了。
In recent years,the number of people who take the TOEFL test has decreased.
Approaches to translation of Attributive Clauses定语从句。
In the Chinese languages a single word,when used as an attributive,is generally placed before the Hbut English has a few exceptions,such as: Secretary General总书记Scientists present在座的科学家 Investment available可用资金
&&Exception :a well-to-do family
In nine cases out of ten,English phrases when used as attributives,are placed after the Hbut a Chinese head word is normally placed after its modifiers.& && && && &A..I was,to borrow from John,the spy who was to stay out in cold.
借用约翰的话说我成了一个被打入冷宫的间谍了。
B.这是我们不应忽视的事实。
These are facts which we must not neglect.
1.The attributive clause is translated into Chinese as a premodifier by placing it before the head word.(antecedent先行词)
This method is called Premodifier前置法
Sometimes the original attributive clause is too long or complicated,which can be rearranged as a Postmodifier后置
A.They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of
every of Chinese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have laid down their lives.
B.能上大学的人增多了，这正是我们希望的。
The question whether we ought to translate an attributive clause by what kind of method all depends on whether or not our version can convey the original meaning faithfully and smoothly.Practical translation calls for flexibility.
A.他们正在为一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱
的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
B.More candidates will be able to enter colleges and universities,which is exactly what we want.
C.据估计生活在中国的人口超过13亿。
D.下届运动会将在中国首都北京举行。
E. “We are a nation that must beg to stay alive.”said a foreign economist.
C.It is estimated that the number of people living in China exceeds 1,300million.(who live)
D.The next sports meet will be held in Beijing,(which is)the capital of China.
E.一位外国经济学家说道：“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。”
F.They vanish from a world where they wewhere twhere they were a mistake and a faiwhere they have left no sign that they had existed—a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.
F.他们从世间消失了，在那个世界里，他们无足轻重，一事无成；在那个世界里，
他们存在的本身就是一个错误，就是一个大错误，就是一件愚蠢的事；在那个世界里，他们没有留下任何表明他们曾经存在过的踪迹，那个世界将为他们哀悼一时，然后永远将他们忘却。
他们无足轻重，一无所成，对他们来说，人世的周遭原本就是一桩谬误的蠢行；世间不会留下他们的踪迹：他们将从这个世界上消逝，得到的只是世人旦夕的哀思，但却是永恒的忘却。
Postmodifier:cutting and splitting used in translation mean taking
a long sentence apart at the joint where the main clause and subordinate one are connected,then piece together the short sentences by means of parataxis.The original attributive clause is rearranged as a postmodifier.
G.This land,which once barred the way of weary travellers,now has become a land for winter and summer vacations, a land of magic and wonder.
这个地方现在已经成了冬夏两季的休假胜地，风光景物，
蔚为奇观；而从前精疲力竭的旅行者都只能到此止步。
The lives of most men are determined by their environment.
They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with good will.They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and despise Buick that flows freely through the traffic and speeds so joyfully across the open country.Ithgood husbabut I don’t find them exciting.I am fascinated by the other men,few in number,who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking.
It may be that we have no such thing as free will,but at all events
We have the illusion of it.At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and the choice once made,it is difficult to see that the whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning in our life we did.
他曾经常想到牧师在他死后的第一个礼拜日做晚祷时
高兴地提起他们已故的司事，长期以来忠于职守，堪称楷模的福尔曼。
Communicative English Writing(Practical Writing)
1.Letters:Business letters(recommendation,job/school application,invitation)&&and personal letters.
5 Principles:CClarity清晰;conciseness简洁;Courtesy礼貌;Consideration体贴
For example:I am writing to apply for admission to the graduate school of your university in the fall of 2004.(clarity and conciseness)
?I have received your letter of December9 (impolite)---Thank you for your letter of Dec.9
I was pleased/happy to receive your letter of Dec.9
Six parts:HISBcompli-Signature
Heading:full address of the writer and date of the letter.(upper right-hand corner)
Eg.& && && && && && &&&Medical Section,Class1
& && && && && && && && & Graduate School
& && && && && && && && &&&Anhui Medical University
& && && && && && && && && &230032,Hefei,China
& && && && && && && && && & March 2nd,2004
Complimentary close:Yours Truly,/Sincerely Yours,
Useful expressions:
Invitation:I am writing on behalf of all the members of our college to ask Doctor---
Application:I am writing to ask whether you could send me some information about your college and for the application forms.
I should like to apply for the post of which you advertised in Yesterday’s China Daily.
I am looking for a job as a doctor and would be grateful if you consider me for such a post in your hospital.
Inside address(name and full address of the addressee)
Dept. of Medicine
Columbia University
New York,NY10027
The salutation称呼 is a greeting to the addressee.It is written with the left margin two spaces below the inside address.
Dear Professor/Mr./Ms. ,/:& & Dear Sir/Madam,
End:I look forward to your early reply/the interview.
Thank you for your time and consideration.
Your kind early reply will be highly appreciated.
How to address an Envelope:
Dept. of medicine& && && && && && && && &Prof.John Smith
Anhui M.U.& && && && && && && && && && && &Dept.ofLinguistic
Hefei ,230032& && && && && && && && && && &Uni.of Toronto
P.R.China& && && && && && && && && && && &&&Toronto M551 A1
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &Canada
Applying for a position as a doctor
& && &I will graduate from Anhui Medical University with a Master’s Degree in this June.My major is pharmacy and I am very interested in securing a position before I graduate,if possible.
I have long been in hope of working for you after graduation,because I consider you the finest hospital in China.I am sure that if I have the privilege of serving your hospital,I will greatly increase my education and experience. If you have a position available after my graduation,
I would appreciate your considering my application.
& && && && && && && && && && && &Sincerely yours,
Curriculum Vitae(Resume):
NATelephone NDate of BEducation and Working Experience.
(citizenship/present position/awards/hobbies and references.)
Curriculum Vitae
Name:Wang Ming /Wang,Ming
Address:Graduate School,Anhui M.U.Hefei,230032,P.R.C.(Until June 30,2004)
Telephone Number:(o)
Date of Birth:May 8,1973
Nationality:Chinese
Marital Status:Single or Married
Education:& &Anhui M.U. Major:Medicine.&&
Anhui M.U. received Mater’s Degree
Professional experience: Resident,Department of
Internal Medicine&&No.1 Hospital Attached to Anhui M.U.
1996-present:Physician-in-charge
Awards and Scholarships:1988 “Excellent Student”,Anhui M.U.& &&&1989 recipient of Guang Hua Scholarship Anhui M.U.
1992 “Outstanding Doctor” Dept.of Internal Medicine
Publications: “Treatment of aortic dissection主动脉夹层的治疗”Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery& &March 20,2002& &P138
References/Referees
Professor Wang Ming,Department of Medicine Anhui M.U. Hefei,230032 P.R.C.
Telephone Number/Recommendation Letter
& && &This is to certify that the bearer of the letter.Mr.Zhang is a postgraduate of the medical department of our university,majoring in medicine.Being one of the professors of the Medical Dept. I have the pleasure to recommend him to you.He was one of the most brilliant students I have ever taught.Mr. Zhang intends to
register in your university.If given such an opportunity,he
will utilize it to the best advantage.
& && && && && && && && && && && &&&Sincerely,
Postgraduate Certificate毕业证书:
Mr. Wang Ming was born in Hefei in April,1973.From September 2003 to June 2006,he was a postgraduate student in our university,majoring in medicine.He fulfilled his study plan,and passed oral examination on his thesis in June2006.He was allowed to graduate.
Certificate of Master Degree
This is to certify that Mr.Wang Ming was duly admitted to the degree of Master of Medicine in Anhui M.U. on July 8,2006
& && && && && && && && && && && & Chancellor____
Formal Invitations:
Mr.and Mrs. Li Ming
request the pleasure of恭请
Mr.and Mrs.Thomas Martin’s
company at dinner光临
On Thursday May the 6th at eight o’clock(Anhui Hotel)
Accepting Card
Mr.and Mrs. Thomas Martin
accept with pleasure
Mr.and Mrs.Li Ming’s
kind invitation for dinner
On Thursday
Declining:regret that a previous engagement preventing their accepting------
Approaches to translation of Adverbial Clause状语从句
1.Position
A.Still the government is blessed by popular support for its nuclear programme.
B.我于昨日抵京。
C.Traditionally,Italian Presidents have been seen and not heard.
D.Characteristically,Mr.Smith concealed his feelings and watched and learned.
A.政府的核发展计划仍然受到公众的支持。
C.从传统上看，意大利的历届总统都是无实权名义上的首领。
D.史密斯先生没有表露自己的感情，只是察言观色，心领神会，，这是他的特点。
2.In English we often use participle as adverbial.
E.目前，肯德基在国内的中国雇员已达23000人。 其中2500人是餐馆管理人员，可以说已经100%的本地化了。
E.KFC is now 100 per cent localized in China,employing
23000Chinese people,of whom 2500 are restaurant management personnel.
1.At the same time,most probably,critical manpower shortages would still exist in the United States in many skilled occupational fields in addition to managerial incompetence.
同时，在美国的很多技术工作中，除了经营管理上的无能外
严重的劳动力不足的问题很可能仍将继续存在。
2.On one of those sober and rather melancholy days,in the latter part of Autumn,when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together,and throw a gloom over the decline of the year,I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abbey.
3.We spent a wonderful and creative fall in Sweden and Norway five years ago shooting Autumn Sonata a film about a famous pianist and her daughter.
2.时方晚秋，气象肃穆，略带阴郁，早晨的阴影和黄昏的阴
影几乎连在一起，不可分别，岁将云暮，终日昏暗，我就在这么一天，到西敏大寺去散步了几个钟头。
晚秋时节，岁将云暮，大气昏昏，晨霾与夕雾交融，肃穆中又有几分阴郁，就在这么一天我信步漫游西敏寺，在那里逛了几个钟头。
3.五年之前我们一起在瑞典和挪威度过了一个美妙而富有
创造性的秋天，拍摄一部关于一位著名钢琴家及其女儿的电影“秋天奏鸣曲”。
无论生命之终结是轰轰烈烈还是悄无声息，最后的时刻
是个人的事情。无人能在身边分担其临终时的恐惧或分享其临终时的希望，在与死神临近相对的时刻，他人无法介入。
Figures of Speech修辞
Personification :Youth is hot and bold.
Metonymy:His purse wouldnot allow him that luxury.
Synecdoche :The farms were short of hands.
Overstatement& && &&&Oxymoron
Five score years ago,a great American,in whose symbolic
shadow we stand,signed the Emancipation Proclamation.This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice.It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity.
& &&&But one hundred years later,we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free.One hundred years later,the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and
The chains of discrimination.One hundred years later,the Negro
lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.One hundred years later,the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling condition.
& && && && && & ----Martin Luther King
Translation of long sentences
Hypotaxis “a big tree with a mass of branches and foliage”
Parataxis “waves surging forward at the vast sea”
Comprehension:A.Find out the trunk through condensing the whole sentence,be sure of SVO and mood and tense.
B.Be sure of the main and subordinate clauses,modifiers and the elements they modify.
C.Sort out the arrangement of ideas,judging the train of logic thinking.
1.Reversing倒置
It was our view that the United States could be effective in both the tasks outlined by the president—that is,of ending hostilities as well as of making a contribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East—if we conducted ourselves so that we could remain in permanent contact with all of these elements in the equation.
如果我们采取行动以便能够继续与中东问题各方始终保持
接触，那么我们美国就能有效地担当起总统所提出的两项任务，那就是在中东结束敌对行动以及对该地区的永久和平作出贡献，这就是我们的观点。
2.Dividing 分译法
灾难深重的中华民族，一百年来，其优秀儿女奋斗牺牲，前赴后继摸索救国救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。
For a hundred years,the finest sons and daughters of the
disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed their lives,one stepping into the breach as another fell,in quest of the truth that would save the country and the people.This moved us to songs and tears.
The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat,which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.
在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就
此发了言。他说他不能够解释为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众院中长期享有的优势。
3.Recasting 综合法
A.The great difficulty of introducing radically new computer architectures which requires customers to rewrite most of their software excluded the possibility for these techniques to find their way to the commercial marketplace.
A.采用全新的计算机体系结构，势必要求用户改写其大部分
软件，因此难以付诸实现，这就排除了这种技术进入商品市场的可能性。
B.What the New Yorker would find missing is what many outsiders find oppressive and distasteful about New York—its rawness,tension,its bracing competitiveness and the rigor of its judgments.
纽约的粗犷，紧张，那种急迫感和催人奋发的竞争性，它的是非观念的严酷无情。这一切都使那些非纽约人感到厌恶和窒息；而这一切，又正是纽约人所眷恋的。 真正的pdf大家都喜欢，
假的也凑合，
pdg大家都讨厌。 好，
但是太乱了！
var cpro_id = 'u1216994';
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