10 Science Discoveries to Be Thankful for
Amazing advances in science&br&
As you bow your head in gratitude, secretly hoping every aunt and uncle won't chime in with their laundry list of thanks, here's a nod to the most breathtaking & or plain necessary & &a href=&/10297-10-science-discoveries-thankful.html&&advances in science&/a&.
The discovery of vaccines&br&
They're a lightning rod for controversy these days, but there's no denying: &a href=&/health/myths-fuel-vaccination-decline-meningitis-101114.html&&Vaccines save lives&/a&. More than 1,000 years ago in China, Africa and Turkey, people inoculated themselves with smallpox pus to the practice went viral, so to speak, in 1796 after English scientist Edward Jenner figured out that he could use pus from a milder bovine disease called cowpox to inoculate against smallpox.
In the ensuing centuries, researchers have developed vaccines for deadly disease like diphtheria, tetanus, typhoid, polio and measles. Today, we even have vaccines like Merck's Gardasil, which protects against the &a href=&/hpv-vaccine-cervical-cancer-protection-screening-2103/&&cancer-causing human papillomavirus&/a&. The next step is therapeutic vaccines, which are under investigation as a method of boosting the immune system in patients who are already sick with diseases like hepatitis, HIV and cancer.
Learning about what causes illness&br&
During the 1800s, evidence began to mount that diseases weren't caused by foul air or spontaneous generation. Believe it or not, the idea that there might be some sort of contagion causing illness was controversial. This controversy came to a head in 1854, when a &a href=&/haiti-cholera-outbreak-infectious-diseases-0660/&&cholera outbreak&/a& hit the Soho neighborhood of London with deadly fury. In the first three days of the epidemic alone, 127 people in the neighborhood died, according to the University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Epidemiology.
Within weeks, the death toll reached 500. But physician John Snow was on the case, interviewing families and searching for a common thread. He found it in a contaminated water pump on the corner of Broad Street. Once the pump handle was removed so that residents could no longer pump the water, the epidemic stopped in its tracks. (It would take several more years for the scientific community to fully accept that &a href=&/ten-medical-myths-0947/&&diseases are caused by germs&/a&.)
Today, outbreaks like SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), avian flu and the H1N1 flu have the potential to go global within hours. Debate may rage about the appropriate level of response to these threats, but we're thankful to have epidemiologists watching our backs.
Watching the brain in action&br&
The skull is a tough nut to crack, which is why we're glad we can now peer inside without reaching for the circular saw. Neuroimaging, or bran scanning, is one of the newer technologies at researchers' and doctors' disposal. Researchers use computed tomography (CT or CAT scans) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to get a good look at soft tissue, including the brain. With the advent of functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, in the 1990s researchers have been able to watch the brain in action, finding out what areas become more active during various mental tasks.
MRIs have been used to reveal everything from &a href=&/health/mri-brain-scan-predicts-brain-maturity-100909.html&&brain maturity&/a& to the effect of violent video games on teen brains. Brain scans have even been entered as evidence at murder trials.
The magic of microscopes&br&
Even if microscopes weren't integral to the discovery of the cell & the building block of life as we know it & we'd put them on this list for sheer coolness. How else would we watch chromosomes replicate or marvel at the mosaic pattern of a mosquito eye?
Without microscopes, a staggering portion of our world would remain invisible. We've moved beyond (though not discarded) the optical microscopes that English scientist Robert Hooke used
these days, scientists can manipulate individual atoms to write words and draw pictures using scanning tunnel and atomic force microscopes. [&a href=&/16841-victorian-microscope-slides-gallery.html&&Nature Under Glass: Gallery of Victorian Microscope Slides&/a&]
Understanding ancient life&br&
Our understanding of ancient life on Earth through fossilized remains goes back to the Greek natural historian Xenophanes, who, around 750 B.C., recognized that clam shells encased in rock in a mountainous region resembled clams from the sea. However, the field made little progress for a long period. In the 11th century, the Persian naturalist, Ibn Sina, proposed a theory of petrifying fluids. But it took a few more centuries before fossils and their relationship to past life was understood.
Now, thanks to the steady progress of science, we have what we know to be the remnants of undersea life 50 million years ago in the Burgess Shale, &a href=&/animals/arctic-reptiles-climate-change-global-warming-100910.html&&Hippo-like mammals&/a& basking in the once-toasty warm Arctic, and dinosaur fossils galore. Yes, ancient pudgy mammals & what's not to be thankful for?
Pictured above is a fossil that is more than 120 million years old. Scientists Phil Manning and Roy Wogelius of the University of Manchester mapped trace metals in the fossil to reveal the specimen's original pigmentation patterns.
The mighty Hubble&br&
Orbiting 360 miles (579 kilometers) above Earth and weighing as much as two adult elephants, NASA's Hubble Space Telescope is a giant among giants. The telescope has completed about 93,500 trips around the planet, taking three-quarters of a million &a href=&/php/multimedia/imagegallery/igviewer.php?imgid=649&gid=50&index=0&&snapshots&/a& and probing 24,000 celestial objects and phenomena. Each day the telescope sends back 3 to 4 gigabytes of data, or enough to fill six CDs.
Hubble has arguably changed our view of the universe and our place in it with achievements such as one of the first direct photos of an exoplanet. In its Deep Field Survey, the scope aimed its lens at an &empty patch& of the sky. With a million-second-long exposure, the survey revealed the first galaxies to emerge from the so-called &dark ages,& the time shortly after the Big Bang when the first stars reheated the cold, dark universe. Since it's human nature to want to know &where we came from,& Hubble gets a big pat on the tube.
Pictured above is a classic image of the &pillars of creation& in the Eagle Nebula, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. [&a href=&/10689-hubble-space-telescope-photos.html&&Spectacular Photos from The Revamped Hubble Telescope&/a&]
Communication through satellites&br&
The first Soviet satellite to enter Earth orbit may have struck fear in some hearts back in 1957, but the 21st-century world is now addicted to its growing fleet of communication, navigation and remote sensing satellites. GPS satellites help drivers find their way to Black Friday sales, tell smartphone users where to find the nearest Starbucks, and guide the jetliners flying millions of people around the country for Thanksgiving & even if people sometimes rely upon GPS a little too much. [&a href=&/16148-science-satellites-gallery.html&&Satellites Gallery: Science from Above&/a&]
People can also be thankful for satellite radio and satellite TV, even as they look forward to satellite Internet, satellite-guided smart cars, and 4G wireless mobile service for smartphones. Meanwhile, sensing satellites have given us perhaps some of the &a href=&/infographic-tallest-mountain-to-deepest-ocean-trench-0249/&&best views of Earth&/a& and its natural rhythms to date. Thanks, orbiting man-made Earth-viewers.
The above artist's rendition shows the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (Calipso), an environmental weather satellite with remote-sensing technology that continually monitors the Earth's clouds.
A smashing time: the Large Hadron Collider &br&
Super-high-speed crashes that release enormous amounts of energy and could reveal exotic particles and even recreate conditions in the universe only a trillionth of a second &a href=&/technology/080908-ap-lhc-preview.html&&after the Big Bang&/a&. That's science any adrenaline junkie could latch onto.
The secrets of dark matter, the mysteries of the so-called God particle, and extra dimensions in the universe are just a few of the exotic discoveries scientists are hoping to make with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a 17-mile (27-kilometer) circular tunnel running 300 feet (91 meters) underground near Geneva. Recent feat: creating &a href=&/strangenews/lhc-particle-accelerator-making-mini-big-bangs-101105.html&&little big bangs&/a&.
Pictured above is the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), which is one of the detectors on the Large Hadron Collider and weighs more than 12,000 tons.
Learning what's out there&br&
The &a href=&/news/seti-project-dorothy-anniversary-101110.html&&search for extraterrestrial intelligence&/a&(SETI) that officially kicked off about 50 years ago has so far failed to turn up signals from little green men. But there's still much to be thankful for about the band of astronomers who listen for radio signals from star systems that could be home to aliens. Such an effort -taps into a sense of trying to understand a universe that extends far beyond humanity and its existence on one rocky planet. It also forces us to consider the meaning behind our existence & are we unique, or has intelligent life stirred elsewhere?
Some experts say that we won't find aliens for many centuries, and others predict finding them within 25 years, but the very idea of first contact excites ordinary people enough to want to see encounters at every turn. Just don't tell famed astrophysicist &a href=&/entertainment/stephen-hawking-dangerous-aliens-100426.html&&Stephen Hawking&/a& about wanting to shake hands with ET.
Pictured above is the SETI Institute's Allen Telescope Array at Hat Creek Observatory, located about 290 miles northeast of San Francisco, Calif. The radio telescope has been searching the cosmos for alien signals since 2007.
Sleeping late without guilt&br&
In 1999, Charles Czeisler of Harvard University reported that humans' intrinsic clocks have an average day of 24 hours and 11 minutes. Of course, there is a lot of variation within the population: Some of us, with short-running clocks, rise early and are therefore called larks. Others are comfortable hummingbirds, and the rest are slower-clocked, &a href=&/16334-night-owls-early-birds-sleep-cycles.html&&late-rising owls&/a&. The owls among us are thankful for this explanation because it&s proof that wanting to sleep late does not make us lazy.
The problem, according to Till Roenneberg, a chronobiologist at Ludwig-Maximilian-University in Munich, Germany, is that in spite of our 24/7 expectations, our society still clings to the agrarian idea of 'the early bird gets the worm.' Here's to &a href=&/9996-sleeping-late-weekends-remedy-lost-snooze-time.html&&catching up on sleep&/a& over the long weekend!
Copyright & 2015 All Rights Reserved.“Just think of all the things you have to be thankful for ” is another noise that says one thing and means another. It could mean that the speaker is trying to get you to see your problem as part of your life as a whole. But is he? Wrapped up in this phrase is the thought that your problem isn’t imp的翻译："只是觉得你要感谢的一切"是另一种噪音，说一件事，并指另一种。这可能意味着演讲者想要你去看你的问题你生命中的一部分作为一个整体。但他是吗？裹在这句话是你的问题不是重要的思想。它告诉你当你没有日期星期六晚上想所有挨饿的世界。 什么意思？中文翻译英文，英文翻译中文，怎么说？
青云英语翻译
“Just think of all the things you have to be thankful for ” is another noise that says one thing and means another. It could mean that the speaker is trying to get you to see your problem as part of your life as a whole. But is he? Wrapped up in this phrase is the thought that your problem isn’t imp
选择语言：从
罗马尼亚语
罗马尼亚语
“想想看，你必须要感谢所有的东西”是另一种噪音，说一件事，意味着另一个。这可能意味着扬声器是试图让你看到你的问题，您作为一个整体的生活的一部分。但是他吗？包裹在这句话是认为您的问题并不重要。它告诉你想所有挨饿的人在世界上，当你有没有一个星期六晚上的日期。
"只是觉得你要感谢的一切"是另一种噪音，说一件事，并指另一种。这可能意味着演讲者想要你去看你的问题你生命中的一部分作为一个整体。但他是吗？裹在这句话是你的问题不是重要的思想。它告诉你当你没有日期星期六晚上想所有挨饿的世界。
“请您必须是感激的为”是另一噪声认为一件事
「你想你的一切事情都要感激"是另一个噪音,说一套,做一套, 它可能意味着这位发言者是要想让你看到您的问题的一部分作为你的生活作为一个整体。 但是他呢? 结束了在这一句是认为你的问题不是重要的。 它的告诉你,想一个所有的挨饿的人民在世界当你没有得到一个日期为星期六的晚上。
"只是觉得你要感谢的一切"是另一种噪音，说一件事，并指另一种。这可能意味着演讲者想要你去看你的问题你生命中的一部分作为一个整体。但他是吗？裹在这句话是你的问题不是重要的思想。它告诉你当你没有日期星期六晚上想所有挨饿的世界。jalex_photo/FlickrWhat if the government is designed to perpetuate
itself? What if the real levers of governmental power are pulled by
agents and diplomats and bureaucrats behind the scenes? What if
they stay in power no matter who is elected president or which
major political party controls Congress?
What if the frequent public displays of adversity between the
Republicans and the Democrats are just a facade and a charade? What
if both major political parties agree on the transcendental issues
of our day?
What if they both believe that our rights are not natural to our
humanity but instead are gifts from the government? What if they
both believe that the government that gives gifts to its people can
take those gifts back?
What if the leadership of both parties give only lip service to
Thomas Jefferson's words in the Declaration of Independence that
each of us is "endowed by (our) Creator with certain inalienable
rights, (and) among these is life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness," and that the purpose of government is to protect these
rights? What if the leadership of both major political parties
dismiss these ideas as just Jefferson's outdated musings? What if
Jefferson's arguments have been enacted into the federal laws that
all in government have sworn to uphold?
What if the leadership of the two major political parties
believe that due process permits mothers to kill the babies in
their wombs out of fear or convenience? What if the leaders of both
major political parties believe that the president should be able
to kill whomever he wants out of fear, because due process is an
inconvenience? What if President Obama killed Americans and claimed
that he did so legally, relying on the convenient arguments of his
attorney general, who falsely told him he could kill? What if the
Constitution requires due process whenever the government wants
someone's life, liberty or property, whether convenient or not?
What if the congressional leadership and most of the membership
from both political parties believe in perpetual war and perpetual
debt? What if the history of America in the past 100 years is proof
of that nearly universal belief among the political classes?
What if the political classes in America believe that war is the
health of the state? What if the leadership of those classes want
war so as to induce the loyalty of the voters, the largesse of the
taxpayers and the compliance of the people? What if the political
classes use war to enrich their benefactors? What if the government
has been paying for war by increasing its debt?
What if the political classes have been paying for prosperity by
increasing the government's debt? What if those classes have
controlled the cash-creating computers at the Federal Reserve and
the free cash the Fed creates is to bankers and traders what heroin
is to addicts? What if the $17.5 trillion current federal
government debt has largely been caused by borrowing to pay for war
and false prosperity?
What if the silent damage that the artificial creation of cash
causes has not been manifested in price inflation but in equity and
savings deflation? What if the manifestation of equity deflation is
that too much of everything we own secures too much debt? What if
the folks at the Fed who create the cash have kept interest rates
so low that there is little incentive to save?
What if we all own a smaller percentage of what we think we own
because the value of what we own has decreased as the debt on what
we own has increased? What if the banks have borrowed the money
that they lend? What if the stock market is soaring on borrowed
money? What if mansions and shopping malls are popping up, but they
secure more debt than they are worth? What happens when the plug is
pulled on this temporary artifice as those debts come due?
What if the government demands transparency from all of us but
declines to be transparent to us? What if the government fosters
the make-believe that it exists to serve us? What if it has access
to all of our communications, bank accounts, health and legal
records, and monthly bills? What if the government knows more about
us than we know about it?
What if the government stays in power by bribery? What if it
bribes the rich with bailouts, the middle class with tax cuts, and
the poor with welfare? What if the courts approved this
What if, on Thanksgiving, our gratitude is not to the government
that assails our freedoms, but to the God who created us? What if
our gratitude on Thanksgiving is for life, liberty, and the pursuit
of happiness? What if that for which we are truly grateful are the
aspects of our humanity that are in God's image and likeness? What
if those aspects have nothing to do with the government?
Andrew P. Napolitano, a former judge of the Superior Court of New Jersey, is the senior judicial analyst at Fox News Channel. Judge Napolitano has written nine books on the U.S. Constitution. The most recent is&Suicide Pact: The Radical Expansion of Presidential Powers and the Lethal Threat to American Liberty.&
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＞＞＞It is easy to be thankful for the good things, ________ a li..
It is easy to be thankful for the good things, ________ a life of rich fulfillment comes to those who are also thankful for the setbacks.&&&
A. that B. which C. while D. when
题型：单选题难度：中档来源：专项题
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“It is easy to be thankful for the good things, ________ a li..”主要考查你对&&状语从句，从属连词&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
现在没空？点击收藏，以后再看。
因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
状语从句从属连词
状语从句的概念：
状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。比较while/as/when：1、as/when引导短暂性动作的动词例句：如：Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 2、当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while。如：When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3、从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as，不用when或while。如：As the day went on, the weather got worse. 比较untill/till： 两个连词意义相同,肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事”，动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句例句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。注意：在肯定句中可用before代替：Let's get in the wheat before the sunsets. 否定句例句：She didn't arrive until 6o'clock.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 1、Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例句：Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 2、Untilwhen疑问句中，until要放在句首。例句：Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。 1）Not until…在句首，主句用倒装。例句：Not until the early years of the19th century did man know what heat is. 2）It is not until…that… 状语从句的用种类：
1、时间状语从句：表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till(until), since, once, as soon as(或the moment), by the time, no sooner…than, hardly(scarcely)… when, everytime等引导。 　　e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting. 　　&&&&&& He started as soon as he received the news. 　　&&&&&& Once you see him, you will never forget him. 　　&&&&&& No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep. 　　2、原因状语从句：原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as, nowthat（既然）等，for表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。 　　e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position. 　　&&&&&&As it is raining, I will not go out. 　　&&&&& Now that you mention it, I do remember. 　　3、地点状语从句： 　　引导地点状语从句的连词是where和wherever等。 　　e.g. Sit wherever you like. 　　&&&&&&Make a mark where you have a question. 　　4、目的状语从句： 　　引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。 　　e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you. 　　&&&&&&She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons. 　　&&&&& He left early in case he should miss the train. 　　5、结果状语从句： 　　结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that（从句谓语一般没有情态动词）,so…that, such…that等引导。 　　e.g. She was ill, so that she didn't attend the meeting. 　　&&&&&&He was so excited that he could not say a word. 　　&&&&& She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her. 　　6、条件状语从句： 　　条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so(as)long as, on condition that, so(as) far as, if only(=if)。注意：条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。 　　e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. 　　&&&&& You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean. 　　&&&&&&So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months. 　　&&&&& You can go swimming on condition that(=if) you don't go too far away from the river bank. 　　&&&&&&If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her. 　7、让步状语从句： 　　让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whether…or, no matter who(when, what,…)等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。 　　e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 　　&&&&& Child a she is, he knows a lot. 　　&&&&& Whatever(=No matter what) you say, I'll never change my mind. 　　8、方式状语从句： 　　方式状语从句常由as, as if(though), the way, rather than等引导。 　　e.g.You must do the exercise as I show you. 　　&&&&& He acted as if nothing had happened. 　　9、比较状语从句： 　　比较状语从句常用than, so(as)…as, the more…the more等引导。 　　e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have. 　　&&&&& He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford. 　　&&&&& The busier he is, the happier he feels.使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题：　　
1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。　　e.g. We'll go outing if it doesn't rain tomorrow. 　　&&&&&& I'll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 　　2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be，就可省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。　　e.g. When(hewas) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night. 　　&&&&&& If(you are) asked you may come in. 　　&&&&&& If(it is) necessary I'll explain to you again. 　　3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。　　e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）　　&&&&&& Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）　　&&&&&& I don't know where he came from.（宾语从句）　　&&&&& Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）　　&&&&&& This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）注意：表示“一…就…”的结构 hardly/scarcely…when/before/no sooner…than和as soon as都可以表示“一…就…”的意思。例句：I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain. &&&&&&&&&&& I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. &&&&&&&&&& As soon as I got home, it began to rain. 注意：如果hardly/scarcely或nosooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：例句：Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. &&&&&&&&&&& No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.从属连词的概念：
连词用于引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素的叫作从属连词。英语从属连词用法分类详解：
1、引导时间状语从句的从属连词：&（1）表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的when, while, as, whenever： 如：He jumped up when the phone rang. 电话铃响时他吓了一跳。&&&&&&&&&We listened while the teacher read. 老师朗读时我们听着。 &&&&&&& The phone rang just as I was leaving. 我正要离开，电话铃就响了起来。 （2）表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after： 如：Turn the lights off before you leave. 离开前请关灯。 &&&&&&& He started the job soon after he left the university. 他大学毕业后就开始做这份工作。 （3）表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till： 如：He has lived here since he got married. 他结婚后就一直住在这儿。 &&&&&&& Most men worked until[till] they're 65. 大多数男人工作到65岁。 （4）表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等： 如：Tell him the news as soon as you see him. 你一见到他就把这消息告诉他。 &&&&&&& I recognized her the moment(that) I saw her. 我一看到她就认出她来了。 &&&&&&& I want to see him the minute(that) he arrives. 他一到来我就要见他。 &&&&&&& I went home directly I had finished work. 我一干完活就回家了。 &&&&&& Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。 （5）表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)： 如：Last time I saw him, he looked ill. 上次我见到他的时候，他好像有病。 &&&&&&& Next time you're in London come and visit us. 你下次来伦敦过来探望我们。 &&&&&&& Do look me up next time you're in London. 你下次到伦敦来，一定来找我。 &&&&&&& Every time I call on him, he is out. 我每次去访问他，他都不在。 &&&&&& You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。 【注】every time,each time,any time前不用冠词，(the)next time, (the)last time中的冠词可以省略，而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。 2、引导条件状语从句的从属连词：这类连词主要有if, unless, as[so] long as, incase等： 如：If anyone calls tell them I'm not at home. 要是有人打电话来，就说我不在家。 &&&&&&& You will fail unless you work hard. 你若不努力就会失败。 &&&&&&& As[So] long as you need me, I'll stay. 只要你需要我，我就留下。 &&&&&&& In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记，请提醒我一下。 【注】在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的if之后可能用will，但那不是将来时态,而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)： 如：If you will wait a moment, I'll fetch the money. 请等一下，我就去拿钱。 3、引导目的状语从句的从属连词：主要有in order that, so that, in case, for fear等： 如：We used the computer in order that we might save time. 我们使用计算机是为了节约时间。 &&&&&&& Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 说清楚，以便让他们能明白你的意思。 &&&&&&& Be quiet in case you should wake the baby. 安静些，免得把婴儿吵醒。 &&&&&&& He is working hard for fear he should fail. 他努力工作以免会失败。 4、引导结果状语从句的从属连词：主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等： 如：We're all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了。 &&&&&&& It's so difficult a question that none of us can answer it. 那是一个很难的问题，我们没有一个人能回答。 &&&&&&& He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗户用力很大，结果玻璃震破了。 【注】so that中的that在口语中通常可以省略。 5、引导原因状语从句的从属连词：主要的有because, as, since, seeing(that), now(that), considering(that)等： 如：He couldn't got to school because he had a cold. 他因患感冒而未能去上学。 &&&&&&& Since everybody is here, let's begin our discussion. 大家都到了，我们就开始吧。 &&&&&&& Seeing that it is 8o'clock, we'll wait no longer. 由于时间已到8点，我们将不再等了。 &&&&&&& Now that you are here, you'd better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧。 6、引导让步状语从句的从属连词：主要有although, though, eventhough, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等： 如：Although[Though] he is poor, he is well contented. 他虽穷却能知足常乐。 &&&&&&& Though[Even though] it's hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管是苦活，但我乐意干。 &&&&&&& Even if you don't like wine, try a glass of this. 即使你不喜欢喝酒，也尝尝这杯吧。 7、引导方式状语从句的从属连词：主要有as, like, as if, as though, the way等： 如：Do it as[like] he does. 像他那样做。 &&&&&&& He behaved as if nothing had happened. 他装作若无其事的样子。 &&&&&&& They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。 &&&&&&& Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do.没有人像我这样爱你。 8、引导地点状语从句的从属连词：主要有where, wherever, everywhere等： 如：There were lots of parks where I lived. 我住的地方有许多公园。 &&&&&&& Sit wherever you like. 你想坐在那儿就坐在那儿。 &&&&&&& Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们每到一个地方都受到热烈欢迎。 9、引导比较状语从句的从属连词：主要有than和as…as： 如：It's easier than I thought. 这比我想像的要容易。 &&&&&&& They are as often wrong as they are right. 他们错对各半。 10、引导名词性从句的从属连词：主要有that, if, whether： 如：It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。&&&&&&&&Your greatest fault is that you are careless. 你最大的缺点是粗心大意。 &&&&&& Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否对我们有害还要看一看。 &&&&&& She didn't say if he was still alive. 她没说他是否还活着。 从属连词知识体系：
&用作从属连词的六类名词结构：
英语中有些名词结构可用作从属连词，用以引导状语从句，且主要是时间状语从句。这类结构归纳起来有以下六类： 一、the+瞬间名词： 其中的瞬间名词主要包括moment, minute, instant, second等，其意为“一……就……”，相当于as soon as。如：The minute he saw her he fell in love. 他对她一见倾心。&& Telephone me the moment(that) you get the results. 你一有结果，马上给我打电话。&I was so tired that I fell asleep the instant I closed my eyes. 我很累，一合上眼就睡着了。 Sheputdownthereceiverthesecondsherecognizedmyvoice.她一听出是我的声音，马上就放下电话听筒。 注：其中的瞬间名词后可接that，也可省略。另外，有的个别副词（如directly/immediately等）也可表示类似意思。如： Immediately the meal was over,he switchedon the radio.饭一吃完他就把收音机打开。
二、the+季节名词： 其中的季节名词包括spring,summer,autumn,winter，其意为“在……的那年春天、夏天、秋天、冬天。如：His wife left him thes pring he went abroad.在他出国的那年春天，他的妻子离开了他。 He sold his house and went to the souththe summer he lost hisjob.在他失业的那年夏天，他卖掉房子去了南方。 He was sentto prison the winter his third daughter was born.在他第三个女儿出生的那年冬天，他被关进了监狱。 She got married the autumn she graduated from college.她大学毕业的那年秋天就结婚了。 三、the+时间名词：其中的时间名词主要包括hour,day,night,week,month,season,year等，其意为“在……的时候、那天、那个晚上、那周、那个月、那个季节、那年”。如： The hour he wa sin her office,he felt very sad.当他在她办公室的时候，他感到很伤心。 The day here turned home,his father was already dead.他回家的那一天，他的父亲已经死了。 The night I wenttoseeher,shehadleftforBeijingtoattendanimportantmeeting.就我去看她的那个晚上，她到北京去开一个重要的会议了。 Mr Smith didn't go to work the week his wife was ill.史密斯先生在他妻子生病的那个星期没去上班。 They ear helivedinthecountry,he learned alot.他在乡下呆的那一年，他学到了不少东西。 四、the+序数词+time 其中的序数词包括first,second,third,fourth等，其意为“当第几次……的时候”。如： My girlfriend beat me at pokert he first time weplayed.我头一次和女朋友打扑克，她就把我赢了。 These cond time I saw her,she looked like an old woman.我第二次见到她时，她看上去像一个老太婆。 The third time I went there,I found all of them had left and the offices were all empty.我第三次去那儿时，我发现他们都离开了，所有的办公室都是空的。 注：1.next,last也具有类似序数词的性质，因此也具有以上用法。如： Nexttimeyoucomein,pleaseclosethedoor.下次你进来，请关门。 Thelasttimewetalkedhesaidheneededanothertwodays.上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。 2.thefirsttime,thesecondtime,thethirdtime等用作连词引导时间状语从句时，其前通常要有定冠词，而(the)nexttime,(the)lasttime引导状语从句时，其中的冠词可以省略，如下面这道上海高考题，其答案是C，不是A：I though ther nice and honest______Imether. A.first time& B.fo rthe first time C.the first timeD.by the first time 五、不定代词+time 其中的不定代词主要包括each,every,any等。如：Every time I ringher,the phone is engaged.我每次给她打电话，电话都占线。 Every time I see him he either wants to tell me his trouble or borrow some money.每次我见到他，他不是向我诉苦，就是要向我借钱。 He felt nervous each times he spoke to him.每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。 AnytimeyoucometoLondondolookmeup.你无论什么时候到伦敦来，一定要来看我。 注意：everytime,eachtime,anytime用作连词引导状语从句时其前习惯上不用冠词，它与the first time,these cond time,the third time等引导时间状语从句时其前必须要用定冠词不同。 六、其他名词结构以上归纳的名词结构均用于引导时间状语从句，有些其他结构还可引导其他性质的状语从句，如the way可用于引导方式状语从句，表示“像……一样”。如： The didn’t do it the way we do now.那时他们不像我们现在这样行事。 Joyce looked at me the way alotof girls did.乔伊丝像许多姑娘那样瞧着我。 注：这样用的theway与as用法相似。如：Hold itin both hands,the way(=as)Mummy does.用两只手捧住，像妈妈那样。
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