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你可能喜欢It’semail . an ______“Best wishes” sentences.Good luck for the future!祝你今后一切顺利！Best wishes to you!最美好的祝愿送给你！Good luck to you
!祝你好运！Summary:毕业留言祝福用语future wishes luck enjoyedarewonderfuljoymissBest _____ to you！ Good ____ to you！ You ___ a great friend. I will ____ you. You brought us lots of ____. Good luck for the ____. You’re a ________ friend. I _______ our time together.New wordhappiness 幸福，愉快happy快乐的Wishing you happiness every day . 祝你幸福每一天。Watch the CD ,then answer. What is Lingling doing? Look`s have a look! She is writing an email to Bobo.Lingling’s goodbye letter （玲玲的告别信）Dear Amy, Wishing you happiness every day！ LinglingModule 9 Unit 2Wishing you happiness every day.1.Watch the CD. 请学生看动画，理解语境。2.Watch the CD again and try to find out “best wishes” sentences.Wishing you happiness every day.祝你天天开心！3.Read after the CD.4.Read the text ,then answer.（ A ）What is Lingling doing ？ A.She is writing goodbye letters to all her friends. B.She is sending email to her friends.（ B ）What does she write first ？ A.First she write friend’s address . B.First she write friend’s name.1.Then what does she write ？ “Wishing you happiness every day” _________________________________ 2.How many letters are there ？ There are about forty letters. _________________________________Summarygoodbye letters forty name wishing Lingling is writing ______________ to all her friends at school. First she writes the _____ of a friend. And then she writes &_________ you happiness every day& in every letter. Look! This one is for Amy . And there are _______ letters to write.She is writing goodbye letters to all Then she writes&Wishing you her friends at school. happiness every day& in every letter.First she writes the name of a friend.There are about forty letters.GameWrite and say P55(6)1. You are my best friend. 2. Best wishes to you！ 3. You brought us lots of joy. 4. Good luck for the future! 5. You’re a wonderful friend. 6. I will miss you. 7. Good luck to you！ Best, **Homework做同步练习册P49
六年级下Module9 Unit 2 Wishing you happiness everyday.―是一个在线免费学习平台、通过收集整理大量专业知识，职业资料、考试资料,考试复习指导,试题资料等给大家分享;同时提供学习互动交流;更好的帮助大家学习。课件设计_Wishing you happiness every day._英语_小学_武仁峰__百度文库
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你可能喜欢From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article has been nominated to be checked for its . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the . (May 2014)
This, the earliest portrait of Washington, was painted in 1772 by , and shows Washington in uniform as colonel of the Virginia Regiment. The original hangs in Lee Chapel at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia
This 1866 engraving depicts Washington praying at . In 1918, the Valley Forge Park Commission declined to erect a monument to the prayer because they could find no evidence that the event had occurred. In 1945, an article was published by the Valley Forge Historical Society in which the writer presents the accounts of the purported incident and, while acknowledging the second hand records of the tradition "lack ... the authentication with which the historian seeks to monument his recordings in all the solemnity of established fact," rhetorically asks if it is unreasonable to believe the event might have occurred.
religious beliefs have long been debated. While some of the , such as , , and
were noted for writing about religion, Washington rarely discussed his religious and philosophical views. His personal letters and public speeches sometimes referred to "Providence." He was a member of several churches which he attended, and served as an Anglican vestryman and warden for more than fifteen years when Virginia had an .
was baptized in infancy into the , which, until 1776, was the
of Virginia. As the British monarch is , and its clergy swear an
to the monarch, the American churches established the
after the . The
(1786) disestablished the Church, although it retained some lands which had been purchased with public monies. (The denominations that share the Church of England tradition are associated through the ).
As an adult, Washington served as a member of the
(lay council) for his local parish. Office-holding qualifications at all levels—including the , to which Washington was elected in 1758—required affiliation with the current state religion and an undertaking that one would neither express dissent nor do anything that did not conform to church doctrine. At the library of the , some manuscripts containing a leaf from the church record of Pohick were available to Benson Lossing, an American historian, which he included in his Field Book of the Revolution; the leaf contained the following signed oath, required to qualify individuals as vestrymen:
I, A B, do declare that I will be conformable to the Doctrine and Discipline of the Church of England, as by law established.,
1765. May 20th.—Thomas Withers Coffer, Thomas Ford, John Ford.
19th August.—Geo. Washington, Daniel M'Carty [...]
Washington served as a vestryman or warden for more than 15 years. The Vestry in Virginia was the governing body of each church.
Washington paid for pews at several churches. Rev. Lee Massey, his pastor wrote, "I never knew so constant an attendant in church as Washington." However, Washington's personal diaries indicate that he did not regularly attend services while home at Mount Vernon, spending most Sundays writing letters, conducting business, fox-hunting, or doing other activities. Biographer Paul Leicester Ford wrote:
His daily "where and how my time is spent" tells how often he attended church, and in the year 1760 he went sixteen times, and in 1768 he went fourteen.
While he was at Mount Vernon, his first parish was Pohick Church, seven miles from Mt. V his second parish in Alexandria was nine miles away.
When traveling, particularly on political business, he was more likely to attend church services. In the seven Sundays during the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, he went to church on three, attending Anglican, Quaker, and Catholic services. During his tours of the nation in his two terms as President, he attended religious services in each city, sometimes as frequently as three services in a day.
In 1915 the great-grandson of
reported that when he was 7 years old and she was 97 years old (about 1854) she said, "If anyone ever tells you that George Washington was not a communicant in the Church, you say that your great-grandmother told you to say that she 'had knelt at this chancel rail at his side and received with him the Holy Communion.'"
The record of his taking
was spotty. Ministers at four of the churches Washington often attended wrote that he regularly left services before communion. When Rev. Dr. ,
of , mentioned in a weekly sermon that those in elevated stations set an unhappy example by leaving at communion, Washington completely stopped attending that church on communion Sundays. Long after Washington died, when asked about Washington's beliefs, Abercrombie replied: "Sir, Washington was a Deist!"[] Nonetheless, it was also not uncommon in those days for churchgoers to pass on participating in communion.
Lack of frequency in reception of communion was not unusual in that period. In 1905, Pope , in Sacra Tridentina Synodus, exhorted Catholics to receive communion frequently, even daily. Although Christ instituted the rite at the , the frequency with which Christians should receive it, varies in different denominations.
An article in
for September 5, 1932, suggested that Washington had been baptized by the Baptist chaplain to the Continental Army
at Valley Forge. Washington biographer
determined that Rev. Gano served with Clinton's army, not with Washington's, that the location is sometimes given as Valley Forge and sometimes as the Potomac, that there is no documentation of Gano ever being at Valley Forge, that there is nothing in Gano's own correspondence or his biography to suggest that the event took place, and that none of the 42 reputed witnesses ever documented the event.[] In
there is a
of Gano baptizing Washington. The school takes no stance on whether the baptism of Washington actually took place.
On his death bed, Washington did not summon a minister or priest. After his death, he was buried according to the rite of the , with the Rev. Thomas Davis, rector of Christ Church, Alexandria, officiating. Masonic rites were also performed by members of his lodge.
Washington used the word "God" 146 times in his personal and public writings, many of which were in his public speeches and while some were regularly used phrases such as "thank God," "God knows," "for God's sake," or "my God!" there are many other examples were Washington used thoughtful expressions about God and His Providence. Throughout his life, Washington spoke of the value of righteousness, and of seeking and offering thanks for the "blessings of Heaven." Washington often spoke of "Providence." Philosopher Michael Novak writes that Anglican laymen of that period rarely invoked the name of Jesus. The most famous reference came in a 1779 letter to a delegation of Native Americans. The letter was in the handwriting of an aide, and some biographers, including Chernow, Henriques and Freeman, say that the aide wrote it, not Washington.:
"You do well to wish to learn our arts and ways of life, and above all, the religion of Jesus Christ. These will make you a greater and happier people than you are. Congress will do every thing they can to assist you in and to tie the knot of friendship and union so fast, that nothing shall ever be able to loose it."
When Congress authorized a day of fasting in 1778, Washington told his soldiers:
"The Honorable Congress having thought proper to recommend to The United States of America to set apart Wednesday the 22nd. instant to be observed as a day of Fasting, Humiliation and Prayer, that at one time and with one voice the righteous dispensations of Providence may be acknowledged and His Goodness and Mercy toward us and our Arms supp The General directs that this day also shall be religiously observed in the Army, that no work be done thereon and that the Chaplains prepare discourses suitable to the Occasion."
Washington believed in the importance of religion for republican government. His 1796 , written by Alexander Hamilton and revised by himself, said that it was unrealistic to expect that a whole nation, whatever might be said of minds of peculiar structure, could long be moral without religion, that national morality is necessary for good government, and that politicians should cherish religion's support of national morality:
Of all the dispositions and habits, which lead to political prosperity, Religion and Morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of Patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of Men and Citizens. The mere Politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their connexions with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths, which are the instruments of investigation in Courts of Justice? And let us with caution indulge the supposition, that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect, that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle.It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or less force to every species of free government. Who, that is a sincere friend to it, can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the fabric?
Washington rejected an additional sentence, also written by Alexander Hamilton, with a stronger sentiment: "does it [national morality] not require the aid of a generally received and divinely authoritative Religion?"
For decades, Washington was credited with starting the tradition of adding the words "so help me, God" to the presidential inaugural oath, although experts at the Library of Congress, the U.S. Senate Historical Office, and Mount Vernon have said there is no evidence to support that claim. None of the detailed contemporaneous eyewitness accounts of the first inauguration mentioned that Washington had used that expression, and it is not part of the text of the inaugural oath prescribed by the Constitution. The first authors to state that Washington added the words were
in 1854 and
in 1857. (According to the Library of Congress, the earliest documented use of that phrase during an inauguration was by President Chester Arthur, almost a century after Washington's first inauguration.)
In his first inaugural address, Washington stressed his belief that the new nation "was under the special agency of Providence."
Washington made several statements as General of the Army which mentioned religion. Sparks quotes orders given by General Washington to his Army requiring them to attend to their religious duties and "to implore the blessing of Heaven" upon the American Army.
Early in his presidency, at the request of Congress, he issued the first
on October 3, 1789. The proclamation was sent to the governors of the states, and assigns the day upon which "the people of these States" devote themselves in service to "that great and glorious Being who is the beneficent author of all the good that was, that is, or that will be." It urges the people in the young country to express their gratitude to God for: his protection of them through the Revolutionary War and the peace they h for allowing the
to be composed in a "peaceable" for the "civil and religious liberty" and "in general, for all the great and various favors which He has been pleased to confer upon us." The proclamation also states that "it is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor." It ends by calling the people of the United States to prayer and to beseech God "to pardon our national and " to allow the national government to "protect and guide" to promote "true religion and virtue, and the" and to "grant unto all mankind such a degree of temporal prosperity as He alone knows to be best."
In his letters to young people, particularly to his adopted children, Washington urged upon them truth, character, honesty, but said little or nothing related to specific items of religious practice. Analysts who have studied Washington's papers held by the
say that his correspondence with
is filled with references to the "."
Prayers said to have been composed by him in his later life are highly edited. An unfinished book of Christian prayers attributed to him (as a youth) by a collector (around 1891) was rejected by Worthington C. Ford, editor of an edition of Washington's papers, and the
for lack of authenticity. Comparisons to documents Washington wrote show that it is not in his handwriting.
In a letter to
in 1785, he wrote that he was not among those alarmed by a bill "making people pay towards the support of that [religion] which they profess", but felt that it was "impolitic" to pass such a measure, and wished it had never been proposed, believing that it would disturb public tranquility.
Washington held that all religions, and nearly all religious practices, were beneficial to humans. On some occasions, such as during the Constitutional Convention, he attended Presbyterian, Catholic, and Friends Sunday services.
Washington was an early supporter of
and . In 1775, he ordered that his troops not show anti-Catholic sentiments by burning the pope in effigy on . When hiring workmen for Mount Vernon, he wrote to his agent, "If they be good workmen, they may be from Asia, Africa, or E they may be Mohammedans [], Jews, or Christians of any sect, or they may be Atheists." In 1790, Washington expressed his support for religious tolerance where in a letter to the Hebrew Congregation in
he stated, "May the Children of the Stock of Abraham, who dwell in this land, continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other I while every one shall sit in safety under his own vine and figtree, and there shall be none to make him afraid."
Washington was an officer in the , an organization which, at the time Washington lived, required that its members "will never be a stupid Atheist nor an irreligious Libertine", which meant that they should believe in God, regardless of other religious convictions or affiliations.
Some biographers hold the opinion that many of the American Founding Fathers (and especially Washington) believed that, as leaders of the nation, they should remain silent on questions of doctrine and denomination, to avoid creating unnecessary divisivene instead they should promote the virtues taught by religion in general.
Eyewitness accounts exist of Washington engaging in morning devotions. Jared Sparks recorded the following account from Washington's nephew George W. Lewis: "Mr. Lewis said he had accidentally witnessed [Washington's] private devotions in his library both that on those occasions he had seen him in a kneeling position with a Bible open before him and that he believed such to have been his daily practice." Sparks also reports that Washington's adopted daughter, , in response to his request for information on Washington's religions views, wrote, "He attended the church at Alexandria when the weather and roads permitted a ride of ten miles (a one-way journey of 2–3 hours by horse or carriage). In New York and Philadelphia he never omitted attendance at church in the morning, unless detained by indisposition [sickness]." She continued by saying "No one in church attended to the services with more reverential respect." She added: "I should have thought it the greatest heresy to doubt his firm belief in Christianity. His life, his writings, prove that he was a Christian. He was not one of those who act or pray, that they may be seen of men." In closing, Nelly attempted to answer the question of whether General Washington was a Christian. She responded, "Is it necessary that any one should certify, 'General Washington avowed himself to me a believer in Christianity?' As well may we question his patriotism, his heroic, disinterested devotion to his country. His mottos were, 'Deeds, not W' and, 'For God and my Country.'"
During the Revolutionary War, General Robert Porterfield stated he "found him on his knees, engaged in his morning's devotions."
corroborated Porterfield's account, stating "such was his most constant habit." A French citizen who knew Washington well during the Revolutionary War and the presidency stated "Every day of the year, he rises at as soon as he is up, he dresses, then prays reverently to God." Indeed, Washington had purchased a prayer book "with the New Version of Psalms & good plain Type" a few years before the Revolutionary War.
On February 1, 1800, a few weeks after Washington's death,
made the following entry in his journal, regarding an incident on the occasion of Washington's departure from office:
" tells me that he had it from
that when the clergy addressed Genl. Washington on his departure from the govmt, it was observed in their consultation that he had never on any occasion said a word to the public which showed a belief in the Xn religion and they thot they should so pen their address as to force him at length to declare publicly whether he was a Christian or not. They did so. However he observed the old fox was too cunning for them. He answered every article of their address particularly except that, which he passed over without notice. Rush observes he never did say a word on the subject in any of his public papers except in his valedictory letter to the Governors of the states when he resigned his commission in the army, wherein he speaks of the benign influence of the Christian religion.
"I know that , who pretended to be in his secrets & believed himself to be so, has often told me that Genl. Washington believed no more of that system than he himself did."
In the 1840s,
printed interviews with and testimony of , a slave who escaped from the Washingtons in 1796. One such article, from the , stated: "she never heard Washington pray, and does not believe that he was accustomed to. 'Mrs. Washington used to read prayers, but I don't call that praying.'" (It should be kept in mind that reading printed prayers is typical
practice.) In another case, the Rev. Benjamin Chase, in a letter to , wrote that "She says that the stories told of Washington's piety and prayers, so far as she ever saw or heard while she was his slave, have no foundation. Card-playing and wine-drinking were the business at his parties, and he had more of such company Sundays than on any other day." In both cases it should be borne in mind that these statements were intended to disparage Washington's character i for example, Chase continues, "I do not mention this as showing, in my estimation, his anti-Christian character, so much as the bare fact of being a slaveholder, and not a hundredth part so much as trying
but, in the minds of the community, it will weigh infinitely more."
Even during his lifetime, people were unsure of the degree to which Washington believed in Christianity. As noted above, some of his contemporaries called him a . Debate continues to this day regarding whether he is best categorized as a deist or as a Christian, and some writers have introduced other terms to describe a blending of the two.
Deism was an influential worldview during his lifetime. Washington did not frequently reference "Jesus" or "Christ" in private or public writings or speeches—however there is one significant exception where he refers to the "religion of Jesus Christ." The full quote shows Washington suggesting to the Delaware Chiefs that learning the "religion of Jesus Christ" is the most important thing they can do. It is commonly believed that Washington avoided the word "God" and instead used different words. In actuality Washington used "God" 146 times in his personal and public writings. It is worthy of note that these references to "God" are not simply phrases like "God forbid" or "God be with you", but in many instances are personal and thoughtful expressions about God and His Providence. It is also commonly believed that when Washington used words such as "Grand Architect" and "Providence" that these words had particularly deistic emphasis. These terms were also commonly used by the Freemasons. While deists and Freemasons did use these words, words like "Providence" specifically were not excessively used by deists and Freemasons, but were very heavily used by Christians during Washington's time period.
Historian Fred Anderson says that Washington's Providence was, "a generally benevolent, as well as an omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient being, but He was hardly the kind of warm and loving God embraced by the evangelical Protestants."
Paul F. Boller, Jr. stated "Washington was no infidel, if by infidel is meant unbeliever. Washington had an unquestioning faith in Providence and, as we have seen, he voiced this faith publicly on numerous occasions. That this was no mere rhetorical flourish on his part, designed for public consumption, is apparent from his constant allusions to Providence in his personal letters. There is every reason to believe, from a careful analysis of religious references in his private correspondence, that Washington's reliance upon a Grand Designer along
lines was as deep-seated and meaningful for his life as, say,
serene confidence in a Universal Spirit permeating the ever shifting appearances of the everyday world."
David L. Holmes, author of The Faiths of the Founding Fathers, in a sidebar article for Britannica categorizes Washington as a . His usage of this category implies a religious spectrum of sorts for deism. Holmes also distinguishes between strict deists and orthodox Christians by their , participation in religious rites (such as baptism, Holy Communion, and confirmation), the use of religious language, and opinions of contemporary family, friends, clergy, and acquaintances. Regarding these specific parameters, Holmes describes Washington as a Christian deist due to his religious behavior falling somewhere between that of an orthodox Christian and a strict deist. Although Washington was clearly not a communicant, was infrequent in his Church attendance, and did not deem it necessary to participate in religious rites, Holmes labels him as a
due to his references of God, which resemble strict deistic terminology yet add a Christian dimension of mercy and divine nature. Additionally, Holmes states that Washington's "dedication to Christianity was clear in his own mind" as to imply that Washington's own religious self-analysis should be deemed at least as noteworthy as that of critics who claim he was unorthodox.
Historian and Washington specialist Frank E. Grizzard, Jr. highlights "Providence" as the central feature of Washington's religious faith, noting that "Providence" was Washington's most often-used term for God.
The qualities attributed to Providence by Washington reveal that he conceived of Providence as an "Omnipotent," "benign," and "beneficent" Being that by "invisible workings" in "Infinite Wisdom" dispensed justice in the affairs of mankind.
In 2006 , the president of , published a lengthy book through his own non-profit organization on the subject of Washington's religious beliefs. The book, George Washington's Sacred Fire, proposed that Washington was an orthodox Christian within the f it gained attention through promotion on 's show. Lillback claims he disproved the deist hypothesis. Lillback has explained more recently that evidence unavailable to earlier historians shows that
Washington referred to himself frequently using the words "ardent," "fervent," "pious," and "devout." There are over one hundred different prayers composed and written by Washington in his own hand, with his own words, in his writings....Although he never once used the word "Deist" in his voluminous writings, he often mentioned religion, Christianity, and the Gospel....Historians ought no longer be permitted to do the legerdemain of turning Washington into a Deist even if they found it necessary and acceptable to do so in the past. Simply put, it is time to let the words and writings of Washington's faith speak for themselves.
Biographer Barry Schwartz has stated that Washington's "practice of Christianity was limited and superficial, because he was not himself a Christian. In the enlightened tradition of his day, he was a devout Deist—just as many of the clergymen who knew him suspected,"
Two recent books exploring Washington's religious beliefs—Realistic Visionary by Peter Henriques, and Faith and the Presidency by Gary Scott Smith—both categorize Washington as a
which is described as a hybrid belief system somewhere between strict deism and orthodox Christianity, with rationalism as the predominant element. The term itself is not known to have been in use during Washington's lifetime.
Philosopher
maintains that Washington could not have been strictly a Deist, but was a Christian:
What we did prove, and quite conclusively, is that Washington cannot be called a Deist—at least, not in a sense that excludes his being Christian. Although he did most often address God in the proper names a Deist might use—such as "Author of all the good that was, that is, or that will be" and "Disposer of all human events"—the actions that Washington expected God to perform, as expressed both in his official public prayers (whether as general or as president) and in his private prayers as recorded, are the sorts of actions only the God of the Bible performs: interposing his actions in human events, forgiving sins, enlightening minds, bringing good harvests, intervening on behalf of one party in a struggle between good and evil (in this case, between liberty and the deprivation of liberty), etc. Many persons at the end of the 18th century were both Christians and Deists. But it cannot be said, in the simpleminded sense in which historians have become accustomed to putting it, that Washington was merely a Deist, or even that the God to whom he prayed was expected to behave like a Deist God at all.
Biographer , author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning book, , has acknowledged the profound role Christianity played in Washington's life through the 18th-century Virginian Anglican/Episcopalian church:
There has been a huge controversy, to put it mildly, about Washington's religious beliefs. Before the Revolutionary War he was Anglican – Church of England – which meant after the war, he was Episcopalian. So, he was clearly Christian... He was quite intensely religious, because even though he uses the word Providence, he constantly sees Providence as an active force in life, particularly in American life. I mean, every single victory in war he credits to Providence. The miracle of the Constitutional Convention he credits to Providence. The creation of the federal government and the prosperity of the early republic, he credits to Providence... I was struck at how frequently in his letters he's referring to Providence, and it's Providence where there's a sense of design and purpose, which sounds to me very much like religion... Unfortunately, this particular issue has become very very politicized.
In 2012, historian Gregg Frazer argued that Washington was not a deist but a "theistic rationalist." This theological position rejected core beliefs of Christianity, such as the divinity of Christ, the Trinity and Original Sin. However, unlike the deists, the theological rationalists believed in the
Allen, Brooke, Moral Minority: Our Skeptical Founding Fathers, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006,
Boller, Paul, George Washington & Religion, Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963,
Eidsmoe, John, Christianity and the Constitution (Grand Rapids, Missouri: Baker Books House Company, 1987)
Grizzard, Frank E., Jr. The Ways of Providence: Religion and George Washington. Buena Vista and Charlottesville, VA: Mariner Publishing. 2005. .
Holmes, David L., The Faiths of the Founding Fathers, Oxford University Press, 2006, .
Johnson, William J., George Washington the Christian, (Milford, Michigan: Mott Media )
Lillback, Peter, George Washington's Sacred Fire (Providence Forum, 2006).
Lossing, Benson J., The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution (New York: Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square, 1859), Vol. II, p. 215.
Mu?oz, Vincent Phillip. "George Washington on Religious Liberty" Review of Politics ): 11-33. ISSN
Fulltext online at Ebsco.
Novak, Michael and Jana Novak Washington's God, Basic Books, 2006,
Novak, Michael On Two Wings: Humble Faith and Common Sense at the American Founding Encounter Books, 2003,
Peterson, Barbara Bennett. George Washington: America's Moral Exemplar, 2005, .
Thompson, Mary V. "In the Hands of a Good Providence": Religion in the Life of George Washington, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008.
Tsakiridis, George. "" in the George Washington Digital Encyclopedia.
The Writings of George Washington, Jared Sparks, editor (Boston: Ferdinand Andrews, Publisher, 1838), Vol. XII, pp. 399–411
The Religious Opinions of Washington, E. C. M'Guire, editor (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1836).
The Messages and Papers of the Presidents, James D. Richardson, editor (Published by the Authority of Congress, 1899), Vol. I, pp. 51–57 (1789), 64 (1789), 213-224 (1796), etc.
This tale was first published in the 1808 edition of a biography of Washington by
Family Bible entry
Image of page from family Bible
has four articles on religion in colonial Virginia
A History of Religious Liberty in American Public Life by Charles C. Haynes (1991 Council for the Advancement of Citizenship and the Center for Civic Education)
According to Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1961), "conformable" was a legal term meaning "conforming to the usages of the Church of England especially as prescribed by the ."
Lossing, Benson J.,
Novak, Michael and Jana Novak, , p. 97, Basic Books, 2007
. loc.gov.
Ford, Paul Leicester. The True George Washington (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1897), 78.
Ferling, John. The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2009), 78.
Novak, Michael and Jana Novak, , p. 39, Basic Books, 2007
Cited by Lillback, George Washington's Sacred Fire, p 421. The event is purported to be during the time of Washington's 1789 inauguration.
Sprague, Rev. Wm. B. . Vol. v. p. 394.
Neill, Rev. E.D. ().
(PDF). NY Times. p. 3.
. infidels.org.
. newadvent.org.
(Subscribers only)
. September 26, 1932.
"Religion in America: The faith (and doubts) of our fathers", , dated Dec 17, 2011.
. Commonwealth Institute of Funeral Service. Archived from
. Alderman Library, University of Virginia.
in Writings of George Washington by John C. Fitpatrick
Novak, Michael and Jana Novak, , p. 99, Basic Books, 2007
Peter Henriques (2008). . University of Virginia Press. p. 175.
see – ; published in The Writings of George Washington (1932), Vol. XV, p. 55
Washington, "GENERAL ORDERS: April 12, 1778" in John C. Fitzpatrick, ed. The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources,
(1931) vol 11 p. 252.
. loc.gov.
Grossman, Cathy Lynn (January 17, 2013). . USA Today.
Griswold, The Republican Court, or, American Society in the Days of Washington.
Irving, The Life of George Washington, vol. 4.
Michael I. Meyerson (2012). . Yale University Press. pp. 181–2.
. loc.gov.
Frank E. Grizzard, Jr., The Ways of Providence, Religion, and George Washington (2005), p. 12.
Sparks, Jared. The Writings of George Washington (Boston: Ferdinand Andrews, Publisher, 1838), Vol. III, p. 491. Sparks edited Washington's writings to conform to his own standards in spelling, punctuation, and at times phrasing, so such references should always be checked in more recent editions.
Allen, Brooke (2006). Moral Minority: Our Skeptical Founding Fathers. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.  .
S. Brent Morris. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Freemasonry. Alpha/Penguin Books. p. 212.  . - The usage entered Masonic tradition from the Book of Constitutions written in 1723 by Reverend . Anderson, a Calvinist minister, may have taken the term from John Calvin who, in his
(published in 1536), repeatedly calls the Christian god "the Architect of the Universe," also referring to his works as "Architecture of the Universe," and in his commentary on
refers to the Christian god as the "Great Architect" or "Architect of the Universe."
. infidels.org.
Hughes, Rupert. George Washington: The Human Being & The Hero, vol. 1 (New York: William Morris, 1927)
regarding Memorial and Remonstrance
Washington, George. . Rediscovering George Washington, PBS.
. Archived from
on ., written by Rev. James Anderson for the Grand Lodge of England, 1723
, Grand Lodge of Virginia webpage
, Grand Lodge of New Hampshire web page.
Eidsmoe, John, Christianity and the Constitution (Grand rapids, Missouri: Baker Books House Company, 1987), p. 115.
Sparks, Jared, Life of George Washington, 522–23
' letter written to , 1833
Meade, Bishop [William], Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia, 2:491–92
Chinard, Gilbert, ed. and trans. George Washington as the French Knew Him: A Collection of Texts, 119
"Enclosure: Invoice to Robert Cary & Co.," July 18, 1771, in GW Papers, Colonial Series, 8:509.
Remsburg also presents a very similar account from Rev. Ashbel Green, one of the members of the clergy in the group
Hayes, T. H. (May 22, 1845). "Washington's Runaway Slave". Granite Freeman (Concord, New Hampshire). as quoted in . ushistory.org.
Chase, Benjamin (January 1, 1847). "letter to the editor". The Liberator. as quoted in . ushistory.org.
Kenneth W. Daniels - 2008
- May 12, 1779
. June 1794.
George W Fred A Philander D. Chase (2004). . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 129.
"George Washington & Religion," Paul F. Boller Jr., Southern Methodist University Press: Dallas, 1963, p. 92
Encyclopaedia Britannica's "The Founding Fathers, Deism, and Christianity"
Frank E. Grizzard, Jr., The Ways of Providence, Religion, and George Washington (2005), p. 5.
Milbank, Dana (2010). . Random House. p. 92.
Peter Lillback, George Washington's Sacred Fire (Providence Forum, 2006).
Peter A. Lillback, , retrieved
. virginia.edu.
. The Claremont Institute. January 2005.
Washington's Sun God: Reviewing a review. National Review Online, March 14, 2006
Chernow, Ron. (Guest Speaker). (2010 October 18) Ron Chernow on George Washington. We The People Stories. Podcast retrieved from
Gregg L. Frazer, The Religious Beliefs of America's Founders: Reason, Revelation, and Revolution (University Press of Kansas, 2012)
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