You may not give a second thought (or backward glance) to what the toilet whisks away after you do your business. But we got wondering -- where would we wind up if we thought of flushing as the start, and not the end, of a journey? In this short, we head out to trace the trail of sludge...from Manhattan, to wherever poop leads us.
This all started back when we were working on our
show, and author Frederick Kaufman told us about getting sucked in to the mystery of what happens to poop in New York City. Robert and producer Pat Walters decided to take Fred's advice and pay a visit to the ... which turned out to be just the beginning of a surprisingly far-ranging quest.
Want some more sewer fun?
Read: As Robert and Pat report, some of that sewer sludge made it out into the ocean.
Play: Try out our Poop Quiz:
Comments [65]From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Sacramento" redirects here. For other uses, see .
Clockwise from Top Left: ,
Light Rail train through Midtown, —View from West Sacramento, Downtown Sacramento skyline, ,
Nickname(s): America's Most Diverse City, City of Trees, River City, Sack-My-Tomatoes (or "Sack o' Tomatoes"), Sactown, Sac (or "the Sac"), Sacto
Motto: : Urbs Indomita (Indomitable City)
Location of Sacramento in Sacramento County, California
Sacramento, California
Location in the United States
Coordinates: :
Sacramento–Roseville–Arden-Arcade
February 27, 1850
Government
 o Type
 o Body
 o 
 o 
 o City
100.105 sq mi (259.273 km2)
 o Land
97.915 sq mi (253.600 km2)
 o Water
2.190 sq mi (5.673 km2)  2.19%
30 ft (9 m)
Population ()
 o City
 o Estimate (2014)
 o Density
4,700/sq mi (1,800/km2)
 o 
 o 
 o 
Sacramentan
 o Summer ()
942xx, 958xx
feature IDs
Sacramento () is the
of . It is at the confluence of the
in the northern portion of California's expansive . Its estimated 2014 population of 475,122 made it the sixth-largest city in California. Sacramento is the cultural and economic core of the , which includes seven counties with a 2010 population of 2,414,783. Its metropolitan area is the fourth largest in California after the , the , and the , and is the . In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for
magazine named Sacramento "America's Most Diverse City".
Sacramento became a city through the efforts of the Swiss immigrant , his son , and . Sacramento grew quickly thanks to the protection of , which was established by Sutter in 1839. During the , Sacramento was a major distribution point, a commercial and agricultural center, and a terminus for , , , the , the , and the .
The city was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border.[] The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santisimo Sacramento (Most Holy Sacrament), referring to the Catholic .[]
, more commonly known as Sacramento State or Sac State, is the largest university in the city and one of 23 campuses in the
are in Sacramento. In addition, the , is in nearby , 15 miles (24 km) west of the capital. The , a world-renowned research hospital, is located in the city of Sacramento.
Main article:
(Southern Maidu) and
Native Americans had lived in the area for perhaps thousands of years. Unlike the settlers who would eventually make Sacramento their home, these Native Americans left little evidence of their existence. Traditionally, their diet was dominated by
taken from the plentiful oak trees in the region, and by fruits, bulbs, seeds, and roots gathered throughout the year.
In 1808, the Spanish explorer
discovered and named the Sacramento Valley and the Sacramento River. A Spanish writer with the Moraga expedition wrote: "Canopies of oaks and cottonwoods, many festooned with grapevines, overhung both sides of the blue current. Birds chattered in the trees and big fish darted through the pellucid depths. The air was like champagne, and (the Spaniards) drank deep of it, drank in the beauty around them. “Es como el sagrado sacramento! (It's like the Holy Sacrament.)” The valley and the river were then christened after the "Most Holy Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ," referring to the Catholic
Inside the historical Sutter's Fort. Main building housing John Sutter's offices. 2009
John Sutter first arrived on August 13, 1839 at the divergence of the American and Sacramento Rivers with a Mexican land grant of 50,000 acres. The next year, he and his party established Sutter's Fort, a massive adobe structure with walls eighteen feet high and three feet thick.
Representing Mexico, Sutter called his colony New Helvetia, a Swiss inspired name, and was the political authority and dispenser of justice in the new settlement. Soon, the colony began to grow as more and more pioneers headed west. Within just a few short years, John Sutter had become a grand success, owning a ten-acre orchard and a herd of thirteen thousand cattle. Fort Sutter became a regular stop for the increasing number of immigrants coming through the valley. In 1847, Sutter hired James Marshall to build a sawmill so that he could continue to expand his empire.
Sacramento in 1849
Sutter received 2,000 fruit trees in 1847, which started the agriculture industry in the Sacramento Valley. In 1848, when gold was discovered by
(located some 50 miles (80.5 km), northeast of the fort), a large number of gold-seekers came to the area, increasing the population.
then planned the City of Sacramento 2 miles south of New Helvetia, in association with
against the wishes of his father, naming the city after the
for commercial reasons. He hired topographical engineer William H. Warner to draft the official layout of the city, which included 26 lettered and 31 numbered streets (today's grid from C St. to Broadway and from Front St. to Alhambra Blvd.). However, a bitterness grew between the elder Sutter and his
as Sacramento became an overnight commercial success (Sutter's Fort, Mill and the town of , all founded by , would eventually fail).
The citizens of Sacramento adopted a city charter in 1849, which was recognized by the state legislature in 1850. Sacramento is the oldest incorporated city in California, incorporated on February 27, 1850. During the early 1850s the Sacramento valley was devastated by floods, fires and cholera epidemics. Despite this, because of its position just downstream from the
in the , the new city grew, quickly reaching a population of 10,000.
Paifang at Sacramento's Chinatown Mall
Throughout the early 1840s and 1850s, China was at war with Great Britain and France in the
and . The wars, along with endemic poverty in China, helped drive many
to America. Many first came to San Francisco, which was then the largest city in California, which was known as "Dai Fow" (The Big City) and some came eventually to Sacramento (then the second-largest city in California), which is known as "Yee Fow" (Second City). Many of these immigrants came in hopes for a better life as well as the possibility of finding gold in the foothills east of Sacramento.
Sacramento's
was located on "I" Street from Second to Sixth Streets. At the time this area of "I" Street was considered a health hazard as, lying within a levee zone it was lower than other parts of the city which were situated on higher land. Throughout Sacramento's Chinatown history there were fires, acts of discrimination, and prejudicial legislation such as the
that was not repealed until 1943. The mysterious fires were thought to be set off by those who did not take a liking to the Chinese working class. Ordinances on what was viable building material were set into place to try to get the Chinese to move out. Newspapers such as , at the time, wrote stories that portrayed the Chinese in an unfavorable light to inspire ethnic discrimination and drive the Chinese away. As the years passed, a railroad was created over parts of the Chinatown and further politics and laws would make it even harder for Chinese workers to sustain a living in Sacramento. While the east side of the country fought for higher wages and fewer working hours, many cities in the western United States wanted the Chinese out because of the belief that they were stealing jobs from the white working class.
The Chinese remained resilient despite these efforts. They built their buildings out of bricks just as the building guidelines established. They helped build part of the railroads that span the city as well as making a great contribution to the transcontinental railroad that spans the United States. They also helped build the levees within Sacramento and the surrounding cities. As a result, they are a well-recognized part of Sacramento's history and heritage.
While most of Sacramento's Chinatown has now been razed, a small Chinatown mall remains, as well as a museum dedicated to the history of Sacramento's Chinatown and the contributions Chinese Americans have made to the city. Amtrak sits along what was part of Sacramento's Chinatown "I" Street.
California's State Capitol Building
The , with the support of Governor , moved to Sacramento in 1854. The capital of California under Spanish (and, subsequently, Mexican) rule had been , where in 1849 the first Constitutional Convention and state elections were held. The convention decided that
would be the new state's capital. After 1850, when California's statehood was ratified, the legislature met in San Jose until 1851,
in 1852, and
in 1853, before moving to Sacramento. In the 1879 Constitutional Convention, Sacramento was named to be the permanent state capital.
Begun in 1860 to be reminiscent of the
in Washington, DC, the
was completed in 1874. In 1861, the legislative session was moved to the Merchants Exchange Building in San Francisco for one session because of massive flooding in Sacramento. The legislative chambers were first occupied in 1869 while construction continued. From 1862 to 1868, part of the
was used for the governor's offices during Stanford's tenure as the G and the legislature met in the Sacramento County Courthouse.
The , built in 1935, a popular landmark
With its new status and strategic location, Sacramento quickly prospered and became the western end of the . Later it became a terminus of the , which began construction in Sacramento in 1863 and was financed by ""—, , , and .
In 1850 and again in 1861, Sacramento citizens were faced with a completely flooded town. After the devastating 1850 flood, Sacramento experienced a cholera epidemic and a flu epidemic, which crippled the town for several years. In 1861, Governor Leland Stanford, who was inaugurated in early January 1861, had to attend his inauguration in a rowboat, which was not too far from his house in town on N street. The flood waters were so bad, the legend says, that when he returned to his house, he had to enter into it through the second floor window. From 1862 until the mid-1870s Sacramento raised the level of its downtown by building reinforced brick walls on its downtown streets, and filling the resulting street walls with dirt. Thus the previous first floors of buildings became the , with open space between the street and the building, previously the sidewalk, now at the basement level. Most property owners used screw jacks to raise their buildings to the new grade. The sidewalks were covered, initially by wooden sidewalks, then brick barrel vaults, and eventually replaced by concrete sidewalks. Over the years, many of these underground spaces have been filled or destroyed by subsequent development. However, it is still possible to view portions of the "".
The same rivers that earlier brought death and destruction began to provide increasing levels of transportation and commerce. Both the American and especially Sacramento rivers would be key elements in the economic success of the city. In fact, Sacramento effectively controlled commerce on these rivers, and public works projects were funded though taxes levied on goods unloaded from boats and loaded onto rail cars in the historic . Now both rivers are used extensively for . The American River is a 5-mph (8-km/h) waterway for all power boats (including jet-ski and similar craft) (Source Sacramento County Parks & Recreation) and has become an international attraction for
and kayaking.
The Sacramento River sees many boaters, who can make day trips to nearby sloughs or continue along the Delta to the
and San Francisco. The Delta King, a
which for eighteen months lay on the bottom of the San Francisco Bay, was refurbished and now boasts a hotel, a restaurant, and two different theaters for nightlife along the Old Sacramento riverfront.
The city's current charter was adopted by voters in 1920. As a , Sacramento is exempt from many laws and regulations passed by the . The city has expanded continuously over the years. The 1964 merger of the City of
with Sacramento substantially increased its population, and large annexations of the
area eventually led to significant population growth throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.
Sacramento County (along with a portion of adjacent ) is served by a customer-owned electric utility, the
(SMUD). Sacramento voters approved the creation of SMUD in 1923. In April 1946, after 12 years of litigation, a judge ordered
to transfer title of Sacramento's electric distribution system to SMUD. Today SMUD is the sixth-largest public electric utility in the U.S., and is a leader for innovative programs and services, including the development of clean fuel resources, such as . The year following the creation of SMUD, 1924, brought several events in Sacramento:
executive Verne McGeorge established , American
opened a new store at 12th and K street, the US$2 million
was open, Sacramento's drinking water became filtered and treated drinking water, and Sacramento boxer Georgie Lee fought , a
professional
known as Pancho Villa, at L Street Auditorium on March 21.
Early in , the Sacramento Assembly Center (also known as the Walerga Assembly Center) was established to house Japanese Americans
under . The camp was one of fifteen temporary detention facilities where over 110,000 , two-thirds of them U.S. citizens, were held while construction on the more permanent
camps was completed. The assembly center was built on the site of a former migrant labor camp, and inmates began arriving from Sacramento and San Joaquin Counties on May 6, 1942. It closed after only 52 days, on June 26, and the population of 4,739 was transferred to the
concentration camp. The site was then turned over to the Army Signal Corps and dedicated as . After the war and the end of the incarceration program, returning Japanese Americans were often unable to find housing and so 234 families temporarily lived at the former assembly center. Camp Kohler was destroyed by a fire in December 1947, and the assembly center site is now part of the Foothill Farms-North Highlands subdivision.
The Sacramento-Yolo Port District was created in 1947, and ground was broken on the Port of Sacramento in 1949. On June 29, 1963, with 5,000 spectators waiting to welcome her, the Motor Vessel Taipei Victory arrived. The port was open for business. The Nationalist Chinese flagship, freshly painted for the historic event, was loaded with 5,000 tons of bagged rice for Mitsui Trading Co. bound for
and 1,000 tons of logs for Japan. She was the first ocean-going vessel in Sacramento since the steamship Harpoon in 1934. The
has been plagued with operating losses in recent years and faces bankruptcy. This severe loss in business is due to the heavy competition from the , which has a larger facility and a deeper channel. As of 2006, the city of
took responsibility for the Port of Sacramento. During the
era, the Port of Sacramento was the major terminus in the supply route for all military parts, hardware and other cargo going into Southeast Asia.
West America Bank Building
became the last
to live permanently in the city. A new executive mansion, constructed by private funds in a Sacramento suburb for Reagan, remained vacant for nearly forty years and was recently sold by the state.
The 1980s and 1990s saw the closure of several local military bases: , , and Sacramento Army Depot. In 1980, there was another flood. The flood's damage affected the "boat section" of . The culmination of a series of storms as well as a faulty valve are believed to have caused this damage.
completed in 2008
In the early 1990s, Mayor
attempted to lure the
football team to Sacramento, selling $50 million in bonds as earnest money. When the deal fell through, the bond proceeds were used to construct several large projects, including expanding the
and refurbishing of the Memorial Auditorium. Serna renamed a city park for migrant worker rights activist . Through his effort, Sacramento became the first major city in the country to have a paid municipal holiday honoring Chavez.
In spite of military base closures and the decline of agricultural food processing, Sacramento has continued to experience population growth in recent years. Primary sources of population growth are an influx of residents from the nearby , as well as immigration from Asia and Latin America. From 1990 to 2000, the city's population grew by 14.7%. The
estimates that from 2000 to 2007, the county's population increased by nearly 164,000 residents.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s (decade), Mayor
made several abortive attempts to provide taxpayer financing of a new sports arena for the
brothers, owners of the
Basketball franchise. In November 2006, Sacramento voters soundly defeated a proposed sales tax hike to finance the plan. The defeat was due in part to competing plans for the new arena and its location.
magazine featured an article recognizing Sacramento as the most diverse and integrated city in America.
Despite a devolution of state bureaucracy, the state government remains by far Sacramento's largest employer. The City of Sacramento expends considerable effort to keep state agencies from moving outside the city limits. In addition, many federal agencies have offices in Sacramento.
normally sits in nearby San Francisco.
The Sacramento River near the old pumping station
Aerial view of the city of Sacramento California, showing the geography of the surrounding area.
According to the , the city covers an area of 100.1 square miles (259 km2), 97.81% of it land, and 2.19% of it water.
Depth to groundwater is typically about 30 feet (9 m). Much of the land to the west of the city (in ) is permanently reserved for a vast flood control basin (the ), due to the city's historical vulnerability to floods. As a result, the greater metropolitan area sprawls only four miles (6 km) west of downtown (as ) but 30 miles (48 km) northeast and east, into the
foothills, and 10 miles (16 km) to the south into valley farmland.
The city is located at the confluence of the
and the , and has a deep-water port connected to the
by a channel through the . It is the shipping and rail center for the . Food processing is among the major industries in the area.
Panoramic view of downtown Sacramento from
The city groups most of its neighborhoods into four areas:
Alkali Flat, , Campus Commons, , Dos Rios Triangle, , , Fab Forties, Mansion Flats, Marshall School, , , Newton Booth, , Poverty Ridge, Richards, Richmond Grove, River Park, Elmhurst, , .
Airport, Carleton Tract, Freeport Manor, Golf Course Terrace, , Curtis Park, Hollywood Park, , Little Pocket, Mangan Park, , Parkway, , , , Valley Hi / North Laguna, Z'Berg Park.
, , , , , , , , , Fairgrounds, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Tallac Village, Vintage Park, Churchill Downs, and Woodbine.
, , Gardenland, Hagginwood, McClellan Heights West,
(north, south, west), , Northgate, , Swanston Estates, Terrace Manor, , and Woodlake.
Additional prominent regions and neighborhoods in the city include American River Parkway, Arden, Arden Fair, Cal Expo, Capital Avenue, Coffing, College Glen, College Greens, Colonial Manor, Cordova, Creekside, East Fruitridge, Elder Creek, Elkhorn, Elvas, Erikson Industrial Park, Excelsior Sunrise, Foothill Farms, Franklin, Frates Ranch, Gateway Center, Gateway West, Glenwood Meadows, Hansen Park, Heritage Park, Johnson Business Park, Johnson Heights, Mayhew, Metro Center, Mills, Natomas Corporate Center, Natomas Creek, Natomas Crossing, Natomas Park, Newton Booth, Noralto, Northpointe, Norwood, Oak Knoll, Old North Sacramento, Parker Homes, Point West, Raley Industrial Park, Regency Park, Richardson Village, Richmond Grove, Rosemont, Sierra Oaks, Sports Complex, Strawberry Manor, Sundance Lake, Swanston Palms, Town and Country Village, Upper Land Park, Village 5, Village 7, Village 12, Village 14, Village Green, Walerga, Walsh Station, West Del Paso Heights, Westlake, Willowcreek, Wills Acres, Winn Park, Woodside and Youngs Heights.
Sacramento has a
( Csa), characterized by damp to wet, mild winters and hot, dry summers. The wet season is generally October through April, though there may be a day or two of light rainfall in June or September. The normal annual mean temperature is 61.0 °F (16.1 °C), with the monthly daily average temperature ranging from 46.4 °F (8.0 °C) in December to 75.5 °F (24.2 °C) in July. Summer heat is often moderated by a sea breeze known as the "delta breeze" which comes through the
from the , and temperatures cool down sharply at night.
The foggiest months are December and January.
can be extremely dense, lowering visibility to less than 100 feet (30 m) and making driving conditions extremely hazardous. Chilling tule fog events have been known to last for several consecutive days or weeks. During Tule fog events, temperatures do not exceed 50 degrees.
Snowfall is rare in Sacramento, which is only 25 ft (7.6 m) . In the downtown area, there have been only 3 significant snow accumulations since 1900, the last one being in 1976. During especially cold winter and spring storms, intense showers do occasionally produce a significant amount of hail, which can create hazardous driving conditions. Snowfall that does fall in the city often melts upon ground contact, with traceable amounts occurring in some years. Significant annual snow accumulations occur in the foothills located 40 miles (64 km) east of the city, which had brief and traceable amounts of snowfall in January 2002, December 2009 and February 2011.
On average, there are 73 days where the high exceeds 90 °F (32 °C), and 14 days where the high exceeds 100 °F (38 °C); On the other extreme, there are 15 days where the temperature does not exceed 50 °F (10 °C), and 15 freezing nights per year. Official temperature extremes range from 18 °F (-8 °C) on December 22, 1990 to 115 °F (46 °C) on June 15, 1961; a station around 5 mi (8.0 km) east-southeast of the city dipped to 17 °F (-8 °C) on December 11, 1932.
The average annual precipitation is 18.52 inches (470 mm). On average, precipitation falls on 60 days each year in Sacramento, and nearly all of this falls during the winter months. Average January rainfall is 3.67 in (93 mm), and measurable precipitation is rare during the summer months. In February 1992, Sacramento had 16 consecutive days of rain, resulting in an accumulation of 6.41 in (163 mm) for the period. On rare occasions, monsoonal moisture surges from the Desert Southwest can bring upper-level moisture to the Sacramento region, leading to increased summer cloudiness, humidity, and even light showers and thunderstorms. Monsoon clouds do occur, usually during late July through early September. Sacramento is the second most flood susceptible city in the United States after New Orleans.
Sacramento has been noted as being the sunniest location on the planet for three months of the year, from July through September. It holds the distinction as the sunniest month, in terms of percent possible sunshine, of a July in Sacramento averages 14 hours and 12 minutes of sunshine per day, amounting to approximately 98% of possible sunshine.
Climate data for Sacramento, California (),
normals, extremes 1941–present
Record high °F (°C)
Average high °F (°C)
Daily mean °F (°C)
Average low °F (°C)
Record low °F (°C)
inches (mm)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
Mean monthly
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun )
Climate data for Sacramento 5 ESE, California ( normals, extremes 1877–present)
Record high °F (°C)
Average high °F (°C)
Daily mean °F (°C)
Average low °F (°C)
Record low °F (°C)
inches (mm)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
Source: NOAA, Western Regional Climate Center
Racial composition
—Non-Hispanic
(of any race)
reported that Sacramento had a population of 466,488. The
was 4,660.0 people per square mile (1,799.2/km?).
The racial makeup of Sacramento was :
210,006 (45.0%)
80,005 (16.6%)
85,503 (17.8%)
(4.2% Chinese, 3.3% Hmong, 2.8% Filipino, 1.6% Indian, 1.4% Vietnamese, 1.2% Laotian, 1.2% Japanese, 0.3% Pakistani, 0.3% Korean, 0.3% Thai, 0.2% Cambodian)
6,655 (1.4%)
(0.6% Fijian, 0.2% Tongan, 0.2% Samoan)
5,291 (1.1%)
57,573 (12.3%)
33,125 (7.1%) from two or more races.
of any race were 125,276 persons (26.9%); 22.6% of Sacramento's population is of Mexican heritage, 0.7% Puerto Rican, 0.5% Salvadoran, 0.2% Guatemalan, and 0.2% Nicaraguan.
were 34.5% of the population in 2010, down from 71.4% in 1970.
The Census reported that 458,174 people (98.2% of the population) lived in households, 4,268 (0.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 4,046 (0.9%) were institutionalized. Also, with the recent housing crash there have been no changes to these numbers.
There were 174,624 households, out of which 57,870 (33.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 65,556 (37.5%) were
living together, 27,640 (15.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 10,534 (6.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 13,234 (7.6%) , and 2,498 (1.4%) . 53,342 households (30.5%) were made up of individuals and 14,926 (8.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62. There were 103,730
(59.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.37.
Sacramento has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita, ranking seventh among major American cities, and third in California behind San Francisco and slightly behind Oakland, with roughly 10% of the city's total population identifying themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
The age distribution of the city was follows: 116,121 people (24.9%) were under the age of 18, 52,438 people (11.2%) aged 18 to 24, 139,093 people (29.8%) aged 25 to 44, 109,416 people (23.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 49,420 people (10.6%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.0 years. For every 100 females there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.
There were 190,911 housing units at an average density of 1,907.1 per square mile (736.3/km?), of which 86,271 (49.4%) were owner-occupied, and 88,353 (50.6%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 8.3%. 231,593 people (49.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 226,581 people (48.6%) lived in rental housing units.
As of the census of 2000, there are 407,018 people, 154,581 households, and 91,202 families residing in the city. The population density is 4,189.2 people per square mile (1,617.4/km?). There are 163,957 housing units at an average density of 1,687.5 per square mile (651.5/km?). The racial makeup of the city is 41.1% , 19.5% , 1.3% , 12.6% , 0.9% , 11.0% from , and 6.4% from two or more races. 21.6% of the population are
of any race.
There are 154,581 households out of which 30.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.4% are married couples living together, 15.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.0% are non-families. 32.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.57 and the average family size is 3.35.
The Roman Catholic
in Cathedral Square, downtown.
In the city, the population is spread out with 27.3% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.0 males.
The median
for a household in the city is $37,049, and the median income for a family is $42,051. Males have a median income of $35,946 versus $31,318 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,721. 20.0% of the population and 15.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 29.5% of those under the age of 18 and 9.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Factors such as mild climate, a location at the crossroads of major interstate highways and railroads, and the availability of campsites along the rivers, as well as an outlook of tolerance, allow homeless people to survive.
Sacramento is notably diverse racially, ethnically, and by household income, and has a notable lack of interracial disharmony. In 2002, the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University conducted for TIME magazine named Sacramento "America's Most Diverse City". The U.S. Census Bureau also groups Sacramento with other U.S. cities having a "high diversity" rating of the .
, , , , and
are among the companies based in Sacramento.
As of 2012, the top employers in the City of Sacramento were:
# of Employees
City of Sacramento
The Big Four Building in Old Sacramento
The oldest part of the town besides
is , which consists of cobbled streets and many historic buildings, several from the 1850s and 1860s. Buildings have been preserved, restored or reconstructed, and the district is now a substantial tourist attraction, with rides on steam-hauled historic trains and .
The historic buildings include the Lady Adams Building, built by the passengers and ship's carpenters of the ship Lady Adams. Having survived the Great Conflagration of November 1852, it is the oldest surviving building in Sacramento other than Sutter's Fort.
Reconstruction of California's first permanent theatre, the
Another surviving landmark is the B.F. Hastings building, built in 1853. Early home of the California Supreme Court and the location of the office of , it also was the western terminus of the .
The "Big Four Building", built in 1852, was home to the offices of , , , and . The
were founded there. The original building was destroyed in 1963 for the construction of Interstate 5, but was re-created using original elements in 1965. It is now a . Also of historic interest is the , a reconstruction of California's first permanent theatre in its original location.
The Community Center Theatre (foreground)
There are several major theatre venues for Sacramento. The
governs both the
is the most recent addition. It is built atop the old Music Circus tent foundations and is the new home of Sacramento's oldest theatre organization, .[] Next to that is the McClatchy Main stage, originally built as a television studio, which was renovated at the same time the pavilion was built. It is the smallest of the venues and provides seating for only 300. ,
and the Sacramento Opera perform at the Community Center Theatre.
Professional theatre is represented in Sacramento by a number of companies.
and its , , and the
lure many directors, performers, and artists from New York to Los Angeles to work alongside a large local staff for their productions at the .
The Wells Fargo Pavilion, Sacramento Theatre Company and Music Circus
During the fall, winter and spring seasons Broadway Sacramento brings bus and truck tours to the Convention Center Theatre. At the , smaller and more intimate professional productions are performed as well as a children's theatre that will soon be opening a larger theatre complex in the heart of midtown in 2014. Rounding out the professional companies is Capital Stage, which performed aboard the Delta King until the end of the
season and was due to take up residence at its own venue along the J-Street corridor according to its marketing materials.
The Sacramento area has one of the largest collection of community theatres in California. Some of these include the Thistle Dew Dessert Theatre and Playwrights Workshop, 24th Street Theatre, Davis Musical Theatre Co., El Dorado Musical Theatre, Runaway Stage Productions, River City Theatre Company, Flying Monkey Productions, The Actor's Theatre, KOLT Run Productions, Kookaburra Productions, Big Idea Theatre, Celebration Arts, Lambda Player, Light Opera Theatre of Sacramento, Synergy Stage and the historic Eagle Theatre. The
provides entertainment under the stars every summer in William Land Park. Many of these theatres compete annually for the Elly Awards overseen by The Sacramento Area Regional Theatre Alliance or SARTA.
is an organization which was established as the Sacramento
in 1977 to provide several arts programs for the city. These include Art in Public Places, Arts Education, Grants and Cultural Programs, Poet Laureate Program, Arts Stabilization Programs and Other Resources and opportunities.
Sacramento Second Saturday Art Walk is a program of local art galleries that stay open into the late evenings every second Saturday of each month, providing a unique experience for the local population as well as tourists to view original art and meet the artists themselves.
Sacramento has several major museums. The
is the oldest public
west of the . On July 26, 2007, the Museum broke ground for an expansion that more than tripled the Museum's floor space. The modern architecture is very different from the Museum's original Victorian style building. Construction was completed in 2010.
, Sunday Morning in the Mines , 1872, Part of the permanent collection of the Crocker Art Museum
Also of interest is the , a large Victorian Mansion which was home to 13 of California's Governors. The , which was completely restored in 2006, serves as the State's official address for diplomatic and business receptions. Guided public tours are available. , home of the , is a cultural destination dedicated to telling the rich history of California and its unique influence on the world of ideas, innovation, art and culture. The Museum educates tens of thousands of school children through inspiring programs, sharing with world visitors California's rich art, history and cultural legacy through dynamic exhibits, and serving as a public forum and international meeting place. The
in Old Sacramento has historical exhibits and live steam locomotives that patrons may ride. The , located just south of Old Sacramento, is filled with automotive history and vehicles from 1880 to 2006 and is the oldest non-profit automotive museum in the West. The mission of it is to preserve, promote, and teach automotive culture and its influence on our lives—past, present and future. In addition, the , in the heart of Old Sacramento, focuses on the history of Sacramento from the region's pre-Gold Rush history through the present day.
There is a Museum Day held in Sacramento every year, when 26 museums in the greater Sacramento area offer free admission. The 2009 Sacramento Museum Day brought out more than 80,000 people, the largest number the event has gathered. Sacramento Museum Day is held every year on the first Saturday of February.
was started and based in Sacramento until its closing.
Classical music is widely available. The , the Sacramento Baroque Soloists, the Sacramento Choral Society & Orchestra, the , the Sacramento Master Singers, the Sacramento Children's Chorus, and the Camellia Symphony each present a full season of concerts.
Each year, the city hosts the Sammies, the Sacramento Music Awards. Sacramento also has a reputation as a center for
jazz, because of the
which is held every
weekend. Events and performances are held in multiple locations throughout the city. Each year thousands of jazz fans from all over the world visit for this one weekend.
A growing number of
bands hail from the Sacramento area, including , , , , , and .
bands , , and Pilgrim hail from Sacramento as do rock bands ,
plus some other famous musicians like record producer and recording artist ,
and Craig Chaquico of .
Scottish pop band
sung kindly of Sacramento in their 1972 European hit song "Sacramento".
groups such as , , and
also come out of Sacramento.
Sacramento is home to the , a cultural event held every year in July that features U.S. premieres of French films and classic masterpieces of French cinema and the Sacramento Japanese Film Festival, also held in July. In addition, Sacramento is home to the Trash Film Orgy, a summer film festival celebrating the absurd, B-movies, horror, monster, exploitation. Founded in 2007, the Sacramento Horror Film Festival showcases feature-length and short films as well as live musical and theatrical performances in the horror and macabre genres.
In 2012, Sacramento started the marketing campaign as "America's Farm-to-Fork Capital" due to Sacramento's many restaurants that source their food locally from the numerous surrounding farms. In 2012, The Kitchen was nominated for Outstanding Restaurant by the James Beard Foundation. Sacramento is also known for its beverage culture, with keystone events that include 's Grape and Gourmet, Sacramento Beer Week, and Sacramento Cocktail Week. Sacramento is home to well-known cookbook authors,
of Biba's Restaurant and Mai Pham of Lemongrass and Star Ginger.
, home of the
Main article:
Sacramento is home to one major league sports team — the
of the . The Kings came to Sacramento from Kansas City in 1985. On January 21, 2013, a controlling interest of the Sacramento Kings was sold to Chris Hansen, who intended to move the franchise to Seattle for the
NBA season and rename the team the . Sacramento Mayor
fought the move, forming an ownership group led by
to keep the Kings in Sacramento. On May 16, 2013, the NBA Board of Governors voted 22-8 to keep the Kings in Sacramento.
Sacramento has two professional minor league teams. The
began play in April 2014 at Hughes Stadium before a sellout crowd of 20,231, setting a USL Pro regular-season single game attendance record. The Rebulic FC won the
championship in their first season. In 2000, AAA minor league baseball returned to Sacramento with the , an affiliate of the
and formerly an affiliate of the . The River Cats play in , in West Sacramento.
currently plays at Folsom High School. Sacramento was also formerly home to the now defunct
of the . The Monarchs were one of the eight founding members of the WNBA, which started in 1997. The Monarchs won the
in 2005 to become the first major, professional sports team in S[] however the Monarchs team folded in November 2009.
Sacramento professional teams (ranked by attendance)
Attendance
Established
Championships
Basketball
1 NBA, 2 NBL (as Rochester Royals)
2 Triple-A Titles, 4 League Titles
View of the city skyline from Raley Field
Sacramento has frequently hosted the
as well as the 1st and 2nd rounds of the . The California International Marathon (est. 1983) attracts a field of international elite runners who vie for a share of the $50,000 prize purse. The fast course is popular for runners seeking to achieve a Boston Marathon qualifying time and fitness runners.
Sacramento boasts an extensive park system consisting of over 5,000 acres (2,023 ha) of parkland and recreation centers. The city features a collection of smaller parks in the Downtown districts, including Crocker Park, Pioneer Landing and Southside Park. Popular parks outside the central core include
which spans 23 miles along the American River, and .
In its 2013 ParkScore ranking,
reported that Sacramento was tied with
for having the 3rd best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities. ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.
Sacramento is a hotbed for high school rugby. Jesuit High is the recent defending national champion (winning five times in total). Their arch-rival school Christian Brothers came in second nationwide. Burbank, Del Campo and Vacaville have also placed well in the national competition over the years. The Sacramento Valley High School Rugby Conference hosts the largest and arguably deepest preseason youth and high school rugby tournament in America.
Sacramento hosts some recreational facilities and events. The
that runs between
grants access to the American River Parkway, a natural area that includes more than 5,000 acres (20 km2) of undeveloped land. It attracts cyclists and equestrians from across the state. The
is held in Sacramento each year at the end of the summer, ending on . In 2010, the State Fair moved to July. More than one million people attended this fair in 2001.
Among other recreational options in Sacramento is Discovery Park, a 275-acre (1.1 km2) park studded with stands of mature trees and grasslands. This park is situated where the American River flows into the Sacramento River.
In amateur sports, Sacramento claims many prominent Olympians such as Mark Spitz, Debbie Meyer, Mike Burton, Summer Sanders, Jeff Float (all swimming), and Billy Mills (track). Coach Sherm Chavoor founded his world famous Arden Hills Swim Club just east of the city and trained Burton, Myer, Spitz and others.
Main article:
Sacramento City Hall
operates as a
(as opposed to a general law city) under the Charter of the City of Sacramento. The elected government is composed of the
with 8 city council districts and the , which operate under a . In addition, there are numerous departments and appointed officers such as the City Manager,
(SPD), the
(SFD), City Clerk, City Attorney, and City Treasurer. As of 2015, the mayor is
and the council members are Angelique Ashby, Allen Warren, Jeff Harris, Steve Hansen, Jay Schenirer, Rich Jennings, and Larry Carr.
The City of Sacramento is part of , for which the
is defined and authorized under the , , and the Charter of the County of Sacramento. Much of the
is in practice the responsibility of county governments, such as the Government of Sacramento County. The County government provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration, law enforcement, jails, vital records, property records, tax collection, public health, and social services. The government of Sacramento County is composed of the elected five-member , several other elected offices, including the , , and , and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the County Executive Officer. Sacramento is located within all of the supervisorial districts, currently represented by , , , , and . The other officials elected in part by Sacramento residents currently include Sheriff , District Attorney , and Assessor Kathleen Kelleher. In addition, several other entities of the government of California have jurisdiction conterminous with Sacramento County, such as the .
In the , Sacramento is in the . In the , it is split between , represented by
, and , represented by
In the , Sacramento is in , represented by
The Sacramento area hosts a wide variety of higher educational opportunities. There are two major public universities, many private institutions, community colleges, vocational schools, and McGeorge School of Law.
north entrance
Sacramento is home to , founded as Sacramento State College in 1947. In 2004, enrollment was 22,555 undergraduates and 5,417 graduate students in the university's eight colleges. The university's mascot is the hornet, and the school colors are green and gold. The 300 acres (1.2 km2) campus is located along the American River Parkway a few miles east of downtown.
has a campus, , in nearby
and has a graduate center in downtown Sacramento. The
(GSM) is near the UC Davis Medical Center off of Stockton Boulevard near Highway 50. Many students, about 400 out of 517, at the UC Davis GSM are working professionals and are completing their MBA part-time. The part-time program is ranked in the top-20 and is well known for its small class size, world class faculty, and involvement in the business community. UC also maintains the University of California Sacramento Center (UCCS) for undergraduate and graduate studies. Similar to the UC's Washington, DC, program, "Scholar Interns" engage in both academic studies and as well as internships, often with the state government. The
is located at the
between the neighborhoods of , , and Oak Park.
consists of several
in the Sacramento area—, , , , plus a large number of outreach centers for those colleges.
is on the outskirts of Sacramento in Rocklin.
opened the Center for Graduate Studies in Sacramento in 2009. Now known as , the campus is at One Capital Mall. Drexel began offering a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration program in 2013.
Sacramento regional campus offers Bachelor's and Master's degrees in business, education, health-care and teaching credential programs.
has one of its four regional campuses in Sacramento. At the undergraduate level they offer degrees in Applied Economics, Information Systems, Organizational Behavior and Leadership, and Public Administration. At the graduate level, Master's programs are offered in: Information Security and Assurance, Information Systems, Organization Development, Project Management, Public Administration, Nonprofit Administration, and Counseling.
The , , a top 100 law school according to 's annual rankings of U.S. law schools ( & 2008), is located in the Oak Park section of Sacramento.
The private
has an extension in downtown Sacramento, called the State Capital Center. The campus, taught by main campus professors, Sacramento-based professors, and practitioners in the State Capitol and state agencies, offers Master of Public Administration, Masters of Public Policy, and Master of Public Health degrees.
A satellite campus of
offers graduate and undergraduate programs of study, and the
is also based in Sacramento.
In the PBS KVIE building, there is an extension of San Francisco's .
has one of its four campuses in Sacramento, which opened on the campus of Arcade Church in 1991. Western is an evangelical, Christian graduate school that provides theological training for students who hope to serve in a variety of ministry roles including pastors, marriage and family therapists, educators, missionaries and lay leadership. The Sacramento campus offers four master's degrees, and a variety of other graduate-level programs.
Sacramento has a number of private
was established in 2007, and is a branch of . The school is focused on educating students in the field of commercial arts. The school offers both a Bachelors of Science and an Associate of Science degree, as well as diplomas in some areas of study. Some majors the school offers are: Digital Film-making & Video Production, Culinary Management, Graphic Design, and Game Art & Design.
On J Street, there is the Lincoln Law School of Sacramento, a private, evening-only law school program with a strong legal presence in the region.
The Universal Technical Institute (UTI) is in S it offers automotive programs in auto mechanical, auto body, and diesel.
system has 28 branches located in the greater area. The Sacramento area is served by various public school districts, including the , , , , and . As of 2009, the area's schools employed 9,600 elementary school teachers (not including special education teachers), and 7,410 middle school teachers (not including special education or vocational teachers).
Almost all areas south of the American River are served by the Sacramento City Unified School District. The only exceptions are the Valley Hi/North Laguna and Florin areas that are served by the .
Areas north of the American River are served by the remaining school districts. This area was not originally part of the City of Sacramento and as such is not served by Sacramento City Unified School District. North Sacramento outside of Natomas and Robla (for K-8) is served by the Twin Rivers Unified School District. The Robla area is served by the Robla School District for K-8 and by Twin Rivers for 9-12. The
region is served by the Natomas Unified School District. The Campus Commons area and the small portions of the Sierra Oaks neighborhood that fall into the city of Sacramento are served by the San Juan Unified School District.
While Catholic institutions still dominate the independent school scene in the Sacramento area, in 1964,
opened and offered Sacramento citizens an independent school that is affiliated with the California Association of Independent Schools. SCDS has grown to its present day status as a learning community for students from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. Additionally, the suburb of Fair Oaks hosts the expansive riverside campus of the , a
school adjacent to the Rudolf Steiner College, and the largest Waldorf school in North America. Sacramento Waldorf School educates students from pre-K through 12th grade on a secluded, pastoral site that incorporates a large, functioning
Shalom School is the only Jewish day school in S however, Brookefield School on property owned by Congregation B'nai Israel provides extracurricular Jewish education.
Capital Christian School is a pre-school–12th grade private, Christian school. There is a small Bible college on campus offering associate degrees in Bible studies or theology. Sacramento Adventist Academy is another Christian school in Greater Sacramento. This is a pre-school–12 institution, as well.
There is one Islamic school in Sacramento, Masjid Annur, founded in 1988.
Top two newspapers
, the primary newspaper, was founded in 1857 by . The Sacramento Bee is the flagship paper of , the second-largest newspaper publisher in the United States. The Sacramento Bee has won five
in its history and numerous other awards, including many for its progressive public service campaigns promoting free speech (the Bee often criticized government policy, and uncovered many scandals hurting Californians), anti-racism (the Bee supported the Union during the
and later publicly denounced the ), worker's rights (the Bee has a strong history of supporting ), and
(leading numerous tree-planting campaigns and fighting against environmental destruction in the ).
The , the Sacramento Bee? 's rival, started publishing six years earlier in 1851; it closed its doors in 1994, with a revival attempt lasting from 2005 to 2009. Writer and journalist
wrote for the Union in 1866.
Other newspapers
Further information:
The Sacramento region is served by several highways and freeways.
(I-80) is the major east-west route, connecting Sacramento with San Francisco in the west, and
in the east.
(the Capital City Freeway) splits from I-80 in , runs through Sacramento, and then rejoins its parent in the northwest portion of the city.
also begins its eastern journey in West Sacramento,
with Business 80, but then splits off and heads toward
as the El Dorado Freeway.
(I-5) runs though Sacramento, heads north up to , and then heads south near the western edge of the
towards Los Angeles.
runs through Sacramento, heading closer to the eastern edge of the Central Valley, connecting to
in the north, and
in the south.
approaches the city after running along the
in the south, and then becomes a major city street in
before turning into the North Sacramento Freeway, going over the
to Business 80.
Some Sacramento neighborhoods, such as Downtown Sacramento and
are very bicycle friendly as are many other communities in the region. As a result of litigation, Sacramento has undertaken to make all city facilities and sidewalks wheelchair accessible. In an effort to preserve its urban neighborhoods, Sacramento has constructed
measures in many areas.
serves as the city's main train gateway
provides passenger rail service to the city of Sacramento. The
is on the corner of 5th and I streets near the historic Old Town Sacramento and underwent extensive renovations in 2007. The station serves as an
operates the , a multiple-frequency service providing service from the capital city to its northeastern suburbs and the .
Sacramento is the northern terminus of the
route which provide direct multiple-frequency passenger rail service to California's Central V
connections are available from the trains at Bakersfield to
and Southern .
Sacramento is a stop along Amtrak's
route which provides scenic service to
to the north and to Los Angeles via
to the south.
serves Sacramento daily and provides service to the east serving , , , , Chicago and intermediate cities.
provides numerous Thruway Motorcoach routes. One route serves the cities of , , , ,
with additional service to
and even . A second serves the cities of , , , , , Reno and . The third and final thruway motorcoach route serves , ,
Casinos, and . Each of these routes provides multiple frequencies each day.
Sacramento has the second busiest Amtrak station in California and the seventh busiest in the country.
A 2011 study by
ranked Sacramento 24th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.
Sacramento International Airport
(: SMF, : KSMF,  : SMF) is a public
10 miles (16 km) northwest of downtown Sacramento, in , . It is run by Sacramento County.
currently accounts for half the airline passengers. In 2012, the airport handled 8,910,570 passengers, a decrease from 8,929,289 passengers in 2011.
handles flights to and from various US destinations (including Hawaii) as well as , Canada and connecting flights to Europe, Asia, and South America.
Regional Transit (RT) light rail train pulls onto K Street
The city and its suburbs are served by , which ranks as . Sac RT is a bus and light-rail system, with 274 buses and light-rail providing service for 58,200 daily passengers. Light-rail lines have recently been expanded east as far as the city of . Sacramento's light rail system goes to the , Meadowview RD. in south Sacramento and north to Watt/I-80 where
and Business 80 meet.
provides bus service to
provides intercity bus service to Portland, Reno, Los Angeles, and San Francisco from its new station along Richards Boulevard.
is an increasingly popular transportation mode in Sacramento, which enjoys a mild climate and flat terrain. Bicycling is especially common in the older neighborhoods of Sacramento's center, such as , , , , and . Many employees who work downtown commute by bicycle from suburban communities on a dedicated bicycle path on the . Sacramento was designated as a Silver Level Bicycle Friendly Community by the
in September 2006. The advocacy organization
co-sponsors the Sacramento Area Council of Governments' May is Bike Month campaign.
There is commuter bus service on two bus lines from 's , from
Transit's Sacramento Line, and from
on several
bus lines.
Intercity bus service to
is offered by .
Odd Fellows Lawn Cemetery and Mausoleum
As of 2015, the City of Sacramento has 12 sister cities. They are:
Year of Partnership
August 15, 2012
December 15, 2009
December 12, 1989
December 6, 1988
October 16, 1984
March 21, 1989
June 8, 1961
March 17, 1981
February 28, 2006
February 28, 2006
July 22, 1997
Official records for Sacramento were kept exclusively at the airport since 10 November 1941.
"Essay: Tomato Travails", by Reed Parsell (August 28th, 2014 - retrieved on February 19th, 2015).
(WORD). California Association of
. City of Sacramento 2015.
. City of Sacramento 2015.
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. California Department of Finance. May 1, .
. Cathedralsacramento.org. November 11, .
. Cityofsacramento.org 2012.
. Yeefowmuseum.org 2012.
"Status quo for city governance?". . September 26, 2009.
Editorial Board (September 26, 2012). .
. Hydrorelicensing.smud.org 2012.
Don Stanle (July 30, 1989). "1920s A Wet Prohibition, A City Of North Sac, The First Woman Mayor". . p. 27.
. Densho Encyclopedia 2014.
Avella, Steven M. (2003). Sacramento: Indomitable City. Arcadia Publishing. p. 124.  .
. Factfinder.census.gov 2012.
Stodghill, R Bower, Amanda (August 25, 2002). . Time.
(PDF). Cityofsacramento.org 2012.
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. YouTube. December 19, .
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Osborn, Liz. . Current Results 2012.
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(PDF). United States Census. Retrieved on June 15, 2007.
(PDF). City of Sacramento. p. 194 2015.
Sacramento Archives and Museum Collection Center and the Historic Old Sacramento Foundation. Old Sacramento and Downtown. Arcadia, 2006, 20.
Sacramento Archives and Museum Collection Center and the Historic Old Sacramento Foundation. Old Sacramento and Downtown. Arcadia, 2006, 23.
Sweeney, Adam (September 14, 2011). . Playmaker 2013.
a "I was born and raised in Sacramento, California, which most people don't know is where
started and was based until the end." — ? 4.
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Diver, Mike (May 5, 2010). . BBC 2010.
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Pham, Jason (February 27, 2015). .
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Warner, Anmargaret. (6 June 2013). [/us-cities-with-the-best-parks-2013-6?op=1 "New York Parks Rank No. 2 in a Survey of 50 U.S. cities"]. Business Insider. Accessed 15 July 2013.
Lindelof, Bill. . 6 June 2013. The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
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