Read&Reflect&Research&&Unit&One&&Text&A（1）
where‧fore /
ˈweəfɔː
$ ˈwerfɔːr /
adverb , conjunction
old use used to ask why :
Wherefore art thou Romeo?
whys and wherefores at why 3
why 1 S1 W1 /
waɪ /
1 used to ask or talk about the reason for something
Why are you crying?
There’s no reason why we shouldn’t be
why on earth/why ever etc (= used for emphasis when you are surprised, angry
Why on earth didn’t you ask me to help?
‘I don’t want us to be seen together.’ ‘Why ever
2 used to introduce a question that shows you do not think it
is necessary to do something :
Why worry? You can’t do anything about it.
SPOKEN PHRASES
3 why not? used to say that you agree with a suggestion :
4 why doesn’t somebody do something?
why not do something? ) used to make a suggestion :
Why don’t you bring over a video for us to
Why not relax and enjoy the atmosphere?
b) used to say angrily that someone should do something
Why don’t you mind your own business?
5 why somebody? used to ask why a particular person has been chosen or is
suffering :
Why me? Why can’t someone else drive you?
6 why oh why ...? used to show that you are very sorry or angry
about something :
Why oh why did I say those horrible things?
why 2 interjection old-fashioned
used when you are surprised or have suddenly realized
something :
Why, look who’s here!
And I thought to myself, why, I can do that.
why 3 noun
the whys and (the) wherefores
the reasons or explanations for something :
The whys and the wherefores of these procedures need to be
explained.
frɔːt $
frɒːt /
1 fraught with problems/difficulties/danger
etc full of problems etc :
Their marriage has been fraught with
difficulties.
2 full of anxiety or worry SYN tense :
a fraught atmosphere
a fraught situation
Julie sounded rather fraught.
in‧ten‧tion S3 W2 /
ɪnˈtenʃ ə n /
noun [ uncountable and countable ]
a plan or desire to do something → intend
have no/every intention of doing
I have no intention of retiring just yet.
They went into town with the intention of visiting
the library.
intention to do something
It is our intention to be the number one distributor of
health products.
good intentions/the best (of)
intentions (= intentions to do something good or kind, especially when
you do not succeed in doing it )
He thinks the minister is full of good intentions that
won’t be carried out.
► Do not say that someone ‘has no intention to do something’.
Say that someone has no intention of doing something
well-intentioned
approach 2 S2 W1 AC noun
1 method [ countable ] a method of doing something or dealing with a
approach to
a new approach to teaching languages
He decided to adopt a different approach and
teach the Bible through story-telling.
This book takes an unorthodox approach to art
criticism.
organizations which take a positive approach to
creative thinking
2 ask [ countable ] a request from someone, asking you to do something for them
They made a direct approach to the minister
of education.
3 the approach of something the approach of a particular time or event is the
fact that it is getting closer :
the approach of autumn
It’s a sign of the approach of middle age.
4 movement towards [ uncountable ] movement towards or near to something :
Our approach frightened the birds.
5 path/road [ countable ] a road, path etc that leads to a place, and is the main way
of reaching it :
Soldiers were guarding the approaches to the
an approach road
6 aircraft [ countable ] the final part of a plane’s flight, before it lands at an
It was clear to land so we made our approach
mu‧tu‧al AC /
ˈmjuːtʃuəl /
1 mutual feelings such as respect, trust, or hatred are
feelings that two or more people have for each other
reciprocal
mutual respect/trust/understanding
Mutual respect is necessary for any partnership to
European nations can live together in a spirit of mutual
I didn’t like Dev, and the feeling seemed to be
The two men were a mutual admiration society ,
gushing about how much they were learning from each
2 [ only before noun ] mutual support, help etc is support that two or
more people give each other :
MAMA puts new mothers in touch with each other, for
mutual support and friendship.
3 mutual agreement/consent when two or more people both agree to something
In the end the relationship was ended by mutual
agreement.
4 mutual friend/interest a friend or interest that two people both have
We discovered a mutual interest in drama.
ben‧e‧fit 1 S2 W1 AC /
ˈbenəfɪt, ˈbenɪfɪt /
1 advantage [ uncountable and countable ] an advantage, improvement, or help that you get
from something → beneficial
benefit of
The new credit cards will be of great benefit
to our customers.
I hope that the decision taken today will be to the
benefit of the whole nation.
for sb’s benefit
Could you just explain again for Mark’s
without the benefit of something
Most motorists manage without the benefit of four-wheel
2 money from government [ uncountable and countable ]
British English money provided by the government to people who are
sick, unemployed, or have little money SYN welfare American English
unemployment/housing/child etc
You might be entitled to housing benefit.
on benefit
families on benefit
those people eligible to claim
3 extra things [ countable usually plural ] extra money or other advantages that you get as
part of your job or from insurance that you have
We offer an excellent benefits package
medical benefits
4 give somebody the benefit of the doubt
to accept what someone tells you, even though you think
they may be wrong or lying but you cannot be sure :
The referee gave him the benefit of the
5 with the benefit of
hindsight/experience used to say it is easier to know the right thing to do
after something has happened or if you have a lot of experience
He admitted that with the benefit of hindsight the original
launch had not been large enough.
6 benefit concert/performance/match
a concert, performance etc arranged to make money
for charity :
a benefit concert for famine relief
suf‧fi‧cient S2 W2 AC /
səˈfɪʃ ə nt /
adjective formal
as much as is needed for a particular purpose
SYN enough OPP insufficient :
We can only prosecute if there is sufficient
Unauthorized absence is sufficient reason for
dismissal.
We need sufficient time to deal with the
sufficient to do something
The money is not sufficient to cover everything that needs
sufficient for
The recipe is sufficient for six people.
— sufficiently adverb :
Students must reach a sufficiently high standard to
en‧sure S2 W1 AC /
ɪnˈʃʊə $
-ˈʃʊr /
especially British English (
insure American English ) verb [ transitive ]
to make certain that something will happen properly
SYN make sure :
facilities to ensure the safety of cyclists
ensure (that)
The hospital tries to ensure that people are seen
In everyday English, people usually say make
sure rather than ensure :
Please make sure all the windows are
Make sure is followed by a clause (with or without that ),
never a direct object:
regulations to ensure their
safety ➔ regulations to make sure (that) they are
re‧jec‧tion AC /
rɪˈdʒekʃ ə n /
1 [ uncountable and countable ] the act of not accepting, believing in, or
agreeing with something OPP acceptance
rejection of
What are the reasons for his rejection of the
2 [ uncountable and countable ] the act of not accepting someone for a job, school
etc OPP acceptance :
They sent me a rejection letter.
3 [ uncountable ] a situation in which someone stops giving you love or
attention :
He was left with a feeling of rejection and
scene S2 W2 /
siːn /
1 play/film [ countable ]
a) part of a play during which there is no change in time or
Hamlet, Act 5, Scene 2
b) a single piece of action that happens in one place in a
film, book etc :
battle scenes
tender love scenes
The film contains some violent scenes.
colourful pictures depicting scenes from the
2 activities [ singular ] a particular set of activities and the people who are
involved in them :
I’m not into the club scene (= going to night clubs ) .
LA’s music scene
the drug scene
a newcomer to the political scene
3 accident/crime [ singular ] the place where an accident, crime etc happened
The police soon arrived at the scene of the crime
at the scene
Investigators are now at the scene, searching for
on the scene
Journalists were on the scene within
4 view/picture [ countable ] a view of a place as you see it, or as it appears in a
He photographed a wide range of street
She returned home to find a scene of
devastation.
5 event/situation [ countable ] what is happening in a place, or what can be seen
There were scenes of rejoicing after the
bad scene American English :
‘It’s a bad scene here,’ she said. ‘Jamie is very
6 argument [ countable ] a loud angry argument, especially in a public place
There were angry scenes in parliament today.
I was mad, but I didn’t want to make a scene
7 not be your scene informal to not be the type of thing you like :
Loud discos aren’t really my scene.
8 behind the scenes secretly, while other things are happening
publicly :
Behind the scenes, both sides are working towards an
agreement.
9 set the scene
a) to provide the conditions in which an event can
set the scene for
The prison riots have set the scene for major
b) to describe the situation before you begin to tell a story
A few words on the rules of English law will help to set
the scene.
10 be/come on the scene to be or become involved in a situation, activity
By then, there was a boyfriend on the scene.
a change of scene at change 2 ( 3 ) , → steal the scene at steal 1 ( 4 )
stum‧ble /
ˈstʌmb ə l /
verb [ intransitive ]
1 to hit your foot against something or put your foot down
awkwardly while you are walking or running, so that you almost
fall SYN trip :
In her hurry, she stumbled and spilled the milk all over
the floor.
stumble over/on
Vic stumbled over the step as he came in.
2 to walk in an unsteady way and often almost fall
SYN stagger
stumble in/out/across etc
He stumbled upstairs and into bed.
3 to stop or make a mistake when you are reading to people or
stumble over/at/through
I hope I don’t stumble over any of the long
— stumble noun [ countable ]
stumble on/across/upon something
phrasal verb
to find or discover something by chance and
unexpectedly SYN come across :
Researchers have stumbled across a drug that may help
patients with Parkinson’s disease.
ˈstumbling ˌblock noun [ countable ]
a problem or difficulty that stops you from achieving
stumbling block to
The main stumbling block to starting new research is that
we lack qualified people.
na‧ive /
naɪˈiːv /
not having much experience of how complicated life is, so
that you trust people too much and believe that good things will
always happen → innocent :
a naive young girl
Jim can be so naive sometimes.
it is naive to think/suppose/assume
It would be naive to think that this could solve all the
area’s problems straight away.
— naively adverb :
I had naively imagined that he was in love with
— naivety /
naɪˈiːvəti /
naɪˈiːvəteɪ /
) noun [ uncountable ] :
dangerous political naivety
ce‧ment 1 /
sɪˈment /
noun [ uncountable ]
1 a grey powder made from lime and clay that becomes hard when it is mixed with water and
allowed to dry, and that is used in building → concrete :
a bag of cement
2 a thick sticky substance that becomes very hard when it
dries and is used for filling holes or sticking things
cement 2 verb [ transitive ]
cement over ) to cover something with cement
2 to make a relationship between people, countries, or
organizations firm and strong
cement a relationship/alliance
They want to cement a good working relationship between the
government and trade unions.
ten‧den‧cy S3 W3 /
ˈtendənsi /
tendencies ) [ countable ]
1 if someone or something has a tendency to do or become a
particular thing, they are likely to do or become it
a tendency to do something
Greg’s tendency to be critical made him unpopular with his
co-workers.
The drug is effective but has a tendency to cause
headaches.
tendency to/towards
Some people may inherit a tendency to
alcoholism.
tendency for
Researchers believe that the tendency for diabetes is
present at birth.
2 a general change or development in a particular
there is a tendency (for somebody) to do
There is an increasing tendency for women to have children
later in life.
tendency to/towards
a general tendency towards conservation and
tendency among
a tendency among Americans to get married at a later
3 aggressive/suicidal/criminal/artistic etc
tendencies a part of someone’s character that makes them likely to
behave in a certain way or become an artist, criminal etc
children with aggressive or anti-social
tendencies
4 [ also + plural verb British English ] a group within a larger political group that supports ideas
that are usually more extreme than those of the main group
the growing fascist tendency
re‧pro‧duce /
ˌriːprəˈdjuːs $
-ˈduːs /
1 [ intransitive and transitive ] if an animal or plant reproduces, or reproduces
itself, it produces young plants or animals :
The turtles return to the coast to
reproduce.
2 [ transitive ] to make a photograph or printed copy of something
Klimt’s artwork is reproduced in this exquisite
3 [ transitive ] to make something happen in the same way as it happened
before SYN repeat → copy :
British scientists have so far been unable to reproduce
these results.
4 [ transitive ] to make something that is just like something else
With a good set of speakers, you can reproduce the
orchestra’s sound in your own home.
— reproducible adjective
group 2 verb
1 [ intransitive and transitive ] to come together and form a group, or to arrange
things or people together in a group
group (something) together/round/into
The photo shows four men grouped round a
Different flowers can be grouped together to make a
colourful display.
small producers who group together to sell their
2 [ transitive always + adverb/preposition ]
to divide people or things into groups according to a
We were grouped into six age bands.
We’ve grouped the questions under three
de‧ceive /
dɪˈsiːv /
verb [ transitive ]
1 to make someone believe something that is not true
deception :
deceive somebody into doing
He tried to deceive the public into thinking the war could
still be won.
deceive somebody about something
I wouldn’t deceive you about anything as important as
In everyday English, people usually say
trick rather than deceive :
She thought they were trying to trick
2 deceive yourself to refuse to believe that something is true
because the truth is unpleasant :
I thought she loved me, but I was deceiving
deceive yourself that
He didn’t deceive himself that he and Ruth could remain
3 to give someone a wrong belief or opinion about something
Don’t be deceived by the new cover & this is a rehash of
— deceiver noun [ countable ]
val‧ue 1 S2 W1 /
ˈv&ljuː
1 money [ uncountable and countable ] the amount of money that something is
2 worth the money paid [ uncountable and countable ] used to say that something is worth what you pay
for it, or not worth what you pay for it
At only &45 a night, the hotel is great value for
value for money British English (= good value, or the quality of being good value
Every customer is looking for value for
3 importance/usefulness [ uncountable ] the importance or usefulness of something
A group of athletes spoke to the students about the value
of a college education.
the nutritional value of cereal
be of great/little value
His research has been of little practical
place/put a high value on something
The Sioux Indians placed a high value on
generosity.
The locket has great sentimental value
(= importance because it was a gift, it reminds you of
someone etc ) .
4 of value
a) worth a lot of money :
The thieves took nothing of value.
b) useful :
I hope this book will be of value to both teachers and
5 interesting quality shock/curiosity/novelty etc value
a good or interesting quality that something has because it
is surprising, different, new etc :
After the initial curiosity value, the product’s sales
dropped considerably.
6 ideas values [ plural ] your ideas about what is right and wrong, or what is
important in life :
a return to traditional values
Your attitudes about sex are affected by your religious and
moral values .
7 amount [ countable ] technical a mathematical quantity shown by a letter of the alphabet
Let x have the value 25.
com‧fort‧ing /
ˈkʌmfətɪŋ $
-fər- /
making you feel less worried, unhappy, or upset
SYN reassuring
it is comforting to think/have/know
It’s comforting to know I can call my parents any
With this comforting thought , Harry fell
His voice was strangely comforting.
— comfortingly adverb
deep 2 W3 adverb
1 [ always + adverb/preposition ] a long way into or below the surface of something
Some bones were hidden deep beneath the
Tom stared deep into her eyes.
They talked deep into the night (= very late ) .
2 deep down
a) if you know or feel something deep down, you secretly know
or feel it even though you do not admit it :
He knew, deep down, that he would have to
apologise.
b) if someone is good, evil etc deep down, that is what they
are really like even though they usually hide it :
Deep down, she is a caring person.
3 two/three etc deep if things or people are two deep, three deep etc,
there are two, three etc rows or layers of things or people
People were standing four deep at the bar.
4 run/go deep if a feeling such as hatred or anger runs deep in someone,
they feel it very strongly, especially because of something that
has happened in the past :
The prejudice runs deep and we need to understand the fears
behind it.
5 be in (too) deep informal to be very involved in a situation, especially so that it
causes you problems
still waters run deep
at still 2 ( 5 )
vis‧i‧ble W3 AC /
ˈvɪzəb ə l, ˈvɪzɪb ə l /
1 something that is visible can be seen OPP invisible
clearly/highly/barely etc visible
The outline of the mountains was clearly
visible to
The sign was clearly visible to passing
motorists.
The comet is visible to the naked eye
(= can be seen without using special equipment )
Check the plant for any visible signs of
2 an effect that is visible is great enough to be
noticed SYN noticeable :
There has been a visible change in his
3 someone who is visible is in a situation in which a lot of
people notice them :
highly visible politicians&
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以上网友发言只代表其个人观点，不代表新浪网的观点或立场。If you could make a wish on behalf of The City 2.0, what would it be? | A conversation
Brooklyn, NY
United States
TED Prize Director, TED Conferences
This conversation is closed.
If you could make a wish on behalf of The City 2.0, what would it be?
Today, TED announces the winner of the 2012 TED Prize: the City 2.0. The City 2.0 is the city of the future ...
a future in which more than 10 billion people on planet Earth must somehow live sustainably, together. The City 2.0 is not a sterile utopian dream, but a real-world upgrade tapping into humanity's collective wisdom. The City 2.0 promotes innovation, education, culture and economic opportunity. The City 2.0 reduces the carbon footprint of its occupants and eases the environmental pressure on the world's rural areas. The City 2.0 is a place of beauty, wonder, excitement, inclusion, diversity, life. The City 2.0 is the city that works.
A range of visionaries around the world will be advocates on behalf of the City 2.0. We are listening to them -- and to you.
What is your wish for The City 2.0? A wish capable of igniting a massive collaborative project among the members of the global TED community, and indeed all who care about our planet's future.
Share it below.