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延续性和非延续性动词
一.延续性动词
表示行为或过程能持久继续下去或能产生持久的影响。如contain, have, hold, lie, live, make, sit, rain, sleep, stand, study, wait, wear, work等。也包括表示状态感情思维类的，如believe, consider, hate, hope, know, like, love, respect, think, understand, wish等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。
①可以和“段时间”状语连用
表示“段时间”短语,如for +段时间(for 2 years, for a long time ,for the spring,)；since从句(since he came here)或since+点时间(since last year, since 5 days ago, since leaving school)； always；all day long；until April 等。
This book has been lying on the desk for a week.这本书已经在桌子上放一个星期了。(错This book has been put on the desk for a week. 其中put on是瞬间动词)
Men wear suits when they attend meetings.男人在开会时穿西装。(错Men put on suits when they attend meetings.其中put on是瞬间动词)
She has worked hard for a year.她一年来一直努力工作。(错She has worked hard a year ago. 其中a year ago是点时间)
②不能和“点时间”状语连用
如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间动作,可以借助come, begin, get等非延续性动词来表示。
It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.昨早8点开始下雨了。(错It rained at eight yesterday morning. 其中rain为延续性动词,而at eight表示“点时间”,前后显然矛盾)
When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago.你什么时候认识杰克的？两年前。(when可接段时间也可以接点时间)
How did you come to know it?你怎么知道这件事的？
After lunch it began to rain.午饭后天下起雨来。
I can't get used to the wet weather.我不能习惯于这潮湿的天气。
③可用于各种时态,表示动作延续
We will stay in Dalian for the whole summer.我们一夏天将留在大连(一般时)
What are you doing? I'm doing some dishes. 你在干什么？我在洗碗(进行时)
They have been watching TV for the whole evening. 他们整晚上一直在看电视(完成进行时)
④表示状态思维感情等延续性动词，一般不可用于进行时。
I like his ideas.我喜欢他的主意。(错I'm liking his ideas)
I understood what he said.我理解他说的话。(错I was understanding what he said.)
表示状态感情思维动词如用进行时则不表示正在“进行”,而表示有三种情况：(一是即将发生的动作；二是感情和强调情况的暂时性；三是一时的表现)：
She is having a holiday next Sunday.她下个星期天度假(即将动作)
How are you feeling today?你今天感觉怎样？(亲切感情)
You are being a good child today.你今天是个乖孩子(一时表现)
二.非延续性动词
也称瞬间动词、终止性动词、一时性动词，表示动作发生后立即结束，不能延续。如close, open, come, go, sell, buy, borrow, lend, return, put on, take off, begin, start, finish, break, stop, arrive, leave, move, die, lose, give, answer, ask, add, admit, attack, bring, catch, discover, fall, marry, receive, post, find, take away, set out, happen, renew, go away, shut, hit, jump等。非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用。
①肯定句中只与“点时间”状语连用
yesterday, last week, at five o'clock, in the winter, in 2000, today, tomorrow等。
He went away a long time ago.他已走了很长时间了。(错He went away for a long time. 其go away是非延续性动作)
He died 5 years ago. 他死了五年了。(错He has died for 5 years.可以改成：He has been dead for5 years./ / It is 5 years since he died./ 5 years has passed since he died. )
②否定句中可与“段时间”连用（即动作没有发生的否定状态是可以延续的）
I haven't left here for 3 years. 我三年没离开这里了。
When did she get to know my e-mail address? 她何时知道我e-mail地址？
I didn't open the window for a week.我一个星期没开窗了。(错I opened the window for a week.)
He didn't arrive until the film had begun.他直到电影开始才到。(错He arrived until the film had begun.)
③可与表示笼统时间状语连用
I have just bought a new skirt.我刚刚买了一条新裙子。(just时间笼统)
He has come to study Chinese.他来学汉语。
The train has arrived.火车到了。(时间笼统)
Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗？(时间笼统)
④不与how long连用(只限于肯定式)
How long can I borrow the car? 车子我可以借多久? (错,其中borrow为瞬间动词)。修正如下：
How long can I keep the car?
How long have you come here?你来这多久了？(错,其中come为瞬间动词) 。修正如下：
How long have you been here? (使用延续动词)
When did you come here?(使用when适用延续或非延续两种情况的时间词)
how long is it since you came here? (使用since从句)
⑤一般不用于进行时或完成进行时
She has put on a hat.她已戴上帽子(错She has been putting on a hat.)
The car has stopped.车已经停了(错The car has been stopping.)
⑥用于进行时、完成进行时，并与“段时间”连用,则表示一个习惯性或反复性的动作。用于进行时还可以表示一个将来的动作
The little boy is jumping up and down for several minutes.小男孩上下跳了好几分钟(反复性动作)
I have met him every day on the same bus for a year.这一年我在同一辆公交车上每天遇见他(习惯性动作)
The train is leaving/ arriving火车就要出站/进站了。
The spring is coming.春天就要来了。
We're going home.我们要回家了。&&&&
三．延续与非延续性动词转换的五种方法
①将非延续性动词转换为相应的延续性动词：
arrive here→be here
arrive in/ at→be in/at/ stay (in)
become→be
begin to know (study)→know (study)
begin(start)→be on(放影,开演)
begin/ start to do→do
borrow/ lend→keep&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
break→be broken
buy/get→have(买)
catch/ get a cold→have a cold&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
close→be closed
come back→be back
come here→be here&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
come out→be out
come to (the island) →be on (the island)
come to work→work
come to→be in/ on/ at
die→be dead/ be gone&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
dress→be dressed
fall ill/sick/asleep→be ill/ sick/ asleep&
finish/ end/ complete→be over (be through)
get back→be back&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
get here→be here
get married/ marry→be married
get ready→be ready
get to do (逐渐)→ do
get to know→know
get to→be (in) / stay (in)
get up→be up
go/get (out)→be out& &&&
go back→be back
go there→be there
go to bed→be in bed&&&&
go to school→be in school/ be a student
go to→be in/ at
go to town→be in town
go way→be away&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
go/get to sleep→be asleep/ sleep&
hear from/ receive a letter from/ get a letter from→ have a letter from
join→be in+组织机构/ be a member of+组织机构
join the army→be a sodier→be in the army
join the party→be a party member→be in the party
leave→be away (from)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
leave…for→be off…to
lose→be lost/ be gone/ be missing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
become friends→make friends
lose the job→be out of the job
move to→be in/ at (地点)/ live in
move→be out of/ be awau
open sth.→keep sth. open&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
open→be open (adj.)
put on→wear/ be on
reach here→be here
reach→be in (at) / stay (in)
return→be back
sell→be gone
send…to→&&& (寄)
sit down→be seated
start/ leave→ be away(出发)
stop→be/ be over
turn on/ off→be on/ off
wake→be awake
将非延续性转换为延续性动词
The old man has been dead for 4 years. 那个老人死了四年了。
He has been in the Party for 2 years. 他入党两年了。
②将“段时间”状语改为表示过去的“段时间+ago”的点时间状语
The old man died 4 years ago. 那个老人死了四年了。
He joined the Party 2 years ago.& 他入党两年了。
③用句型“It is + 段时间 + since时间状语从句(用一般过去时)”
It is 4 years since the old man died. 那个老人死了四年了。
It is 2 years since he joined the Party. 他入党两年了。
④用句型“It has been + 段时间 + since时间状语从句(用一般过去时)”
It has been 4 years since the old man died. 那个老人死了四年了。
It has been 2 years since he joined the Party. 他入党两年了。
⑤用句型“段时间+has passed + since时间状语从句(用一般过去时)”
Four years has passed since the old man died.那个老人死了四年了。
2 years has passed since he joined the Party. 他入党两年了。
&四．since从句中两种时态的不同含义
①since从句用非延续性动词过去时，从句表示的时间是“从那一时刻起”：
Brown&has&made quite&a&few&Chinese&friends&since&he&came&to&China. 布朗自从来中国后已交了相当多中国朋友。
②since从句中用延续性动词过去时，从句表示的时间是“从那延续性动词动作结束时算起”：
It’s&three&weeks&since&my&aunt&stayed&here.&=My&aunt&hasn’t&stayed&here&for&three&weeks.& 我阿姨不在这儿已有三周了。
It’s&4&years&since&Mr. Li&smoked.&李先生戒烟已有四年了。
I&haven’t&heard&from&him&since&I&lived&in&Shanghai.& 自从我离开上海以来，一直没有收到他的来信。
③since从句中用延续性动词现在完成时，与其一般过去时含义就完全相反了：
I&have&been&at&school&since&I&have&been&ill.& 我生病以来一直在学校里。
I&have&been&at&school&since&I&was&ill.& 我病愈以来一直在学校里。
五．for引导的时间状语在翻译时有两种不同情况
①for引导时间状语和延续性动词现在完成时否定式连用时，有两种不同含义：
He has not lived there for six months. 他不住在那儿已六个月了。（或他住在那儿还不到六个月。）
②for引导时间状语和非延续性动词现在完成时否定式连用，只有一种含义：
Mary has not left here for six months. 玛丽已六个月没有离开过这儿了。
六．延续与非延续性动词与until/till用法
肯定形式表示“做某事直至某时”,须是延续性动词。否定形式表示“直至某时才做某事”，使用延续性或非延续性动词都可。如果主句中谓语动词是终止性动词，则只能用否定式。
①肯定形式(A&until&/ till&B)：表示A一直延续到B的发生；B一开始则A就停止；B不开始则A不停止：
I will stay until my&parents&come&back.&我将呆在家里直到我父母回来。
言外之意是，我父母不回来，我就一直呆在家里，我父母回来后我就离开家。因此又可改为：
I will&leave&home&after&my&parents&come&back.& 我将在父母回来之后才离家。&
I slept until midnight.我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you.等着我叫你。
Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (错，marry是非延续性动词)
②否定形式(not A&until&/ till&B)：表示A一直停止到B的发生，B一开始则A就发生；B不开始则A不发生：
Mr. Smith didn’t marry until he was forty- five.史密斯先生到四十五岁才结婚。
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how.直到你教我后,我才会做。
③until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.直到你告诉我以前,出了什么事我一点也不知道。
④until when 疑问句中,until要放在句首：
Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候？
⑤否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
1)Not until…在句首,主句用倒装。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我开始工作,我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
2)It is not until… that… 强调句。
七．非延续性动词可用于when引导时间状语从句中,但不可用于while引导时间状语从句中
when时间状语从句既表示“点时间”也可表示“段时间”，其谓语动词延续或非延续都可。但while引导时间状语从句表示一个较长时间或过程,其从句谓语动词必须用延续性动词：
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为非延续性动词)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)
八．以as soon as状语从句若与主句主语一致时,可用on doing形式简化,此时,动词为非延续性动词
Dr. Bethune began to operate on the wounded soldiers as soon as he arrived at the village.(简化前)
Dr. Bethune began to operate on the wounded soldiers on arriving at the village.(简化后)
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自己慢慢积累吧……其实这个问题不是很重要……高考里也占不了几分，这是语感的问题
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