0or ratherr什么意思,是不是更确切地说

单词:rather         
['rɑ:ðə]adv.相当, 宁愿, 有点儿 int. 好呀
例句与用法:
Poultry is rather cheap now.
现在的禽肉相当便宜。
I would rather fail than cheat in the examination.
我宁愿考不及格,也不愿意考试作弊。
I'd rather walk than take a bus.
我愿意走路而不愿意坐公共汽车。
I would rather stay at home.
我宁可呆在家里。
These shoes are rather too big.
这双鞋有点太大了。
英英解释:副词 rather:
on the contrary
to some (great or small) extent
more readily or willingly
to a degree (not used with a negative)
单词:rather         
ratherratherD.J.:[&#712r&#593:&#240&#601]K.K.:[&#712r&#230&#240?, &#712r&#593&#240?]adv.1.■在一定程度上; 颇This book is rather too easy for this boy.这本书对于这个孩子来说太简单。I reckon that he is rather too old to marry again.我认为他的年龄太大, 不太适于再婚。2.■或多或少; 有几分; 相当This restaurant is rather more expensive than that one.这家餐厅的收费比那家贵得多。
rather 在牛津词典中的解释
ratheradverb(would rather)used to indicate one's preference in a particular matter宁可,宁愿;最好would you like some wine or would you rather stick to sherry?.你想喝葡萄酒还是宁肯坚持喝雪利酒?。she'd rather die than cause a scene.她宁可死也不愿意当众大吵大闹。[with clause]I'd rather you didn't tell him.我宁愿你不要告诉他。‘You'd better ask her. ’‘I'd rather not.’.“你最好问她。”“我宁愿不。”。[as submodifier]to a certain or significant extent or degree相当,颇she's been behaving rather strangely.她一直行为古怪得很。he's rather an unpleasant man.他是个颇为令人讨厌的人。■used before verbs as a way of making the expression of a feeling or opinion less assertive[用以使表达的语气婉转]有几分,有点儿I rather think he wants me to marry him.我倒认为他想让我嫁给他。we were rather hoping you might do that for us.我们倒是希望你可以为我们做那事。on the contrary (used to suggest that the opposite of what has just been implied or stated is the case)恰恰相反(用来表示相反的情况)[sentence adverb]There is no shortage of basic skills in the workplace. Rather, the problem is poor management.工场缺乏的并不是基本技术,相反,问题在于管理不善。■more precisely (used to modify or clarify something previously stated)[用于修正或补充上文]更确切些I walked, or rather limped, the two miles home.我步行,确切点说,是一瘸一拐地走了两英里才回到家。■ as opposed to而不是she seemed indifferent rather than angry.她好像是冷淡而不是愤怒。exclamation(Brit. dated)used to express emphatic affirmation, agreement, or acceptance(英,旧)[用以表示肯定、同意或赞同]当然,的确‘You are glad to be home, aren't you? ’‘Rather!’.“回到家里很高兴,对吗?”“那当然。”。常用词组had rather(poetic/literary or archaic)would rather(诗/文或古)宁可,宁愿;最好是I had rather not see him.我最好不见他。rather you (或 him, her等) than meused to convey that one would be reluctant oneself to undertake a particular task or project undertaken by someone else(用以表示自己不愿承担他人的任务或工程)那是你(或他、她)的事‘I'm picking him up after lunch. ’‘Rather you than me.’.“我午饭后接他。”“那是你的事。”。语源Old English hrathor 'earlier, sooner', comparative of hr&#230the without delay, from hr&#230th 'prompt' (see rathe)
rather 在给力大辞典中的解释
ratherad.1. 相当, 颇, 有点儿I'm feeling rather sleepy.我有点困倦。2. (常与would或had连用)宁可, 宁愿; (与其……)倒不如; 而不是He would rather play than work.他宁可玩, 却不愿工作。I'd rather you knew that now, than afterwards.与其以后让你知道, 不如现在就让你知道。I'll never be dependent on anyone again. I'd rather starve.我再也不依靠任何人了。我宁愿饿死。3. (常与or连用)更确切地说He left late last night, or rather early this morning.他昨夜很晚, 或者应该说是今天一大早才走。4. 【英】(用于回答问题)确是如此; 当然
词义辨析:同义:ad.一定地, 相当地sort ofkind ofprettyquiteverymoderatelysomewhatfairlyrelativelymore or lessad.宁愿, 宁可soonermore willinglypreferablyin preference toad.精确地more trulycorrectly speakingstrictly speakingto be exactto be precise同义参见:halfwayfirst
rather 在现代词典中的解释
ratherrather[&#712r&#593:&#240&#601]adv.1.■[常与would或had连用]宁愿, 宁可2.■稍微; 相当3.■[可与or连用]更确切, 更恰当; 更接近4.■[口] 当然, 确实如此5.■相反地, 倒不如说 ... 更...6.■[与连词 than 配合使用]与其...不如...; 宁可... 也不...Which would you rather have, tea or coffee?你喜欢喝茶; 还是咖啡?I would rather you come tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。He was rather tired.他有些疲倦了。You have done rather well.你做得相当不错。He went home very late last night, or rather, in the early hours this morning.他是昨天深夜回家的, 或者更确切地说, 是今天凌晨。Do you know her ? R-.你认识她吗? 当然。She was no better, but rather grew worse.她的病情不但没好转, 反而恶化了。He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest transaction .他宁愿辞职也不愿意参加这样一种欺骗的交易。继承用法ratherish[&#712r&#593:&#240&#601r&#618ʃ&#712r&#230-]adv.1.■颇, 相当; 有点儿, 有几分习惯用语the rather that [because]1.■何况, 正因为...所以更加; 尤其是would[had] rather ...1.■宁愿..., 倒愿意...rather better than1.■似乎稍胜[较好]rather than(otherwise)1.■不是别的而是...rather too1.■稍微...一点
rather 在21世纪词典中的解释
rather['r&#593:&#240ə 'r&#230-]adv.1.■宁可;更喜欢;宁愿;最好2.■更恰当;更合适3.■更确切地说4.■[用来使语气婉转]有点;有几分5.■[用来表示强调]很;颇;相当6.■相反7.■[古语]更早;更快interj.1.■[主英国英语]当然啦[回答问题时用]had(或would) rather宁愿;宁可更喜欢…;最好是…if I had my rathers[美国方言]如果我可以选择的话or rather毋宁说;更确切地说rather of the ratherest[俚语]略多;略胜一筹;略不足rather than不是…而是…;与其说…不如说…rather…than…宁可…而不;最好…而不…;是…而不是…rahter… than otherwise (或not)不是…而是…rather too稍微 … 一点the rather尤其the rather because (或 that)况且,何况因为…所以更…尤其是,特别是would rather= had rather
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考研英语语法词汇试题精选
您是第&&1491&&位阅读者&&/&&添加于&&/&&来源于&华慧网
Directions:
In each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choices in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
1. They lost their way in the forest, and&&& made matters worse was that night began to fall.
[A] that&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [B] it&&&&&&&& & &&&&&&&&&& [C] what&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] which
2.&&& &my return, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not be back for several hours.
[A] At &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [B] On& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [C] With &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] During
3. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girls respond to&&& situations.
[A] similar&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [B] alike &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [C] same &&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] likely
4. There i so I’ll tell you about it &&&&.
[A] in detail&&&&&&&&&&&& [B] in brief &&&&&&&&&&&& [C] in short &&&&&&&&&&& [D] in all
5. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully &&&&.
[A] admitted &&&&&&&&& [B] acknowledged & [C] absorbed &&&&&&&&& [D] considered
6. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened,&&& &a sudden loud noise .
[A] being there &&&&&& [B] should there be [C] there was&&& [D] there having been
7. By the year 2000, scientists probably &&&&a cure for cancer.
[A] will be discovering&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [B] are discovering
[C] will have discovered &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] have discovered
8. Jim isn’t&&& , but he did badly in the final exams last semester.
[A] gloomy &&&&&&&&&&& [B] dull&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [C] awkward&&&&&&&&&& [D] tedious
9. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents’&& &&.
[A] command&&&&& [B] conviction&&&& [C] consent&&&&& && [D] compromise
10. He had &&&&on the subject.
[A] a rather strong opinion &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [B] rather strong opinion
[C] rather the strong opinion &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] the rather strong opinion
11. When Jane fell off the bike, the other children &&&&.
[A] were not able to help laughter &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [B] could not help but laughing
[C] could not help laughing &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] could not help to laugh
12. It is better to die on one’s feet than&&& .
[A] living on one’s knees &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [B] live on one’s knees
[C] on one’s knees &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] to live on one’s knees
13. The most important&&& of his speech was that we should all work whole-heartedly for the people.
[A] element &&&&&&&&&&& [B] spot &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [C] sense &&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] point
14. This watch is&&& to all the other watches on the market.
[A] superior &&&&&&&&&& [B] advantageous &&& [C] super &&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] beneficial
15. In a typhoon, winds&&& a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.
[A] assume &&&&&&&&&&& [B] accomplish &&&&&& [C] attain &&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] assemble
16.&&& &the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
[A] In spite of& &&&&& [B] But for& &&&&&&&&&& [C] Because of& &&&& [D] As for
17. Mary &&&& otherwise she would have replied before now.
[A] has received &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [B] ought to have received
[C] couldn’t have received &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] shouldn’t have received
18.& &&&&&to speak when the audience interrupted him.
[A] Hardly had he begun &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [B] No sooner had he begun
[C] Not until he began &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] Scarcely did he begin
19. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely&&& to the outside world.
[A] being lost &&&&&&&& [B] having lost &&&&&& [C] losing &&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] lost
20. The policemen went into action &&&&they heard the alarm.
[A] promptly &&&&&&&&& [B] presently &&&&&&&&& [C] quickly &&&&&&&&&&& [D] directly
21. The lost car of the Lees was found &&&&in the woods off the highway.
[A] vanished&&&&&&&&&&& [B] abandoned &&&&&&& [C] scattered &&&&&&&&& [D] rejected
22. Dress warmly,&&& &you’ll catch cold.
[A] on the contrary [B] or rather &&&&&&&&&& [C] or else &&&&&&&&&&&& [D] in no way
23. Our research has focused on a drug which is so &&&&as to be able to change brain chemistry .
[A] powerful &&&&&&&&& [B] influential &&&&&&&& [C] monstrous &&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] vigorous
24. Bob was completely &&&&by the robber’s disguise.
[A] taken away &&&&& [B] taken down &&&&& [C] taken to &&&&&&&&&& [D] taken in
25. Difficulties and hardships have&&& the best qualities of the young geologist.
[A] brought out &&&&& [B] brought about && [C] brought forth && [D] brought up
26. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as &&&&in a short period of time.
[A] being created &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [B] to have been created
[C] having been created &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] to be created
27. Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not more expensive than,
&&& &at the other store.
[A] anyone &&&&&&&&&&& [B] the others &&&&&&&& [C] that &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [D] the ones
28. The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to &&&&the investment plan within a week.
[A] work out &&&&&&&& [B] put out &&&&&&&&&&&& [C] make out &&&&&&&& [D] set out
29. He knows little of mathematics, and &&&&of chemistry.
[A] even more &&&&&&& [B] still less &&&&&&&&&&& [C] no less &&&&&&&&&&&& [D] still more
30. The students expected there &&&&more reviewing classes before the final exams.
[A] is &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& [B] being &&&&&&&&&&&&&& [C] have been &&&&&&& [D] to be
英语词汇和语法试题参考答案快速扫描
1.C&&&&&&&& 2.B&&&&&&&& 3.A&&&&&&&& 4.B&&&&&&&& 5.D&&&&&&&& 6.B&&&&&&&& 7.C&&&&&&&& 8.B&&&&&&&& 9.C&&&&&&&& 10.A&&&&&&
11.C&&&&&&& 12.D&&&&&&&&&&&&& 13.D&&&&&&&&&&&&& 14.A&&&&&&&&&&&&& 15.C&&&&&&&&&&&&& 16.B&&&&&&& 17.C&&&&&&&&&&&&& 18.A&&&&&&&&&&&&& 19.D&&&&&&&&&&&&& 20.D
21.B&&&&&&& 22.C&&&&&&&&&&&&& 23.A&&&&&&&&&&&&& 24.D&&&&&&&&&&&&& 25.A&&&&&&&&&&&&& 26.C&&&&&&&&&&&&& 27.D&&&&&&&&&&&&& 28.A&&&&&&&&&&&&& 29.B&&&&&&& 30.D
语法结构与词汇分析
1.[考点] what引导主语从句
[分析] 本题句子是由and连接的两个并列句,后一分句中的主语是“&&& &made matters worse”,谓语是“was”。空格处填入的词既要引导主语从句,又要在从句中作主语。正确答案为[C]what,这里what作关系代词,相当于“the thing which (that)”。首先可以排除[B]it,它不能引导从句。[A]that可引导包括主语从句在内的名词性从句,但that在从句中既不充当任何成分,也无实际意义,仅起着连接作用,如:That she will succeed is certain. [D]which可以引导主语从句,表示“哪一个”,但which在从句中只能作定语,不能单独作主语,如:Which team has won the game is not known yet.(不知道哪个队赢了这场比赛。)
[句意] 他们在森林中迷了路,而使事情更为糟糕的是夜幕开始降临。
[补充] what引导名词性从句
what引导名词性从句,包括主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句(不可引导同位语从句)。它本身在从句中可充当主语、宾语或表语,前面不能再加that或all。如:What caused the accident is still a complete mystery.(事故的起因还仍然是个未解之谜。)(what引导主语从句并在从句中作主语);Nobody knows what will happen next.(没有人知道接下来要发生什么。)(what引导宾语从句并在从句中作主语);He is not what he used to be.(他和过去不一样了。)(what引导表语从句并在从句中作表语)。
2.[考点] “on +名词/动名词”的固定结构
[分析] “on+名词或动名词”结构,相当于时间状语从句,意为“就在……之后;一……就”,强调时间的短促和动作的紧凑。如:On arriving (或On arrival) I discovered they had gone.(我一到达就发现他们已经离开了。)
[句意] 我一回来,就得知史密斯教授去了博物馆,几个小时后才会回来。
[补充] “一……就……”的英语表示法见1991年第18题。
3.[考点] 形容词辨析
[分析] similar意为“相像的, 类似的”,可作定语或表语,如:We have similar interests.(我们兴趣相仿。)The two houses are similar in size.(两座房子大小差不多。)alike意为“相像的,相似的”,一般只作表语,如:My sister and I do not look alike.(我和妹妹外貌不相像。)same意为“相同的,同一的”,要与定冠词the连用,如:The same thing happened to me last week.(上星期我也遇到了同样的事。)likely意为“很可能的,合适的”,如:the most likely outcome(最可能的结果),the most likely candidate for the job(这项工作最适宜的人选)。因此,从含义上和语法上都符合句子要求的是[A]similar,similar situation表示“类似的情形”。
[句意] 任何与孩子们在一起待过的人都会察觉到男孩和女孩对类似情形的反应方式的不同。
[补充] 表示“相似的、相同的”含义的形容词还有:
(1) like意为“相似的,类似的”,如:a chance to meet people of like mind(与志趣相投的人结识的机会)。
(2) comparable意为“类似的,可比较的”,如:A comparable house in the south of the city would cost twice as much.(一栋类似的房子位于城南部就要贵一倍的价钱。)
(3) parallel意为“极相似的,同时发生的”,如:a parallel case(极相似的事例),parallel trends(并行发展的趋势)。
(4) uniform意为“一致的,统一的,一律的”,如:uniform rates of pay(统一的薪资标准)。
(5) identical意为“完全相同的”,如:a row of identical houses(一排完全一样的房子)。
(6) twin意为“双重的,两个同时发生的”,如:The prison service has the twin goals of punishment and rehabilitation.(监狱有惩罚和改造双重功能。)
(7) homogeneous意为“由相同或同类型事物或人组成的,同种类的”,如:a homogeneous group(相同成分组成的群体)。
4.[考点] 固定短语辨析
[分析] 选项都是含介词in的固定短语。in detail意为“详细地”,如:This issue will be discussed in detail later.(这个问题待会儿将详细讨论。)in brief “简明扼要地,没有细节地”(表示写作和说话等的简明精悍),如:Now the rest of the news in brief.(现在简要报道其他新闻。)in short “总之,简言之”(表总结,侧重话语的长短,在冗长的叙述之后长话短说),如:His novels belong to a great but vanished age. They are, in short, old-fashioned.(他的小说属于一个辉煌但已逝去的时代。总之,已经过时了。)in all意为“总计,共计”,如:There were twelve of us in all for dinner.(我们一共十二人吃饭。)本题中前后两个分句之间存在因果关系,由于“剩下的时间不多”,所以“长话短说”,从句意上看,应选[B]in brief。
[句意] 剩下的时间不多了,(所以)我将简明扼要地跟你说一下这件事。
[补充]& in构成的固定短语:
in a word简言之,一句话,总之;in any event无论如何;in conclusion总之;in earnest认真地;in general一般来说;in one’s way妨碍;in public公开地;in secret秘密地;in the air传播;in times时常。
如:I might see you tomorrow, but I’ll phone in any event.(我明天可能会去看你,但无论如何,我都会给你打电话的。)I’m sure he was in earnest when he said he wanted to marry her.(当他说他要娶她时,我确信他是认真的。)The negotiations were conducted in secret.(谈判在秘密进行。)
5.[考点] 动宾搭配
[分析] admit意为“承认,接纳,容许”,如:admit one’s mistakes/one’s guilt/little light into the room(承认错误/认罪/允许少量光线进入房间内)。acknowledge意为“承认,答谢,报偿”,如:acknowledge the need for reform/financial support(承认改革的必要性/感谢资助);absorb意为“吸收,同化”,如:absorb oxygen/refugees(吸收氧气/接纳难民)。consider意为“考虑,认为”,如:She considered her options.(她考虑了各种选择。)He considered himself an expert on this subject.(他认为自己是这门学科的专家。)根据句意,“建议”应该被“考虑”,因此[D]consider正确。
[句意] 在这家工厂,建议常常要等上好几个月才得以充分考虑。
[补充] 常与suggestion搭配的动词有:
accept/adopt/take up ~“接受,采纳(建议)”;advance/come up with/ give/make/offer/put forward/submit ~“提出(建议)”;deny/dismiss/reject ~“不理会,拒绝接受(建议)”;welcome ~“欢迎提(建议)”;consider/look at/note ~“注意,考虑(建议)”。
6.[考点] 虚拟条件句中的倒装结构
[分析] &possibility后的同位语从句that these animals could be frightened,& a sudden noise中,逗号后是表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句,它省略了连词if。根据虚拟条件句的省略和倒装原则,应该将were,had或should提前到句首。[B]项符合这种要求,它是倒装虚拟条件句的一部分,该条件句的正常语序是(if)there should be a sudden loud noise。[C]项缺少连词,无法引导从句,不符合语法要求。[A]和[D]项分别是be和there be的分词形式,一般都作状语,如:Being a layman in culture, I would like to study them.(我是文化方面的门外汉,因此很想研究一下。)There having been no rain for a long time,the ground was very dry.(因为好长时间没有下雨了,地面非常干燥。)[A]项不符合本句句意,[D]项是分词的完成式,与主句中的一般时态相矛盾。
[句意] 要是突然有巨响,这些动物确实有可能受到惊吓。
[补充] 虚拟条件句中的倒装结构
虚拟条件句中如果含有were,had或should,可以把它们提前到句首,省去连词if,变成倒装句。如:
(1)与过去事实相反:Had he not been promoted (=If he had not been promoted), he would never have remained with the company.(如果他的职位没有得到晋升,他早就不在这个公司了。)
(2)与现在事实相反:Were he indoors(=If he were indoors), he wouldn’t feel so cold.(他要是在室内就不会觉得冷了。)
(3)对将来的推测:Should you change your mind(=If you should change you mind), no one would blame you.(如果你要改变主意,没有人会怪你。)
7.[考点] 将来完成时态
[分析] by表示时间时,意为“到……时为止”,谓语动词用完成时态:“by+表示现在的时间”用现在完成时;“by+表示将来的时间”用将来完成时;“by+表示过去的时间”用过去完成时。如:He ought to have arrived by now/by this time.(他现在应该已经到了。)I will have it done by tomorrow.(我将于明天之前让人做完这件事。)By the end of last month, we had fulfilled the production task.(到上个月末,我们已经完成了生产任务。)本句中probably表明2000年在当时指的是将来时间,所以应该用将来完成时,因此,[C]项正确。
[句意] 到2000年时,科学家将可能已经发现了治疗癌症的方法。
[补充] 将来完成时
将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。这一时态经常与“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句(表示将来)连用。如:
(1)I shall have finished it by next Friday.(到下周五我就把它完成了。)
(2)They will have graduated before 2008.(他们在2008年前就会毕业了。)
(3)The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.(这次会议将持续整整一周才结束。)
8.[考点] 形容词辨析
[分析] gloomy意为“阴暗的,忧郁的,前景黯淡的”,一般不用来修饰人,如:a gloomy room/expression/picture of the economic future(昏暗的房间/沮丧的表情/经济前景的黯淡景象)。dull修饰事物时意为“枯燥无味的,不明亮的”,如:dull life/day(无聊的生活/阴沉的天);修饰人时意为“迟钝的,愚笨的”,如:a dull pupil(反应迟钝的学生)。awkward修饰事物时意为“令人尴尬的,难对付的”,如:an awkward silence/question(令人尴尬的沉默/不好回答的问题);修饰人时意为“笨拙的,姿势不优美的”,如:He tried to dance, but he was too awkward.(他试着跳舞,但是太笨拙。)tedious意为“单调乏味的,沉闷的,冗长的”,不用来修饰人,如:the tedious journey/details(乏味的旅行/冗长的细节)。根据句意,应选择[B]项dull。
[句意] 吉姆并不笨,但是上学期期末考试他考砸了。
[补充] 近义形容词:
(1)可以修饰人的有:①boring“令人厌烦的”,如:Her husband is the most boring person I’ve ever met.(她丈夫是我所遇到的最让人讨厌的人。)②dense指“愚钝的”,如:He is so dense that he will never understand why he failed.(他愚蠢到极点以致永远也想不明白自己为什么失败。)③ignorant指“无知的,愚昧的”,an ignorant and uneducated man(一个愚昧无知的人)。④shallow指“肤浅的”,如:If he’s only interested in your looks, that shows how shallow he is.(如果他只在乎你的外表,就可以看出他有多肤浅。)⑤thick指“迟钝的,愚笨的”,如:as thick as two short planks(笨得像木头人)。
(2)不可修饰人的是monotonous,它表示“单调的,无变化的”,如:a monotonous voice/diet(单调乏味的声音/饮食)。
9.[考点] 名词辨析
[分析] command作可数名词,意为“命令”;作不可数名词,意为“控制,指挥”,如:You must obey the captain’s commands.(你必须服从船长的命令。)He has 200 men under his command.(他掌管着200人。)conviction作可数名词,意为“定罪”;作不可数名词,意为“深信,肯定”,如:She had six previous convictions for theft.(她有六次盗窃前科。)He said he agreed but his voice lacked conviction.(他说他赞同,但语气不坚定。)consent一般作不可数名词,意为“同意,准许”,如:The written consent of a parent is required.(要求有家长的书面同意。)compromise作可数和不可数名词都意为“妥协,和解”,如:After lengthy talks the two sides finally reached a compromise.(双方经过长期的商谈终于达成了妥协。)根据句意,应该选择[C]consent。
[句意] 未经父母同意,男孩溜出房间朝游泳池走去。
10.[考点] 冠词的位置
[分析] opinion作“意见、见解”解时是可数名词,单数可数名词必须要与冠词连用,因此首先可以排除缺少冠词的[B]项。另外,由于句子上下文中没有特指何种观点,因此opinion前应使用不定冠词a/an,而不能使用表示特指的定冠词the,[C]项和[D]项冠词使用错误。正确答案是[A]a rather strong opinion。注意,当rather同形容词连用修饰单数可数名词时,不定冠词放在rather前后均可,如:rather a difficult /a rather difficult question,本题中[A]还可改为rather a strong opinion。
[句意] 他对这个话题的见解相当坚决。
[补充] 冠词的位置
(1) 不定冠词的位置。不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但是下列情况除外:①位于下列形容词之后:such,what,many,half。如:such an animal;What a beautiful house! many a man(许多人);half an hour。②当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how等修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。如:as pleasant a day as I have ever spent;so short a time;too long a distance;how clever a girl。③quite同形容词连用修饰名词时,应置于不定冠词前。如:quite a different problem。④在as,though引导的让步状语从句中,当表语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后:Brave a man though he is(=though he is a brave man),he trembles at the sight of snakes.(他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是会发抖。)
(2)定冠词的位置。定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但应放在all,both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前。如:All the students;both the women;double the amount we already have(现有数量的两倍);half the fruit;an area twice the size of Wales(两倍于威尔士大小的地区)。
11.[考点] 固定搭配
[分析] cannot help doing sth.和cannot help but do sth.是固定结构,都表示“不得不做某事,禁不住做某事”,其中can不能用be able to替代,因此[A]和[B]错误。cannot help (to) do sth.意为“不能帮助做某事”,如:I’m very busy, so I cannot help (to) water the garden.(我很忙,所以不能帮着浇园了。)根据句意,[D]项显然不对。因此[C]项正确。
[句意] 当珍尼从自行车上掉下来时,其他孩子忍不住笑了起来。
[补充] 类似的短语:
(1) cannot help doing “不能不、禁不住”,如:I couldn’t help thinking about the past.(我禁不住想起过去的事。)
(2)cannot but do (=cannot help but do),如:Talk to the guy for five minutes, and you can’t help but like him.(去和那个人聊上五分钟,你也会禁不住喜欢他的。)
(3)have no choice but to do(=can’t choose but do),如:We had no choice but to destroy the animal.(我们别无选择,只好杀了这只动物。)
12.[考点] 比较结构中成分的一致
[分析] 比较结构中,被比较的应是同等成分,因此表比较的连词than前后应该连接相同结构的成分,如:It is more a lie than the truth.(这是个谎言而非真话。)It will do you more bad than good.(这件事对你害大于利。)本句中,it为形式主语,不定式to die on one’s feet为真正的主语,than后应接不定式结构,与主语不定式构成比较关系。因此,[D]项正确。
[句意] 宁可站着死,决不跪着生。
13.[考点] 名词辨析
[分析] element指“a necessary or typical part of sth.”,即“(事物中的)要素,基本部分”,如a key element in our decision(我们决策时考虑的一个主要因素);Customer relations is an important element of the job.(与客户的关系是这个工作的重要部分。)spot意为“斑点,地点”,如:a black skirt with white spots(黑底白点的裙子);a quiet spot(宁静的地方)。sense意为“意义,含义,感觉”,如:The word “love” is used in different senses by different people.(“爱”这个字被不同的人用来表示不同的含义。)the six sense(第六感觉,直觉)。point指“the main or most important idea in sth. that is said or done”,即“重点,要点,核心问题”,如:I missed the point of his story.(我没有抓住他的故事的要点。)根据句意,这里强调的不是讲话的“部分内容”或“含义”,而是“要点”,因此,[D]项正确。
[句意] 他讲话最重要的一点就是我们都应全心全意为人民服务。
14.[考点] 形容词辨析
[分析] superior意为“更好的,更高的”,(be) superior to意为“比……更好/更胜一筹”,如:This model is technically superior to its competitors.(这一款式在技术上超过与之竞争的产品。)advantageous意为“有利的,有好处的”,(be) advantageous to表示“对……有好处”,如:A free trade agreement would be advantageous to both countries.(自由贸易协定对两国都会有利。)super多用于口语,意为“顶好的,超级的”,如:a super meal/place(一顿美餐;一个很棒的地方)。beneficial意为“有利的,有帮助的”,(be) beneficial to表示“对……有好处/有帮助”,如:A good diet is beneficial to health.(良好的饮食有益于健康。)本题句中存在比较含义,只有[A]项superior符合题意。
[句意] 这只表比市面上所有其他的表都要好。
[补充] 有些形容词本身没有比较级和最高级,但是与介词to连用可以表示比较含义(注意:不能与than连用),这类词常见的有:
(1)junior(比……年轻/级别低),senior(比……年长/级别高),如:She is junior/senior to me.(她比我年纪小/大。)
(2)inferior(比……低劣的),superior(比……更好的),如:Their performance was inferior/superior to that of other teams.(他们队表现得不如其他队/比其他队好。)
(3)prior(比……在前的/优先的),posterior(比……较晚的),如:All the arrangements should be completed prior to your departure.(所有安排都应该在你离开前完成。)various events that happened posterior to the 19th century (19世纪以后发生的种种事件)。
(4)anterior(比……前面的,在前的),subsequent(在……之后),previous(比…在前的,早先的),如:ages anterior to the flood(洪水前的各个时期);events that happened subsequent to the accident(事故之后发生的事);on some day previous to Christmas(在圣诞节前的某一天)。
15.[考点] 形近动词辨析
[分析] assume意为“假定,认为;承担;呈现(外观、样子)”,如:assume the worst/responsibility/the form of an eagle(往最坏处想/承担责任/以鹰的形象出现)。accomplish意为“完成,达到,实现”,如:accomplish one’s mission/a purpose(完成使命/达到目的)。attain意为“(经过努力)获得;达到(某年龄、水平、状况)”,如:trying to attain self-confidence/attain the age of(努力获得自信/(年龄)有……岁了)。assemble意为“装配,集合, 聚集”,如:assemble a machine/data(装配机器/汇集数据)。本题所选动词接的宾语是“速度”,因此[C]项正确,attain a speed意为“达到……速度”。
[句意] 台风的风速可达到每小时120公里以上。
[补充] 常与speed搭配的动词有:
reach ~ 达到(速度);build up/gain/gather/increase/pick up ~ 加(速);curb/kill/reduce ~ 减(速);maitain ~ 保持(速度)。
16.[考点] 暗示虚拟条件的词语
[分析] 本题选项都是介词短语。in spite of意为“尽管,虽然”,常引导让步状语,如:In spite of his age, he still leads an active life.(尽管年事已高,他依旧过着一种忙碌的生活。)but for意为“若不是”,相当于if it were not for,常用于虚拟语气,如:But for the rain we should have had a pleasant journey.(要不是下雨,我们本可以有一段愉快的旅行。)because of意为“因为”,表原因,如:This plan was dropped because of its risk.(这个计划被放弃了,因为它太冒险。)as for意为“至于,关于”,如:As for the food for the party, that’s all being taken care of.(关于聚会要用的食物,都在置办当中。)本题中主句的谓语使用了would have done形式,是虚拟语气,因此[B]项正确。
[句意] 要不是英语考试,上周日我就去听音乐会了。
[补充] 有些句子中没有明显的虚拟条件句,而是利用其他手段来暗示虚拟条件的存在。这类句子大都表示与过去事实相反的情况。常用来表示这种含蓄虚拟语气的词有:
but for, without, under … condition,or, but, otherwise, or, unfortunately等,如:Without(=If there had not been)your help, I wouldn’t have achieved so much.(要不是有你的帮助,我不会取得这么大的成就。)Under more favorable conditions(=If we had had more favorable conditions), we could have done better.(如果条件再好点,我们会做得更好。)I would have rung you up but the telephone was out of order(=if my telephone had not been out of order)(我本可以给你打电话的,可是没想到电话坏了。)
17.[考点] “情态动词+动词完成式”结构
[分析] 题目中表转折关系的连词otherwise(否则)实际上暗示了虚拟条件的存在,根据其下文的内容可知,它相当于If Mary had received my letter。 [A]项陈述事实,表示“已经收到信了”,与otherwise的含义相矛盾,首先排除。[B]和[D]项含义相反,ought to have done表示“过去应该做但实际上却没有做”,shouldn’t have done表示“过去本不应该做而实际上却做了”,如:You ought to have returned the book earlier.(你本应该早些还书的。)He shouldn’t have done it so carelessly.(他本不应该这样草率做事的。)显然,它们都不符合句意。[C]项couldn’t have done是正确答案,表示对过去的否定推测,意为“不可能已经……,可能没有……”。类似本题的句子又如:She wasn’t feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.(她感到不舒服,不然她不会那么早离开会场的。)
[句意] 玛丽多半没有收到我的信,不然她此前早就回信了。
[补充] “情态动词+动词完成式”结构(即“may, must, should等+have+过去分词”)
(1)“must + have+过去分词”表示对过去事情的肯定性推测,意为“一定,必定已经”。如:He is quite tired. He must have been overworking last night.(他太累了,准是昨晚一直在加班。)
(2)“may/might + have+过去分词”表示不肯定的推测,意为“或许已经,可能已经”。如:He is so depressed. I’m afraid that he might have failed in the test.(他心情这么沮丧,恐怕考试没有过。)
(3)“can/could(not) + have+过去分词”有两种用法。
①表示对过去事情进行不肯定的推测,意为“(不)可能已经”。如:He couldn’t have finished the homework in such a short time.(他不可能在如此短的时间内做完了家庭作业。)② 表示本来能做而未做,意为“本来可以”。如:You could have finished your paper if you hadn’t gone to the party.(如果不去参加聚会,你本可以完成你的作业的。)
(4)“should / shouldn’t / ought to / ought not to /need/needn’t+ have+过去分词”用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,意为“应该做而未做 / 不应该做却做了”。如He oughtn’t to have been complaining about such a trivial matter.(他本不应该为这件小事而抱怨不休。)
18.[考点] 固定搭配
[分析] hardly…when为固定搭配,意为“一……就……”。主句中的谓语动词用过去完成时,when引导的从句的谓语动词用一般过去时;当hardly置于句首时,要求部分倒装,即助动词提到主语前,如:We had hardly(或Hardly had we)sat down at the table, when the phone rang.(我们刚在桌子旁坐下,电话铃就响了。)本题考查的就是这一结构,因此,[A]为正确答案。[B]中no sooner不与when搭配,而与than搭配,[D]中scarcely可与when搭配,“no sooner…than”和“scarcely…when”都意为“一……就”,与hardly…when的用法相同,如:No sooner had she heard the news than she cried.(她一听到这个消息就哭了。)Scarcely had the game started when it began to rain.(比赛才开始就下起雨来。)因此,[B]项搭配错误,[D]项时态错误,应改为过去完成时。[C]项中的not until意为“直到……才……”,一般不与when连用,而且当它置于句首时,主句要用倒装结构,如:Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.(直到19 世纪初,人类才知道热能是什么。)
[句意] 他刚一开始讲话,听众就把他打断了。
[补充] “一……就……”的其他英语表示法
(1) scarcely ... before,如:Scarcely had the bell rung before they went to the playground. (铃一响,他们就到操场上去了。)
(2) as soon as,如:As soon as she entered the room, she knew there was something wrong.(她刚进屋就知道有点不对劲。)
(3) on+名词/动名词,如:On arriving/arrival at the village,we were warmly welcomed by the villagers.(我们一到那个村子,就受到了村民们的热烈欢迎。)
(4) at+名词/动名词,如:At seeing her mother/ At the sight of her mother,the girl burst into tears.(一见到母亲,那女孩就放声大哭起来。)
(5) the instant/the moment/the minute (that),如: I will pay you back, I promise, the moment I get paid.(我保证一拿到薪水就还你钱。)
(6) immediately/instantly/directly,如:Immediately the discussion was finished,the meeting was over. (讨论一完毕,会就散了。)
(7) right after,如:The workers went home for a rest right after completing their task.(工人们一完成任务,就回家休息了。)
(8) lose no time,如:When the new manager was appointed, he lost no time in reorganizing the office.(新经理刚被任命,就开始重新调整办公室。)
19.[考点] 分词作状语
[分析] 本题中逗号前后两部分之间没有任何连词连接,因此后面部分是分词结构作状语。由于状语的逻辑主语(即主句主语Anna)和分词动词构成被动关系,即be lost to the world “全神贯注于某事而不注意周围的事物”,因此这里应该使用过去分词作状语,[D]项lost正确。[B]项和[C]项都是分词的主动式,不符合语法。过去分词的进行式表示“正在被……”,而短语be lost to表示状态,表状态的be动词没有进行式,因此[A]项也是错误的。
[句意] 安娜正在读科幻小说,对外界全然不知。
[补充] 1)分词作状语
(1)分词作状语时,相当于一个状语从句,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。如:Not having enough hands(=As we don’t have enough hands), we turned to them for help.(我们没有足够的人手,所以向他们求助。) Taught by mistakes and setbacks(=As we are taught by mistakes and setbacks), we have become wiser and handled our affairs better.(我们从错误和挫折中吸取教训,因此已经变得更聪明,能更好地处理事情。)
(2)作状语的现在分词和过去分词主要区别在于:
a)现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示“被动和完成”。不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成,如:risen sun(升起的太阳)。
b)使用何种分词,取决于分词与句子主语(即分词的逻辑主语)的关系:主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词。如:Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.(应用单词词根和构成的相关知识,你就可以猜出一个新单词的意思。)He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother’s illness.(他看起来疲惫而沮丧,显然因为得知他母亲的病情而不安。)
(3)分词的完成式(即having done, having been done),表示分词动作在主句谓语动词动作之前发生。如:Having written an important letter, I listened to the music for a while.(写完一封重要的信,我听了一会儿音乐。)Having been written in haste, the book is far from being perfect.(由于仓促写成,那本书远非完美无缺。)
注意:虽然过去分词与现在分词被动式(being done)都有被动意义,但是过去分词强调动作已经完成,而现在分词被动式既有被动又有进行的意味。如:Heated, the metal expands. (加热后,这种金属会膨胀。) Being heated, the metal is expanding.(随着加热,这种金属正在膨胀。)
2) 没有进行时态的动词见1997年第20题
20.[考点] 可用作连词的副词
[分析] 空格前后是两个语法结构完整的句子,因此空格处要求填入一个连词。四个选项只有[D]项directly既可以作副词,表示“直接地”,又可以作连词,引导时间状语从句,意为“一……就”,如:I went home directly I had finished work.(我一干完活就回家了。)因此,[D]项正确。其他选项都只能作副词,无法引导从句。promptly意为“敏捷地,迅速地”,如:She turned off the alarm and promptly went back to sleep.(她关上闹钟,很快就又睡着了。)presently意为“目前,不久”,如:The range of courses presently available has grown.(现在可选择的课程增加了。)Presently, I fell asleep.(不久我就睡着了。)quickly意为“迅速地”,如:It’s important to realize how quickly this disease can spread.(意识到这种疾病的传播速度有多快具有重要的意义。)
[句意] 警察一听到警报,就开始采取行动。
[补充] “一……就”的英语表示法见1991年第18题
21.[考点] 动词辨析
[分析] 该句的主语是the lost car,谓语是find的被动式was found,空格处应填入过去分词作主语补足语,表示汽车被发现时的状态。vanish意为“消失”,如:vanish in darkness(在黑暗中消失),由于vanish只作不及物动词,没有过去分词形式,因此首先排除[A]项。abandon意为“抛弃,放弃,遗弃”,如:abandon the attempts/a friend in trouble(放弃尝试/抛弃处于危难中的朋友)。scatter意为“分散,散开,驱散”,如:Clouds were scattered by the wind.(风吹云散。)scatter one’s strength(分散精力)。reject意为“拒绝,抵制,驳回”,如:reject an appeal/ a claim(驳回上诉/拒绝索赔)。显然[C]和[D]在含义上都不与the car搭配。因此,正确答案为[B] abandoned。
[句意] 李家丢的那辆汽车被发现丢弃在公路旁的树林里。
[补充] 分词作补语。
分词通常在两类动词后作补语(主补、宾补):感觉、感官动词(see, observe, notice, watch, hear, smell, listen to, feel, find等)和使役、致使动词(catch, set, have, make, get, start, leave, keep等)。这种用法中的现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义,过去分词则表示已经完成的被动意义。如:The joke set them all laughing.(这个笑话让他们都笑了。)She saw the thief caught by policemen.(她看见那个小偷被警察抓住了。)如果分词作宾补的句子变为被动语态,那么分词就在新句中作主补。如:We were kept waiting for a long time.(让我们等了很久。)The big fire is reported controlled.(据报道这场大火已经得到控制。)
22.[考点] 固定句型
[分析] 本题考查固定句型:“祈使句+or (else) /and you will...”。其中,祈使句相当于if或unless引导的条件状语从句,并列连词后面的句子多用将来时表示结果。连词or (else)(也可以用otherwise)意为“否则”,后面的句子是转折的结果;连词and意为“那么,如此一来”,后面的句子是顺承的结果。如:Wait a minute and I’ll tell you all about it.(再等一会儿我就会告诉你事情的全部。)Come on, or you will miss the chance.(加油,否则你将失去这个机会。)本题中前后分句是转折关系,应选[C]or else。
其他选项都是固定短语,但是表示的逻辑关系均不符合句意。on the contrary意为“(与此)相反”,如:I thought the movie woul on the contrary it is very interesting.(我原以为这部电影会很糟糕,结果相反,它很有意思。)or rather意为“更确切地说”,如:I am 1 year older than you, or rather 1 year and 2 months.(我比你大一岁,更确切地说大一岁零两个月。)in no way意为“决不”,放在句首时,引起句子倒装,如:In no way can we allow this to continue.(我们决不允许它再继续下去。)
[句意] 穿暖和一些,不然你会感冒的。
23.[考点] 形容词辨析
[分析] 该句是主从复合句,其中which引导定语从句修饰先行词a drug。从句的主语是which指代的a drug,谓语部分是“is so +形容词+as to”结构,表示“如此……以致……”。因此空格处的形容词应说明“药物”(drug)的特点,这个特点导致的结果是“改变大脑的化学过程”(change brain chemistry)。powerful除了表示“有权势的,有影响力的”,也可意为“(对身心)有强烈作用的,效力大的”,如:powerful drug/speech(有奇效的药物/有力的演说)。因此[A]powerful符合句意。
influential意为“有很大影响力的”,如a influential book/figure(有影响力的书/举足轻重的人物)。monstrous意为“丑恶的;巨大的”,如:a monstrous lie/figure(弥天大谎/巨大的人影)。vigorous意为“充满活力的,果断的,精力充沛的”,如:a vigorous campaign against tax fraud(坚决打击骗税的运动),a vigorous young man(身强力壮的人)。这三项都不能形容“药物”(drng)。
[句意] 我们的研究已经集中于一种药物,这种药物效力如此之大以致能改变大脑的化学成分。
24.[考点] 短语动词辨析
[分析] 选项都是take构成的短语动词。take away意为“拿走;解除,消除(感情、痛苦等)”,如:take away the dictionaries from the library/the pain(将词典带出图书馆/止痛)。take down意为“拆除,拆卸;写下,记录”,如:take down a fence/every word of the speech(拆掉栅栏/记录演讲的每一句话)。take to意为“养成(习惯);开始喜欢,对……产生好感”,如:take to waking up very early/the new boss immediately(习惯醒得很早/立刻对新老板产生了好感)。take in意为“收留;欺骗,蒙骗”,如:take in lodgers(收房客);She took me in with her story.(她的一番花言巧语把我蒙骗住了。)根据句意,只有[D]项正确。
[句意] 鲍勃完全被抢劫犯的伪装所欺骗了。
[补充] 其他take的固定短语:
(1)take (sb.) aback“使……震惊”(常用于被动语态),如: I was completely taken aback by her request.(我被她的要求彻底惊呆了。)
(2)take against“反对,不喜欢,不赞成”,如:I took against him at first sight.(第一次见面我就讨厌他了。)
(3)take apart“拆卸,拆开”,如:take a watch apart(把手表拆开)
(4)take back“收回,撤回;使回想起”,如:take back what one has said(收回所说过的话);The photos took me back to my youth.(那些照片使我回忆起青年时代。)
(5)take for“把……看作/误认为”,如:I took it for the truth.(我以为那是实情。)He is often taken for a foreigner.(他常常被误认为是外国人。)
(6)take…for granted“想当然”,如:He just took it for granted that he would pass the exam.(他认为自己通过考试是理所当然的事。)
(7)take off“脱下,拿掉;取消;休假,歇工”,如:take off the wet shoes(脱掉湿鞋子),We took a few minutes off to rest.(我们休息了几分钟。)
(8)take on“雇佣;呈现,具有特征”,如:The company is taking workmen on.(这家公司正在招工。)The city took on a festive air.(城里呈现出一派节日的气氛。)
(9)take over“接受,接管”,如:take over the foreign-owned oil fields(接收外资油田)
(10)take up“占用,占据”,如:The table takes up too much space.(这张桌子太占地方。)
25.[考点] 短语动词辨析
[分析] 选项都是bring构成的短语动词。bring out意为“使显现,使表现出;出版,生产”,如:bring out the best in me(使我把自己最好的方面都发挥出来了);They’ve brought out a new perfume.(他们生产了一种新款香水。)该短语符合句意,bring out the best qualities意为“显出高贵品质”。因此,[A]项正确。bring about意为“导致,引起,使产生”,如:bring about the change in his attitude(使他改变了态度)。bring forth意为“生产,提出”,如:bring forth fruit(结果实)。bring up意为“提出(讨论等);抚养”,如:bring up the question(提出问题);He was well brought up.(他受过良好的教育。)
[句意] 困难和挫折已使这位年轻的地质学家表现出高贵的品质。
[补充] 其他bring的固定短语:
(1)bring back“使回来,使恢复,使回忆起”,如:bring the seriously polluted river back to life(使严重污染的河流清澈重生);The trip brought back a lot of happy memories.(这次旅行使我回忆起许多美好的往事。)
(2)bring down“使倒下,打垮;使降低,减少”,如:The government hopes these measures will help to bring down inflation.(政府希望这些措施能够帮助降低通货膨胀率。)a crisis that could bring down the government(一场能击垮政府的危机)。
(3)bring forward“将日期提前;提议,提出讨论”,如:The meeting has been brought forward to Thursday.(会议被提前到周三召开。)
(4)bring in“引进;提出,引入(话题等);挣得”,如:bring in a new fashion(引进新款式),bring in a bill(提出议案),bring in sufficient profit(带来足够的利润)。
(5)bring off“完成(艰难的工作),使实现”,如:It was a difficult task, but we brought it off.(这是一件艰难的工作,但是我们还是把它做成了。)
(6)bring on“促使提高,导致(通常是坏事)”,如:bring on youngsters in the reserve team(在后备队中培养年轻队员);His illness was brought on by poor feeding.(他的病是饮食不佳造成的。)
26.[考点] 动名词的完成式
[分析] 本句中的谓语部分是think of sth. as …,其中as是介词,因此后面应该接名词或动名词,由此排除[B]和[D]。[A]为动名词,表示正在进行的动作;[C]为动名词的完成式,表示其动作在谓语动作发生之前已经完成。题句是对“已经形成的现代文明”作出论述,应该用完成式,[C]正确。
[句意] 不要把我们的现代文明看作是在短期内形成的。
[补充] 动名词的时态和语态意义
动名词也是动词的一种非谓语形式,由动词+ing构成,与现在分词同形。动名词除了有某些名词的特征和用法(如:可以作主语、宾语)外,还兼有某些动词的特征,因此有时态和语态的变化(时态有一般式和完成式,语态有主动式和被动式),即:
being done
having done
having been done
动名词没有独立的绝对的时态意义,它的时态意义从属于句中谓语动词的时态。一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或在其后发生,完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。如:I approved of his taking part in the project.(我同意他参加这项工程。)(同时或以后)He is proud of having won the first prize.(他很自豪获得了一等奖。)(之前)
27.[考点] 名词替代词
[分析] 本句中比较的对象是“these refrigerators”和“&&& &at the other store”,空格处填的词应替代前面的名词refrigerators。[A]和[B]都是不定代词,不可以替代名词:anyone只能指人,如:Anyone can do it.(任何人都可以做这件事。)the others意为“所有其余的人或物”,相当于the rest,如:Some students come from China, the others from Japan.(一些学生来自中国,其他的来自日本。)that和the ones可以作替代词,that只可以代替单数可数或不可数名词,如:The novel is as interesting as that I read last year.(这本小说和我去年读的那本一样有趣。)the ones代替复数名词,相当于those,如:Of all books, I like the ones written by him.(在所有的书中,我喜欢他写的。)因此,本句中应选[D] the ones。
[句意] 这些冰箱即使降价出售,其价格不高于其他商店的冰箱,也会与之持平。
[补充] 名词替代词one,that和it的用法。
(1)one常用于比较结构,只代替可数名词,可代替人或物,其前可带冠词与修饰语。它所指的名词与前面提到的名词为同一类,但不是同一物。one指同类中的任何一个,为泛指,相当于“a +名词”,如:A wall made of bricks is much firmer than one of mud.(砖砌成的墙比泥砌成的墙要结实。)(one代替可数名词wall)表示特指时要用the one,如:The population problem may be the greatest one in the world today. (one代替可数名词problem) 代替复数名词时,则用ones,如:He prefers the red pens to the blue ones.(ones代替pens)
(2)that常用于比较结构,代替可数名词或不可数名词,只能代替物,只有后置定语而没有前置定语。that为特指,相当于“the+名词”,代替前面提到的同一名称的事物但非同一物,如:Your answer to the question is better than that of hers. (代替可数名词the answer) The weather of this week is worse than that of last week. (代替不可数名词the weather) that的复数形式为those,those=the ones=the+名词复数,如:In my opinion, the finest wines are those from France.(我认为,最好的酒来自法国。)
(3)it不用于比较结构,它所指的就是前面提到的同一物,如:The perfo I like it very much.(it指前面提到的the performance)
28.[考点] 短语动词辨析
[分析] work out意为“计算,算出;处理,解决;计划,思考”,如:work out the answer/a problem/a new way(计算出答案/解决问题/制定出新方案)。put out意为“熄灭,扑灭;生产,制造;出版,公布”,如:put out a candle/new cars/ a weekly newsletter(熄灭蜡烛/生产新汽车/发行时事周刊)。make out意为“辨认清楚;理解,明白;开具,填写(表格或文件)”,如:make out the handwriting/what she wants/a prescription(辨认笔迹/明白她想说的/开一张处方)。set out意为“安排,摆放;(有条理地)陈述、阐明”,如:set out some chairs/the reasons for his resignation(摆放椅子/说明辞职的理由)。根据句意,应选[A]项,work out the investment plan表示“制定投资计划”。
[句意] 银行经理问他的助手能否在一周内制订出投资计划。
[补充] 短语动词
(1)动词加away,back,out,ahead,forward,aside构成的短语动词总是“动副型”。“及物动词+副词”相当于一个及物动词,可用于被动语态,也可以有宾语,如果宾语是人称代词(包括it)或反身代词,其结构是“动词+代词+副词”,如:pick it up;如果宾语是名词或不定代词,则宾语可以放在副词之前或之后,如:lay down her burden或lay her burden down。“不及物动词+副词”相当于一个不及物动词,不能用于被动语态,也不能接宾语,如:The war broke out.
(2)含out的动副型短语还有:①carry out“执行”,如:carry out a new project(实行一项新计划)②find out“查明”,如:find out the truth(查明真相)③hand out“分发”,如:hand out leaflets(散发传单)④ point out“指出”,如:He was always very keen to point out my mistakes.(他总是非常认真地指出我的错误。)⑤ rule out“排除”,如:The mayor said that she would not rule out a business tax increase.(市长说她不排除商业税增涨的可能性。)⑥ drop out“退出”,如:Ten runners started, but three soon dropped out.(十个选手开始跑,但很快有三个退出了。)⑨ look out“当心,向外看”,如:Look out! There’s a car coming.(当心,来车了。)⑩ run out“耗尽”,如:The money has ran out and they have to abandon the project.(钱花光了,他们只好放弃这个项目。)
29.[考点] 固定结构
[分析] [A]even more意为“甚至更”,其中even是程度副词,more多与than连用构成比较级,如:Astronomers say the planetoid is even more mysterious than they first thought.(天文学家们说,这颗小行星比他们最初想象的甚至更神秘。)[C]no less意为“不少于,不亚于,同样……”,多与than构成比较级,如:Technology is no less important than market.(技术和市场同样重要。)[B]和[D]都意为“更不用说”,still less用于否定句之后,对另一件事做更强有力的否定,如:He didn’t even have enough money to buy a used car, still less a new one.(他连买旧车的钱都不够,更不用说买新车了。)still more用于肯定句之后,对另一件事做更强有力的肯定,如:He is kind to me, still more to my elder brother.(他对我很和善,更不用说对我哥哥了。)本题中的little“很少,几乎没有”暗示了句子的否定意味,因此应选择[B]still less。
[句意] 他对数学知之甚少,更不用说化学了。
[补充] “更不用说”的其他英语表达:
(1)let alone,如:Fewer and fewer of today’s workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field, let alone the same company.(今天, 越来越少的人愿意在同一领域工作一辈子,更不用说在同一家公司了。)
(2)not to speak of (后接名词),如:His friends and colleagues will be very upset, not to speak of his parents. (他的朋友和同事都会为此事难过,更不用说他的父母了。)
(3)not to mention或without mentioning (后接名词),如:We were served French champagne, not to mention usual cocktail.(他们连法国香槟酒也端来给我们喝,更不用说平常的鸡尾酒了。)
(4)to say nothing of (后接名词或动名词),如:This sentence is very awkward, to say nothing of its being obscure.(这个句子别扭得很,更不用说它语义晦涩了。)
(5)much/even less (后接代词p动词或句子),如:I never think of it, much less say it.(我想都未想到它,更不用说讲到它了。)
30.[考点] there be的非谓语形式
[分析] 动词expect后接不定式作宾语时,意为“预料,预期(某事会发生)”,如:You can’t expect to learn a foreign language in a few months.(不要指望在几个月内就能学会一门外语。)House prices are expected to rise sharply.(预计房价会急剧上涨。)因此,本句中expected的的宾语应是there be的非谓语形式there to be,[D]项正确。
[句意] 学生们预计在期末考试前会有更多的复习课。
[补充] there be的非谓语形式
there be的非谓语形式有两种:there being(分词或动名词)和there to be(不定式)。它们可以在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。
(1)只能接there to be结构作宾语的及物动词:expect, like, mean, intend, want, prefer, hate等。如:We don’t want there to be any comrades lagging behind.(我们不希望有任何同志掉队。)They hate there to be long queues everywhere.(他们不愿意处处都要排长队。)there being也可以作动词或介词的宾语,如:She relies on there being another opportunity.(她指望还有一次机会。)
(2) 作状语多用there being结构,但若置于介词for之后,应使用for + there to be结构。如:There being nobody else at hand, I had to do it by myself.(由于附近没有人,我只得一个人干了。)(原因状语) It’s too early for there to be anybody up.(太早了,还不会有人起床。)(作程度状语)
(3) 作主语时两种结构都可以,但如果用for引导则要用there to be。如:There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers.(幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。)It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young.(老人与年轻人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。)(4) 作定语。there be 结构作定语时,定语从句中谓语为there be, there之前的关系代词常常省略。如:This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing.(这是到南京最快的一班车。)I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.(我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。)
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