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出门在外也不愁From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from )
"St John's wort" redirects here. For other uses, see .
Hypericum perforatum, known as Perforate St John's-wort, Common Saint John's wort and St John's wort,
of the genus
activity and potent anti-inflammatory properties as an
inhibitor. In common speech, the term "St John's wort" may be used to refer to any species of the genus . Therefore, Hypericum perforatum is sometimes called "Common St John's wort" or "Perforate St John's wort" in order to differentiate it.
Studies have supported the use of St John's wort as a treatment for
in humans. A 2008
of 29 clinical trials concluded that it was superior to
in patients with , as effective as standard antidepressants and had fewer side-effects. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) of the , it "may help some types of depression, though the evidence is not definitive," can limit the efficacy of prescription medicines, and
can occur as a rare side effect. The NCCIH notes that combining St John's wort with certain prescription antidepressants can lead to a "potentially life-threatening increase of serotonin," a brain chemical targeted by antidepressants. In horses, sheep and cattle, the plant can be toxic when ingested in large quanitities.
Hypericum perforatum is indigenous to Europe but has spread worldwide as an , including to temperate and subtropical regions of Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, the Middle East, India, Canada, the United States and China.
Translucent dots on the leaves
Hypericum perforatum is a yellow-flowering,
indigenous to . It has been introduced to many temperate areas of the world and grows wild in many meadows. The herb's common name comes from its traditional flowering and harvesting on 's day, 24 June. The
name Hypericum is derived from the
words hyper (above) and eikon (picture), in reference to the plant's traditional use in warding off evil by hanging plants over a religious icon in the house during St John's day. The
name perforatum refers to the presence of small oil glands in the leaves that look like windows, which can be seen when they are held against the light.
St John's wort is a
with extensive, creeping . Its stems are erect, branched in the upper section, and can grow to 1 m high. It has opposing, stalkless, narrow, oblong leaves that are 12 mm long or slightly larger. The leaves are yellow-green in color, with transparent dots throughout the tissue and occasionally with a few black dots on the lower surface. Leaves exhibit obvious translucent dots when held up to the light, giving them a 'perforated' appearance, hence the plant's
Its flowers measure up to 2.5 cm across, have five petals, and are colored bright yellow with conspicuous black dots. The flowers appear in broad
at the ends of the upper branches, between late spring and early to mid summer. The
are pointed, with glandular dots in the tissue. There are many , which are united at the base into three bundles. The pollen grains are ellipsoidal.
When flower buds (not the flowers themselves) or seed pods are crushed, a reddish/purple liquid is produced.
Full plant
St John's wort reproduces both vegetatively and sexually. It thrives in areas with either a winter- or summer-domin however, distribution is restricted by temperatures too low for seed germination or seedling survival. Altitudes greater than 1500 m, rainfall less than 500 mm, and a daily mean January (in Southern hemisphere) temperature greater than 24 degrees C are considered limiting thresholds. Depending on environmental and climatic conditions, and rosette age, St John's wort will alter growth form and habit to promote survival. Summer rains are particularly effective in allowing the plant to grow vegetatively, following defoliation by insects or grazing.
The seeds can persist for decades in the , germinating following disturbance.
Although Hypericum perforatum is grown commercially in some regions of south east Europe, it is listed as a
in more than twenty countries and has introduced populations in South and North America, , , , and South Africa. In pastures, St John's wort acts as both a toxic and invasive weed. It replaces
vegetation to the dominating extent of making productive land nonviable[] or becoming an
in natural
and . Ingestion by livestock can cause photosensitization, central nervous system depression, spontaneous abortion, and can lead to death. Effective herbicides for control of Hypericum include , picloram, and . In western
three beetles ,
have been introduced as
In large doses, St John's wort is
to grazing
(cattle, sheep, goats, horses). Behavioural signs of poisoning are general restlessness and skin irritation. Restlessness is often indicated by pawing of the ground, , head rubbing, and occasional hindlimb weakness with knuckling over, panting, confusion, and depression. Mania and hyperactivity may also result, including running in circles until exhausted. Observations of thick wort infestations by Australian graziers include the appearance of circular patches giving hillsides a 'crop circle' appearance, it is presumed, from this phenomenon. Animals typically seek shade and have reduced appetite. Hypersensitivity to water has been noted, and convulsions may occur following a knock to the head. Although general aversion to water is noted, some may seek water for relief.
Severe skin irritation is physically apparent, with reddening of non-pigmented and unprotected areas. This subsequently leads to itch and rubbing, followed by further inflammation, , and scab formation. Lesions and inflammation that occur are said to resemble the conditions seen in . Sheep have been observed to have face swelling, dermatitis, and wool falling off due to rubbing. Lactating animals may cease or have red pregnant animals may . Lesions on
are often apparent. Horses may show signs of ,
(with a comatose state), dilated pupils, and injected .
Increased respiration and heart rate is typically observed while one of the early signs of St John's wort poisoning is an abnormal increase in body temperature. Affected animals will lose weight, or young animals are more affected than old animals. In severe cases death may occur, as a direct result of starvation, or because of secondary disease or
of lesions. Some affected animals may accidentally drown. Poor performance of suckling lambs (pigmented and non-pigmented) has been noted, suggesting a reduction in the milk production, or the transmission of a toxin in the milk.
Most clinical signs in animals are caused by . Plants may induce either primary or secondary photosensitisation:
primary photosensitisation directly from chemicals contained in ingested plants
secondary photosensitisation from plant-associated damage to the liver.
Araya and Ford (1981) explored changes in liver function and concluded there was no evidence of Hypericum-related effect on the excretory capacity of the liver, or any interference was minimal and temporary. However, evidence of liver damage in blood plasma has been found at high and long rates of dosage.
Photosensitisation causes skin inflammation by a mechanism involving a pigment or photodynamic compound, which when activated by a certain wavelength of light leads to
reactions . This leads to lesions of tissue, particularly noticeable on and around parts of skin exposed to light. Lightly covered or poorly
areas are most conspicuous. Removal of affected animals from sunlight results in reduced symptoms of poisoning.
St John's wort is widely known as a herbal treatment for . In some countries, such as , it is commonly prescribed for mild to moderate depression, especially in children and adolescents. Specifically, Germany has a governmental organization called
which regularly performs rigorous studies on herbal medicine. It is proposed that the mechanism of action of St. John's wort is due to the inhibition of reuptake of certain neurotransmitters. The best studied chemical components of the plant are hypericin and pseudohypericin.
An analysis of twenty-nine clinical trials with more than five thousand patients was conducted by the . The review concluded that extracts of St John's wort were superior to placebo in patients with . St John's wort had similar efficacy to standard antidepressants. The rate of side-effects was half that of newer
antidepressants and one-fifth that of older . A report from the
The available evidence suggests that the Hypericum extracts tested in the included trials a) are superior to placebo in patients w b) are similarly effective as stan and c) have fewer side-effects than standard antidepressants.
According to the
of the US National Institutes of health, St John's wort "may help some types of depression, similar to treatment with standard prescription antidepressants, but the evidence is not definitive." They said that it is not a proven therapy for depression, has many drug-drug interactions that can reduce the effectiveness of prescription medications, and that psychosis can occur as a rare side effect. Combining it with certain prescription antidepressants can lead to a "potentially life-threatening increase of ." The FDA has also said that St John's wort can reduce the effectiveness of other medications.
St John's wort is being studied for effectiveness in the treatment of certain . Results from the initial studies are mixed an some research has found no effectiveness, other research has found a slight lightening of symptoms. Further study is needed and is being performed.
A major constituent chemical, , may be useful for treatment of , although dosage, safety and efficacy have not been studied. Hyperforin has also displayed antibacterial properties against , although dosage, safety and efficacy has not been studied.
has also employed lipophilic extracts from St John's wort as a topical remedy for wounds, abrasions, burns, and . The positive effects that have been observed are generally attributed to hyperforin due to its possible antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. For this reason hyperforin may be useful in the treatment of infected wounds and inflammatory skin diseases. In response to hyperforin's incorporation into a new bath oil, a study to assess potential skin irritation was conducted which found good skin tolerance of St John's wort.
of St John's wort found no
difference between it and placebo in the management of
symptoms over eight weeks. However, the St John's wort extract used in the study, originally confirmed to contain 0.3% hypericin, was allowed to degrade to levels of 0.13% hypericin and 0.14% hyperforin. Given that the level of hyperforin was not ascertained at the beginning of the study, and levels of both hyperforin and hypericin were well below that used in other studies, little can be determined based on this study alone. Hypericin and pseudohypericin have shown both antiviral and antibacterial activities. It is believed that these molecules bind non-specifically to viral and cellular membranes and can result in photo-oxidation of the pathogens to kill them.
A research team from the
(UCM) published a study entitled "Hypericum perforatum. Possible option against Parkinson's disease", which suggests that St John's wort has
active ingredients that could help reduce the neuronal degeneration caused by the disease.
Recent evidence suggests that daily treatment with St John's wort may improve the most common physical and behavioural symptoms associated with .
St John's wort was found to be less effective than , in a randomized, double-blind, , for the treatment of .
St John's wort alleviated age-related long-term memory impairment in rats.
St John's wort is generally well tolerated, with an adverse effect profile similar to . The most common adverse effects reported are gastrointestinal symptoms, dizziness, confusion, tiredness and sedation. It also decreases the levels of , such as , by speeding up its metabolism, and should not be taken by women on
as it upregulates the CYP3A4 cytochrome of the
system in the .
St John's wort may rarely cause . This can lead to visual sensitivity to light and to sunburns in situations that would not normally cause them. Related to this, recent studies concluded that the extract reacts with light, both visible and ultraviolet, to produce , molecules that can damage the cells of the body. These can react with vital proteins in the eye that, if damaged,
out, causing . Another study found that in low concentrations, St. John's wort inhibits free radical production in both cell-free and human vascular tissue, revealing antioxidant properties of the compound. The same study found pro-oxidant activity at the highest concentration tested.
St John's wort is associated with aggravating
in people who have .
Consumption of St. John's wort is discouraged for those with . There is concern that people with bipolar depression taking St. John's wort may be at a higher risk for mania.
While St. John's wort shows some promise in treating children, it is advised that it be only done with medical supervision.
The interactions that St. John's Wort has with other medications is also well studied and has yielded significant results of drug interactions with medications such as Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, warfarin, and birthcontrol. Combining both SJW and SSRI depressants can lead to increased serotonin levels causing a potentially fatal serotonin syndrome. SJW will reduce the effects of warfarin and lead to thrombosis. Combining estrogen containing oral contraceptives with SJW can lead to decreased efficacy of the contraceptive and eventually unplanned pregnancies. These are just a few of the drug interactions that SJW possesses. It is also known to decrease the efficacy of HIV medications, Cholesterol medications, as well as transplant medications. It should be noted, however, that traditional SSRI antidepressants such as
carry similar contraindications, due to the inhibition of liver enzymes in the same way as St. John's Wort.
St John's wort has been shown to cause multiple drug interactions through
(females only). This drug-metabolizing enzyme induction results in the increased metabolism of certain drugs, leading to decreased plasma concentration and potential clinical effect. The principal constituents thought to be responsible are
St John's wort has also been shown to cause drug interactions through the
efflux transporter. Increased
expression results in decreased absorption and increased clearance of certain drugs, leading to lower plasma concentration and potential clinical efficacy.
Examples of drugs whose effectiveness may be reduced by St. John's wort
(cholesterol-reducing medications)
, , , , , , , ,
Reference: Rossi, 2005;
For a complete list, see
In combination with other drugs that may elevate
(serotonin) levels in the
(CNS), St John's wort may contribute to , a potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction.
Drugs that may contribute to serotonin syndrome with St John's wort
(meperidine),
Psychedelic drugs
, , , , , ,
Reference:
, pseudohypericin, and
may be quantitated in plasma as confirmation of usage and to estimate the dosage. These three active substituents have plasma elimination half-lives within a range of 15–60 hours in humans. None of the three has been detected in urine specimens.
The plant contains the following:
(e.g. , , , , , , , biapigenin, , , , , )
(e.g. , , , , , )
(e.g. , pseudohypericin, protohypericin, protopseudohypericin)
(unspecified, proanthocyanidins reported)
(e.g. 2-methyloctane, , 2-methyldecane, , , , , , , , , )
(3-methylbutanoic acid), , , )
& their analogues (e.g. , , , )
Miscellaneous others (e.g. , , , , kielcorin, norathyriol)
The naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin along with the phloroglucinol derivative hyperforin are thought to be among the numerous active constituents. It also contains essential oils composed mainly of .
Pseudohypericin
Norathyriol
St. John's wort (SJW), similarly to other herbs, contains a whole host of different chemical constituents that may be pertinent to its therapeutic effects.
constituents of SJW, are
and, consequently, they induce noncompetitive
(specifically, , , and ), , and
when they activate this receptor. It inhibits reuptake of these
by increasing
sodium ion concentrations. Moreover, SJW is known to
postsynaptic
receptors, both of which are a type of . Other compounds may also play a role in SJW's antidepressant effects such compounds include: ,
(), , and pseudohypericin.
In humans, the active ingredient
which also acts as an inhibitor of , ,
and an inducer of .
are typically used to treat asthma, since the enzyme's product, , mediate some of the effects of asthma. Hyperforin is also a powerful
compound with , , and
properties. Hyperforin also has an antagonistic effect on , a type of glutamate receptor. According to one study,
content correlates with therapeutic effect in mild to moderate depression. Moreover, a hyperforin-free extract of St John's wort (Remotiv) may still have significant antidepressive effects. The limited existing literature on adhyperforin suggests that, like hyperforin, it is a reuptake inhibitor of monoamines, GABA, and glutamate.
Less common names and synonyms include Tipton's weed, rosin rose, goatweed, chase-devil, or Klamath weed.
. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from
(XLS) on .
Mehta, Sweety (). . .
. Hyperforin. Human Metabolome Database. 3.6. University of Alberta. 30 June . Hyperforin is found in alcoholic beverages. Hyperforin is a constituent of Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort) Hyperforin is a phytochemical produced by some of the members of the plant genus Hypericum, notably Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort). The structure of hyperforin was elucidated by a research group from the Shemyakin Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry (USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow) and published in 1975. Hyperforin is a prenylated phloroglucinol derivative. Total synthesis of hyperforin has not yet been accomplished, despite attempts by several research groups. Hyperforin has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antibiotic and anti-depressant functions ( ,
1. Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase ...Specific function: Catalyzes the first step in leukotriene biosynthesis, and thereby plays a role in inflammatory processes ...
2. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 ... General function: Involved in peroxidase activity
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