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Latest Blog Post
A look at implementing the Arduino blink.ino sketch as an explicit state machine. To further explore state machines, an alarm clock state diagram is drawn and implemented.
I&m a big fan of state machines.
Almost every Arduino sketch usually ends up with at least one intentional state machine and a bunch of non-intentional state machines as well.
Here, I&ll introduce the concept of state machines, and apply a state machine to a microcontroller&s &Hello world!& blink routine.
After that I&ll explore some more complicated state machines, such as an alarm clock.
What is a state machine
A &state& is the condition of a thing at a specific time.
Something that can accomplish tasks and that utilizes states at its core is a state machine.
They are also known as Finite State Machines (FSM), meaning that we know all possible states of the thing.
The key to the state machine is the concept of time and history.
The state of the machine is evaluated periodically.
Each time it is evaluated, a new state is chosen (which could be the same state again), and the output is presented.
Our newly released servo trigger
is a good example of a state machine, and was developed with a similar technique.
It&s a switch case statement under the hood, but with accurate timing added in.
A generic state machine:
A diagram of a generic state machine.
The memory element contains the current state known as the state variable.
When the state machine is serviced, the state variable is updated with the value of the next state.
Here, the next state is a function of both the current state and some input.
The cloud of logic is some system that decides what the next state is to be, or the next state logic.
A simple state machine:
The counter
A classic example of a state machine is a counter.
For example, a &for loop& or a 74x4040 logic IC both work as a state machine.
Each time the machine is poked, either by the clock line or looping behavior, the state of the memory changes to a new state equaling the old state plus one.
The finite set of states it can have is the numbers it can count.
A basic counter expressed as a state machine
Parts of the counter state machine:
The current state is the value that has been counted.
The output is the current state.
The next state logic is whatever the current state is plus 1.
There are no inputs.
In a more advanced diagram, an enable line or reset counter function would be drawn as an input.
The state machine advances at whatever rate it is serviced.
Moore and Mealy state machines.
Digital logic professors love to ask test questions about Moore vs. Mealy and so I have to talk about them.
I don&t think the distinction makes too much sense while writing state machines in C; it&s more of a &how to make logic hardware& distinction.
For us, the lesson from Moore and Mealy is that people existed who thought about this stuff and invented ways of notating it.
While they targeted logic hardware, we&ll target c software.
Moore State Machine
Edward Moore wrote a paper in 1956 (Gedanken-experiments on Sequential Machines) and thus the style of machine is named after him.
He says the output is dependent only on the state, and the next state is dependent on the current state (or output), and the input.
Our previous diagram
You can see that no matter what the input state is, the output only depends of the current state contained within the memory element.
Mealy State Machine
Another guy, George Mealy, wrote a paper one year earlier than Moore, entitled A Method for Synthesizing Sequential Circuits, in which he goes into great depths about creating state machines from mathematical functions, and describes those state machine&s outputs in terms of their inputs.
To diagram the Mealy machine, the output is made to depend on both the current state and the input.
Here, the cloud of next-state logic contains the output logic as well:
One way of drawing a Mealy machine
It could also be drawn by seperating the cloud into next-state logic and output logic:
Another way of drawing a Mealy machine
Abstract State Diagrams
So far, we&ve seen that a state machine has some memory that stores the current state, that it must have come from some state, and that it will go to the next state.
Our current diagram doesn&t show how it moves through states though.
The goal should be to draw a map of the movement between states so we can write code that emulates our design.
This is called a state diagram.
This is how I diagram the states of a state machine, using ideas from Moore and Mealy.
An abstract state diagram
Parts of the diagram:
The circle is the state
The colloquial name of the state is given in the top half of the circle
The output of the state is given in the bottom half of the circle.
Sometimes this is explicit, like &X=1,& and the state behaves like a Moore, though sometimes it could be &OUTPUT = INPUT& where during that state, make the output equal whatever the input was.
In this sense, the machine is very Mealy.
I lump the two together for writing C state machines because it doesn&t really matter to the C construction of the machine.
The arrow is the state transition path.
The Xs, above the line, are the conditions for that state transition to occur.
If the conditions are met, that will be the transition path.
The Ys, below the line, are things that happen during the transition.
This concept deviates from the strictly digital logic world of Moore and Mealy and stems from the consecutive execution nature of C.
While running a program, it&s easy for me to check for the transition conditions and do some one-time action while changing the states, so I put the actions under the conditions.
Always keep in mind that these are abstract representations of code and are a tool for creating higher levels of operation.
Put as much detail as you need into the diagramming.
Consider a basic state that can move to a new state.
Simple state with incomplete set of state transitions
What happens if the exit condition is not met?
I&ve cheated with my diagram and haven&t defined all possible actions of the state.
Often I won&t quite know the full solution of my program until after the diagrams are made, and I embellish them as I go.
With this diagram, I assume that if the conditions are not met, the state will go back to itself.
Fully specified state
Here, all possible state transitions are defined.
State diagram of the counter
Check out the behavior of the counter as drawn with a state diagram.
State diagram of a simple counter
Here, all possible states are represented with a single circle.
The action of the state is to add one.
To determine the next state, it&s easy to see that we only have one option, which is to go back to the state we were in.
The blink.ino Sketch
blink_fsm.ino
Let&s get out of the theoretic world by re-writing the familiar blink.ino sketch with the behavior and syntax of a state machine, using a switch-case.
The example is to light the LED for 1 second, turn it off for 1 second, and repeat.
Here there are two states, LED_ON and LED_OFF.
A basic LED toggler
In each state, the LED value is shown under the line.
The arrows are each labeled TRUE because no matter what, we&ll move to the next state.
This state machine doesn&t have any inputs.
Every second, we&ll evaluate the state machine.
If the state is 1, the output is 1 and move to the state 0.
Here&s the C implementation:
Full source file (github):
To make the state machine in C, create a variable that holds the current value of the state, define words for each numeric value that the state can be, and write a switch-case to evaluate the next state.
Defining the states:
//Define the states of the machine
#define LED_OFF 0
#define LED_ON 1
Creating the (global) state variable:
uint8_t fsm_state = LED_OFF;
So far, the state can be one of two options, so the smalles size data type is selected.
The state machine is built in the loop():
void loop(){
//state machine
switch (fsm_state)
case LED_OFF:
//Statements to execute every time LED_OFF is reached
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
fsm_state = LED_ON;
case LED_ON:
//Statements to execute every time LED_ON is reached
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
fsm_state = LED_OFF;
delay(1000);
// wait for a second
Every time the loop is executed, the state machine is evaluated.
The state variable (fsm_state) is global, so it retains the state.
You may notice that every second we wait 1 second and evaluate the state machine.
The extra code associated with the processing of the state machine will cause the cycle time to be greater than a second!
It will run a little slow.
This could be interrupt driven for better accuracy.
blink_fsm_ms.ino
I don&t want to have to wait for a whole second.
I could be accomplishing other things during that time!
I would rather process the state machine at some faster interval, like 1 ms, and stay in a single state 1000 times in order to delay.
A basic toggler that is clocked faster than the toggle speed.
With this design, I won&t leave the state unless the msCounts reaches 1000.
The loop is delayed for 1ms instead of 1000ms.
When the condition is true for a state transition to occur, the LED state is written and the counter is reset.
Full source file (github):
As before, the same states and state variable is used.
The state machine is expanded to provide functionality if and only if the state transition is to occur.
switch (fsm_state)
case LED_OFF:
//Statements to execute every time LED_OFF is reached
//Statements to execute when it's time to move to the next state
if(msCounts &= 1000)
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
//Process the next state's function
fsm_state = LED_ON;
msCounts = 0;
case LED_ON:
//Statements to execute every time LED_ON is reached
//Statements to execute when it's time to move to the next state
if(msCounts &= 1000)
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
//Process the next state's function
fsm_state = LED_OFF;
msCounts = 0;
Now, each state only moves if the state transition logic is true, using an &if& statement.
Here&s where it&s obvious how easy it is to add 1-time tasks to the action of transitioning states.
They&re just added to the &if& statement, and will be executed only when the state moves.
The state machine works but I&m not terribly happy about how it came out.
Notice that the LED state is set LOW during the LED_ON state and HIGH during the LED_OFF state.
It&s easy to run one-time code leaving a state, but not during the entrance of the state.
It&s counter-intuitive to me and I think it can be made clearer by adding two more states, each that only wait.
blink_fsm_final
A toggler that uses an additional state to wait for the counter.
Here, the states LED_ON and LED_OFF write to the LED, clear the counter, and move on.
Timing and accuracy side note:
The counter has been modified to 999 to account for the extra state, but it doesn&t help much.
We&re getting farther off the faster we run the clock.
This is because the time it takes to evaluate the state machine is starting to approach the total time to execute loop() INCLUDING the delay(1); statement.
Full source file (github):
First, the extra two states are added to the list of #defines.
//Define the states of the machine
#define LED_OFF 0
#define LED_ON_WAIT 1
#define LED_ON 2
#define LED_OFF_WAIT 3
The state variable is the same so we&ll move on to the actual state machine implementation.
//state machine
switch (fsm_state)
case LED_OFF:
//Statements to execute every time LED_OFF is reached
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
fsm_state = LED_ON_WAIT;
case LED_ON_WAIT:
//Statements to execute every time LED_OFF_WAIT is reached
if(msCounts &= 1000)
fsm_state = LED_ON;
msCounts = 0;
case LED_ON:
//Statements to execute every time LED_ON is reached
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
fsm_state = LED_OFF_WAIT;
case LED_OFF_WAIT:
//Statements to execute every time LED_ON_WAIT is reached
if(msCounts &= 1000)
fsm_state = LED_OFF;
msCounts = 0;
We see that the extra states have become extra cases in the switch statement.
States that always move on simply assign the next state to the state variable.
The delay states check the counts before assigning a new state, thus retaining the state they were in.
More timing side notes:
Run the msCounts incrementer with a 1 ms timer Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) instead.
Meanwhile, loop the FSM as fast as possible.
This will correct timing.
Keep in mind that if the code execution time between ISR calls (the state machine processing time) is longer than the ISR call interval, the program will most likely lock up.
&Yeah, so what?
The LED was blinking to begin with!&
Please consider an alarm clock&s alarming functions.
What would its behavioral model look like?
The alarm clock has several states it can exist in and has a couple of inputs that can be used to control it.
Pleasantly keeping time
Vengeful alarm execution
Eagerly awaiting the end of the snooze cycle so it can wake you up again
Arm switch
Snooze button
There are a few more, like time set and alarm set inputs, but this example is limited to just the alarm operations.
Described as a state machine:
The alarm functions of the alarm clock.
Try mentally walking through the operation of the state machine.
I see that I can&t get from &idle& to &ringing& if the alarm clock is not armed.
Also I can&t get back to &idle& by pressing the snooze button, I have to disarm the alarm.
This meets my internal definition of how an alarm clock acts, so I proceed.
There isn&t a way of actually tracking time yet, even if just for the experiment.
Rather than keeping track of days, hours, etc. I want to only keep track of seconds.
So I&ll need to count seconds.
Well, the LED toggling state machine does that already!
I&ll just change it to keep track and add the whole darn state machine in.
Re-using the blink state machine to count seconds.
As a benefit, I can block the blinking of the LED unless the alarm is going off, and use that as the debug output.
Here&s the full source file (github):
Hardware connections:
Connect a normally open button between pin 7 and ground of an Arduino.
This will serve as &SNOOZE.&
Connect a SPST switch between pin 9 and ground.
This will serve as &ARM.&
The code is very similar to the previous examples, but has two state machines built up in it.
First, the timer state machine states and variables:
//Timer FSM numbers
uint16_t msCounts = 0;
uint16_t sCounts = 0;
#define LED_OFF 0
#define LED_ON_WAIT 1
#define LED_ON 2
#define LED_OFF_WAIT 3
uint8_t timer_fsm_state = LED_OFF;
Next, the alarm state machine states and variables.
The alarm time is set to 15 seconds from reboot (actually about 20 with error), and the snooze cycle is set for 5 seconds.
//Alarm FSM numbers
#define ALARM_SECONDS 15
#define SNOOZE_SECONDS 5
uint8_t alarmActive = 0;
uint16_t nextAlarmTime = 65535;
#define ALARM_IDLE 0
#define ALARM_RINGING 1
#define ALARM_SNOOZING 2
uint8_t alarm_fsm_state = ALARM_IDLE;
Loop() evaluates both state machines each time it runs.
//timer state machine
switch (timer_fsm_state)
case LED_OFF:
//Statements to execute every time LED_OFF is reached
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
timer_fsm_state = LED_ON_WAIT;
case LED_ON_WAIT:
//Statements to execute every time LED_OFF_WAIT is reached
if(msCounts &= 1000)
timer_fsm_state = LED_ON;
msCounts = 0;
case LED_ON:
//Statements to execute every time LED_ON is reached
if(alarmActive == 1)
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
timer_fsm_state = LED_OFF_WAIT;
case LED_OFF_WAIT:
//Statements to execute every time LED_ON_WAIT is reached
if(msCounts &= 1000)
timer_fsm_state = LED_OFF;
msCounts = 0;
if( sCounts & 0xFFFF )
sCounts++;
uint8_t buttonValue = digitalRead(7);
uint8_t switchValue = digitalRead(9);
//alarm state machine
switch (alarm_fsm_state)
case ALARM_IDLE:
if((sCounts &= nextAlarmTime)&&(switchValue == 0))
//Goto next state
alarm_fsm_state = ALARM_RINGING;
alarmActive = 1;
case ALARM_RINGING:
if(buttonValue == 0)
nextAlarmTime = sCounts + SNOOZE_SECONDS;
alarm_fsm_state = ALARM_SNOOZING;
alarmActive = 0;
if(digitalRead(9) == 1)//If switch went off, goto idle instead
alarm_fsm_state = ALARM_IDLE;
// this overwrites the snooze button option
alarmActive = 0;
case ALARM_SNOOZING:
if(sCounts &= nextAlarmTime)
//Goto next state
alarm_fsm_state = ALARM_RINGING;
alarmActive = 1;
if(switchValue == 0)
//Goto alarm idle
alarm_fsm_state = ALARM_IDLE;
To operate, close the &ARM& switch and load the program.
Conclusion
In my experience, any coder who can diagram a program before writing it will succeed at the program.
I&ve written one too many programs that ended up as a wad of nested &if& statements because I didn&t plan ahead.
Inevitably, I needed to add one little thing that horribly broke the program and I was forced to re-evaluate my life choices.
Using tools like state machine diagrams, flowcharts, class diagrams and unit tests have allowed me to write more complex yet maintainable code (while staying relatively sane).
The state machine is just another idea to have in the toolbox and I hope that it will help you in the future!
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April 15, 2015
We want to update our customers on where we stand with the on-going Arduino saga.
April 14, 2015
Rob Walker, author from Fast Company, did a great feature on the past, present and future of SparkFun Electronics.
April 13, 2015
Time to get ready for the next episode of SparkFun Live.
April 10, 2015
It's been a really slow week for new products so let's take a look at a few revs and a few older parts from the catalog.
April 9, 2015
Exploring a simple von Neumann architecture computer
April 8, 2015
Get ready - it's time for a quick contest!
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高三英语完形填空
【全国通用】高三英语专题02：完形填空1　　完形填空这一题型重点考查考生对语境意义的理解以及常用的一些固定搭配。考查实词（包括名词、动词、形容词等）较多，因此，突破这一题型的方法重在精讲精练，让考生积累一些固定搭配以及一些常用的实词的用法。完形填空精讲精练(20篇上)　　　　阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1～20各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。（一）A Strange Greeting, a True Feeling Last week I was invited to a doctor's meeting at the Ruth hospital for incurables. In one of the wards a patient, an old man, got up shakily from his bed and moved towards me. I could see that he hadn't long to
, but he came up to me and placed his right foot close mine on the floor."Frank！" I cried in astonishment. He couldn't
, as I knew, but all the time
his foot against mine.My
raced back more than thirty years to the
days of 1941, when I was a student in London. The
was an air-raid shelter, in which I and about hundred other people slept every night. Two of the regulars were Mrs. West and her son Frank.7
wartime problems, we shelter-dwellers got to
each other very well. Frank West
me because he wasn't
, not even at birth. His mother told me he was 37 then, but he had
of a mind than a baby has. His "
" consisted of rough sounds--sounds of pleasure or anger and
more. Mrs. West, then about 75, was a strong, capable woman, as she had to be, of course, because Frank
on her entirely. He needed all the
of a baby.One night a policeman came and told Mrs. West that her house had been flattened by a 500-pounder. She
nearly everything she owned.When that sort of thing happened, the rest of us helped the
ones. So before we
that morning, I stood beside Frank and
my right foot against his. They were about the same size. That night, then, I took a pair of shoes to the shelter for frank. But as soon as he saw me he came running and placed his right foot against mine. After that, his
to me was always the same.1．A．work
B．stay C．live
D．expect2．A．answer
B．speak C．smile
D．laugh3．A．covering
B．moving C．fighting
D．pressing4．A．minds
B．memories C．thoughts D．brains5．A．better
B．dark C．younger
D．old6．A．cave
B．place C．sight
D．scene7．A．Discussing
B．Solving C．Sharing
D．Suffering8．A．learn from
B．talk to C．help
D．know9．A．needed
B．recognized C．interested
D．encouraged10．A．normal
B．common C．unusual
D．quick11．A．more
B．worse C．fewer
D．less12．A．word
B．speech C．sentence
D．language13．A．not
B．no C．something
D．nothing14．A．fed
B．kept C．lived
D．depended15．A．attention
B．control C．treatment
D．management16．A．lost
B．needed C．destroyed
D．left17．A．troublesome
B．unlucky C．angry
D．unpopular18．A．separated
B．went C．reunited
D．returned19．A．pushed
B．tried C．showed
D．measured20．A．nodding
B．greeting C．meeting
D．acting参考答案及解析1-5
6-10 DCDCA
11-15 DBBDA
16-20 ABADB1．C
上文的"incurables"表明这位老人是不治之症患者，存活的时间不会太长。2．A
我叫他名字, 他不会回答。3．D
由下文暗示可知，37岁的Frank不如一个婴儿的智力。他不能用语言回答别人的问话，但内心有一定的反应，因此一见到我便将右脚靠着我的右脚以示问候。http:///4．B
Frank的这一举动使我的记忆一下子回到了30年前。5． B
下文交待30年前作者的生活，二战期间他只能住在防空洞中，生活很苦，只能用"dark"来形容当年的岁月。6．D
作者回忆30年前的生活，头脑中出现了防空洞的情景。7．C ；8．D
在战争问题上由于拥有共同的话题，我们这些防空洞居住者逐渐了解了对方。9．C ；10． A
一个37岁的人智力却不正常，这一现象逐渐吸引了我的注意。11．D
尽管Frank已经37岁，但智力还不如一个婴儿。12．B；13．B
他的讲话仅体现了内心的快乐和愤怒，没有更多实在的内容。14．D；15．A
West夫人不得不强壮而又有能力，因为Frank完全依靠于她，他需要婴儿似的全部照料。16． A
她几乎失去了一切。17． B
West夫人遭受这么大的损失，大家尽力帮助这不幸的一家人。18． A
19． D ；20． B
那天早上临走前，我站在Frank身边，将我的右脚靠着Frank 的右脚以便量出他脚的大小，目的是为他买一双鞋子。Frank将我的这一动作看成是问候的表现，从此他就用这一动作来问候我，这就有了本文开头的那种情景。[双向细目表] 词法 重点词汇：share, attend（二）　　A newly trained teacher named Mary went to teach at a Navajo Indian reservation. Every day, she would ask five of the young Navajo students to __1__ the chalkboard and complete a simple math problem from
homework.They would stand there, silently,
to complete the task. Mary couldn't figure it out.
she had studied in her educational curriculum helped, and she
hadn't seen anything like it in her student-teaching days back in Phoenix.What am I doing wrong? Could I have chosen five students who can't do the
? Mary would wonder. No,
couldn't be that. Finally she
the students what was wrong. And in their answers, she learned a
lesson from her young
pupils about self-image and a(n)
of self-worth.It seemed that the students
each other's individuality and knew that
of them were capable of doing the problems.
at their early age, they understood the senselessness of the win-lose approach in the classroom. They believed no one would
if any students were shown up or embarrassed at the
to compete with each other in public.Once she understood, Mary changed the system
she could check each child's math problem individually, but not at any child's expense
his classmates. They all wanted to learn,
not at someone else's expense.1． A．go to B．come to C．get close to D．bring2． A．his B．their C．his own D．her3． A．happy B．willingly C．readily D．unwilling4． A．Anything B．Nothing C．Everything D．Neither5． A．almost B．certainly C．hardly
D．never6． A．question B．chalkboard C．problem D．homework7． A．they B．it C．everything D．each8． A．asked B．questioned C．told D．understood9． A．outstanding B．surprising C．annoying D．frightening10．A．sunburned B．tender C．Indian D．naughty11．A．sense B．image C．way D．aspect12．A．had B．ignored C．respected D．cared13．A．none
B．no one C．each D．not all14．A．Especially B．Even though C．Even so D．Even15．A．lose B．win C．achieve D．answer16．A．time B．situation C．chalkboard D．condition17．A．refused B．rejected C．tried D．promised18．A．if B．so that C．unless D．in case19．A．in favour of
B．of C．by means of D．in front of20．A．and B．but C．so D．or参考答案及解析1-5 ABDBB
6-10 CBABC
11-15 ACDDB
16-20 CABDB1．A　每天让五个Navajo Indian（纳瓦霍印第安）学生上黑板做简单的数学题2．B　根据上文中的five of the young Navajo students，这里用their。3．D　学生不愿意在黑板上做。4．B；5．B　为什么学生不愿在黑板上做？Ｍary弄不明白了。她在教育课程中学到的东西也不能帮助她弄清这个问题，且她在Phoenix教学生的那些日子当然不会遇到这样的事情。6．C　Ｍary开始反思：是不是我选了五个不会做这道题的学生？7．B　情况不是那样。这里用it，代指上文提到的事情。8．A　根据下文的"answers"，这里应该用asked。9．B；10．C；11．A　Ｍary从纳瓦霍印第安小学生了解到他们的自我形象意识和自尊感，这令她感到惊讶。12．他们尊重彼此的个性。表示"尊重"用"respected"。13．他们知道并不是所有的学生都能做出那些数学题。"并不是所有的"表示部分否定，用"not all"。14．D
even 在这里表示强调。15．B； 16．Ａ　他们认为如果任何人在黑板前被揭露出不会做或者感到尴尬，他们都会成为失败者。17．他们拒绝在公共场所彼此竞争。这里要用"refuse"，reject　含有"拒绝接受"之意。18．so　that　"以便"。19．in front of his classmates 在同学面前。20．but　表示转折。[双向细目表] 词法 重点词汇: 不定代词nothing，连词so　that，动词refuse，respect．(三)　　During a recent holiday I visited Dusseldorf, a city in the former West Germany. The nine-day trip left a deep impression
me. I arrived at Dussedorf airport at 7 pm. It was already
outside. The first thing I needed to do was to find a place to
3 . I decided to telephone the youth hotel. But to use the phone I needed some
, I asked a lady for help. To my
she gave me three coins to use. But all the phones in the
needed phone cards. And phone cards could only be bought at post offices during the
I would not be able to call the hotel. An old gentleman helped me. He couldn't speak English
understand that I needed to
a phone call. He showed me where the phone was and inserted
phone carD．I called the youth hotel and found a place to stay that night.　　The
of the German people made me feel that I was not
my first day in Germany wasn't as
as I expecteD．Whenever I went, I asked people for
. It surprised me that
every young German could speak English fluently. Older Germans couldn't speak English very well, but they would try to help me
they coulD．One middle-aged man I asked for directions even
me to the place I was looking for.　　My
in Germany totally changed my impression of Germans. Now I think the people couldn't be more 20
.1． A．on
D．about2． A．late
D．early3． A．visit
D．keep4． A．cards
B．information
D．coins5． A．joy
B．disappointment
C．emotion
D．surprise6． A．hotel
B．airport
D．pavement7． A．night B．daytime
D．rush-hour8． A．afraid
D．eager9． A．or
D．so10．A．make
B．have C．do
D．answer11．A．another B．a
D．his12．A．use
B．success
D．kindness13．A．really
B．nearly out of
C．far from
D．close to14．A．interesting
D．busy15．A．direction
B．distance
D．serve16．A．almost
D．already17．A．whenever
B．whatever
C．wherever
D．however18．A．drove B．reached
D．came19．A．experience
B．victory
C．visit D．memory20．A．friendly B．unfriendly
C．cold-hearted
D．valuable参考答案及解析1． A to leave a deep impression on sb 意为给某人留下了深刻的印象。2． B 前面提到 at 7pm 。那么肯定是再说天黑了。3． C 根据语境是想找个旅馆住下来。4． D 打电话当然是需要硬币。5． D 没想到这位女士会给他三个硬币，这使他很吃惊。6． B 刚下飞机当然是在飞机场。7． B 因为现在是晚上，当然是指在白天可以在邮局买到。8． A 根据语境恐怕不能给旅馆打电话了。9． B 虽然不会说英语但明白我需要打电话。10．A make a phone call 打电话之意。11．D 根据上下文，插进了他的电话卡。12．D 从上文可知当然是这个德国人的好意。13．C 承接上文感觉不是远离家乡 .far from 远离。14．C 语意是不像想象的那么坏。15．A 指问方向。16．A 几乎每个德国青年都能说流利的英语。17．A 指无论什么时候都能帮我。18．A 甚至开车把我送到我要找的地方。19．A 指此次去德国的经历。20．A 指德国人非常友好。[双向细目表] 重点词汇: leave a deep impression on sb.; make a phone call(四)　　My father often works very harD．And he has
to see a film. Here I'll tell you
about him.　　One afternoon, when he finished his work and
go home, he found a film ticket under the
on his desk. He thought he
to have not much work to do that day and
was quite wonderful to pass the
at the cinemA．So he came back home and
finished his supper. Then he said
to us and left.　　But to our
, he came back about half an hour later, I
him what was the matter. He smiled and told us about
funny thing that had happened at the cinema.　　When my father was sitting in his seat, a
came to my father's and said that the seat was
. Ｍy father was surpriseD．He took out the ticket
looked at it carefully. It was Row17,
. And then he looked at the seat. It was the same. So he asked her
her ticket. She took out the ticket at once and the seat shown in it was Row 17, Seat 3.　　
? What's the matter with all this? While they were wondering suddenly the woman said, "The
of the tickets are different." So they looked at the ticket more carefully. After a while, my father said, "Oh,
, I made a mistake. My ticket is for the film a month ago. Take this seat, please." With these words, he left the cinema.1． A．little money
B．much money C．little time
D．much time2． A．a funny story
B．a good story C．an old story
D．a strange story3． A．was to
B．was about to C．had to
D．ought4． A．box
B．book C．glass
D．paper5． A．happened
B．liked C．pretended D．wanted6． A．it B．this C．that D．which7． A．morning
B．afternoon C．day D．evening8． A．early
B．quietly C．quickly D．suddenly9． A．hello
B．good-bye C．good evening
D．good night10．A．disappointment
B．joy C．sorrow D．surprise11．A．asked
B．explained C．told D．wanted12．A．a
B．one C．some
D．the13．A．man
B．woman C．doctor
D．nurse14．A．hers
B．his C．taken
D．wrong15．A．and
B．but C．or
D．so16．A．Seat1
B．Seat2 C．Seat3
D．Seat417．A．it bring
B．to get C．to see
D．to show18．A．Why
B．How C．When
D．where19．A．designs
B．colors C．prices D．owners20．A．I'm sad B．I'm sorry C．I'm wrong
D．I'm worried参考答案及解析　1-5 CABCA
6-10 ADCBD
11-15 ADBAA
16-20 CDABB　1． C 根据前一句，此句应为"他很少去看电影"故选C。2． A 通读全文，可看出这是一件可笑的事情，故选A。3． B 下午下班，正要打算回家，故选B。在此A有较大的干扰性，be to表示将来时，表示按计划安排要做的事。4． C
电影票放在箱子、书、和纸的下面，很难发现，故选C。5． A
平时工作很忙，那天碰巧有时间，故选A。6． A
分析此句的结构可以看出，to pass the night at the cinema应为主语，故it 作形式主语，选 A。7． D
下午下班后接下来的时间应是晚上，故选D。8． C
下午下班回到家再吃饭，时间显然不充裕，故选C。9． B
从家里出去看电影，向家人告别，故选B。10． D
电影不可能这么快就结束，故我们吃惊。选D。11． A
因为吃惊，我问他是怎么回事，选A。12． D
Thing有后置定语，且特指某一件事，故选D。13． B
从后句"so he asked her..."得知选B。14． A
C和D项有较大干扰性，taken 意为"占领"， wrong意为"错的"，在此，这位妇女向my father 说这座位是她的。15． A
and 连接两个先后的动作，故选A。16． C
从"It was the same"与 "...Row17, Seat3"判断，选C。17． D
因为my father确信他没有错，故他让那位妇女拿出票让他看一看是否她错了，故选D。18． A
出现两张同是Row17, Seat3的票，my father纳闷，故选A。19． B
两张票座号相同，只是颜色不同，故选B。在此A有较大干扰性，电影院是以票的颜色的不同来方便检查日期的。20． B
因为my father 出了错，故向那位妇女道歉，选B。[双向细目表] 重点词汇: 并列连词 be about to(五)　　I remember vividly the call that changed my life. It was Tuesday, February 18．When the
rang in the kitchen of my Los Angeles, the
was Marty Banderas,
a literary agent to whom I had sent a draft( 草稿 )of my novel three weeks earlier. "I have a couple of
." Banderas saiD．"First, how old are you?" "I'm 48," I replieD．"Are you in good
?" "Yes, excellent. What's this about? " "I've sold your novels
one and a half million dollars." I sat down in
. I had written fourteen novels in twenty years, but each one had been
by the publishers. I suppose many people would have been
, but not me. Each time, I just
writing another one. My husband advised me to find something else to do, but I refused to
up. Seeing this book
was the best thing that has ever happened to me. It's a mystery story (like all the others) and it was on the best-seller
two weeks after publication! I got my first lesson in story
from my grandmother. She used to read my stories. She was the one who gave me a
of words. She sparked (激发) my
and she has been a
influence on me. I always had stories running through my
and as soon as I could write, I
them down on paper. I married young and I have three children, but I never stopped writing.
novels between doing the diapers(婴儿的尿布) and dishes. I'm writing another novel now. Yes, my
has changed my life.1． A．phone
D．alarm2． A．line
C．outside
D．doorway3． A．novels
C．questions
D．problems4． A．wealth B．health
C．condition D．order5． A．to
D．in6． A．need B．joy
C．settlements
D．shock7． A．rejected
B．received
C．decided D．lost8． A．worried
B．encouraged
C．discouraged
D．excited9． A．couldn't help
B．got down to
C．got used to
D．went on10．A．hold
D．set11．A．sold
B．published
C．printed
D．passed12．A．books
B．shops C．record
D．list13．A．writing
B．organizing
C．telling
D．reading14．A．use
C．meaning
D．respect15．A．hope
B．efforts C．novels
D．imagination16．A．lasting
C．careful
D．general17．A．head
D．work18．A．took
D．added19．A．writing
B．reading
C．developing
D．translating20．A．friend
C．success
D．work参考答案及解析1．A　前面提到了"记得一个电话"。call是电话之意，当然下文仍然指当电话响的时候我正在家的厨房里，当然选phone。2．A　line 仍然指电话的意思。3．C　从下句可知有几个问题要问。4．B　be in good health .身体状况良好。5．B　for 我把你的小说卖了一百五十万块钱。6．D　意为：听了这一好消息很是震惊。7．A　指以前写的小说一直都被出版社拒绝。8．C　句意是说：很多人都会泄气。9．B　get down to doing 开始着手做某事。承接上文意思，这句说：每次被出版社拒绝后，我不灰心，开始着手写另一本。10．C　固定短语give up。 本句意思是"丈夫建议我做点别的事情，但我不放弃。"11．B　see sth. done，当然就是看到这本书被出版了。12．D　指这本书列入了畅销品之内。13．C　意为讲述故事。14．B　love "是grandmother给我讲故事让我喜欢上写小说。"15．D　由于那些故事激发了我的想象力。16．A　那些故事对我有持久的影响。17．A　大脑中老是有故事。18．B　put down 意为write down。19．C　develop novels 展开故事。20．C　指我写小说这件事的成功改变了我的一生。(六)　　On Wednesday afternoon Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market. For an hour or so she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here and there, and
a sharp lookout for the bargains that were something to be haD．And then, with all the
she needs bought she would leave the market for the
of the town to spend another hour
she liked best, looking in furniture-shop windows.　　One Wednesday she found a
shop full of the most delightful things, with a
inviting anyone to walk in and look round without
they had to buy something. Annie hesitated a moment
stepping through the doorway where, almost at once, she stopped
before a green armchair. There was a card on the chair which
,"This fine chair is yours for less than a pound a week," and very small at the bottom, "Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty." A pound a week ...Why, she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never
it!　　A voice at her shoulder made her
."Can I help you, Madam?" She looked
at the assistant who had come softly to her
14　　"Oh, well, no," she said, "I was just
."　　"We have chairs of all kinds in the
. If you'll just come up, you will find something to
you."　　Annie, worried at the thought of being
to buy something she didn't
, left the shop
.1． A．taking B．making C．fixing D．keeping2． A．chairs　 B．furniture　 C．things D．bargains3． A．shops　 B．streets
C．delightful things
D．bus station4． A．in the way　 B．by the way　　 C．in a way D．in one way5． A．new　　 B．noisy C．large D．strange6． A．message　 B．notice C．note D．flag7． A．arguing　 B．declaring C．frightening D．feeling8． A．when　　 B．before C．after D．while9． A．doubted　　 B．surprised　 C．puzzled D．delighted10．A．wrote　　 B．told C．informed D．said11．A．lose B．miss C．pass D．make12．A．jump　　 B．run C．laugh D．surprise13．A．round　　 B．straight C．behind D．up14．A．place B．back C．side D．front15．A．thinking　　 B．looking C．walking D．passing16．A．doorway　 B．storehouse　 C．showroom　　 D．market17．A．suit B．fit C．serve D．match18．A．advised　　 B．made C．persuaded　　 D．cheated19．A．like B．afford C．pay D．need20．A．slowly　　 B．thoughtfully　 C．hurriedly D．carefully参考答案及解析1-5 DCBAA
6-10 BDBDD
11-15 BAADB
16-20 CACDC1．D　keep a sharp lookout for是固定短语，意思为："当心，注视"。2．C　根据语义，"买完了她所需要的东西"。3．B　根据下句"looking in furniture-shop windows"可知，她是在逛街。4．A　有定语从句she liked best 修饰，应该用特指 in the way的形式，意思为："用她最喜欢的方法"。5．A　 选项 B．noisy和C．large有干扰性，但从该句的信息词found可知，应该选A：new。6．B　 根据文义，在商店门口贴着的应该是广告牌、告示等。7．D　 根据句义"告示邀请人进来看看，不用觉得必须买东西"。8．B　 句义应该是: "她走进去之前，犹豫了片刻"。9．D　根据下文中There was a card on the chair which said ，"This fine chair is yours for less than a pound a week，"可知，她应该是惊喜的停下来。10．D　上面写着什么，应用say或read。11．B　根据文中 A pound a week...一句可得出答案：miss。12．A　make somebody surprised.。B、C两项不合题意，A．jump"(因喜悦、吃惊、紧张等)跃起，跳动，剧跳"。13．A　根据前句A voice at her shoulder made her...可知，应该选round，look round 掉头看，环顾。14．D　 售货员已走到她面前。15．B　 根据语境可知。16．C　根据实际情况，顾客应该去展厅看货物，而不是去储藏室。17．A　fit是指衣服的大小、尺寸合身。suit是指衣服的颜色、款式适合某人，还可以有更广泛的意思，时间等适合某人，什么东西使某人中意。18．C
A项advised，劝告、建议，对方不一定去干，而persuaded.说服某人干什么，强调结果对方被说服了，此处正是她担心被说服买不需要的东西。19．D 由18可知答案:need。20．C由上文中worried at...可知，应是匆匆离开商店。[双向细目表] 重点词汇: in the way that...; keep a lookout for, suit（七）　　Peter Fern was crazy about mountains. Climbing was the
of his life. Church towers，seaside cliffs, rock faces, ice mountains，anything "If it is there" , he used to say, "then I want to climb it."　　So the news of his marriage gave me a
. I'd never known him to take much interest in
. Well，Peter Fern a married man! I couldn't
whether his wife would try to stop some of his risky
.　　She was French perhaps--from that place
he usually spent his holidays. Chamonix，wasn't it? From Chamonix he'd climbed Mount Blanc on his seventeenth birthday, and another one the day after! That was it, then: She was French，from a mountaineering family. No
. No other explanation.　　A month later I met them
in town. Anna surprised me-because she was English. She was a dancer in the
10．　　"I have
climbed more than sixty steps in my life," she told me. "Peter has his
, and I've got mine. No
". "None at all，"Peter said, smiling. "Where did you spend your
?" I askeD．Somewhere far
theatres and mountains，was it? "We had a week's holiday," Anna said, "I flew to New York to see Dirke Dancers on Broadway. A wonderful
!" Peter said, "I didn't want to
the good weather. So I went to Switzerland and climbed the north
of the Eiger with Allen Dunlop. Great
, the Eiger. Grand place for a honeymoon! I'll show you the
we took one day."1． A．purpose B．love
C．answer D．even2． A．joy B．thought C．lesson D．shock3． A．mountains B．churches C．faces D．girls4． A．accept B．understand
C．bear D．tell5． A．believed
B．knew C．wondered D．realized6． A．jobs
B．words C．adventures D．deeds7． A．where B．when C．which D．how8． A．one B．reason C．sign D．doubt9． A．all
B．two C．both D．double10．A．family　 B．mountain C．theatre D．holiday11．A．ever B．even C．never D．almost12．A．interests B．life C．room D．car13．A．wonder
B．way C．time D．problems14．A．days B．honeymoon C．childhood D．rest of life15．A．away B．as C．by D．from16．A．show B．sight C．scene D．game17．A．miss B．escape C．break D．forget18．A．position B．face C．point D．line19．A．programme B．progress C．fun D．invention20．A．photographs B．roles C．sports D．pains参考答案及解析1-5 BDDBC
6-10 CADCC
11-15 CADBD
16-20 AABCA1．B　本句意思是peter 热衷于爬山，爬山是他的爱好，喜好．love=hobby 故排除A、C、D。　　2．D　上文说到他好冒险好爬山，当作者听说他要结婚这事时使他感到非常吃惊。shock 时非常吃惊，震惊之意。　　3．D　作者的意思是"从没想到对冒险感兴趣的人，对女孩会感兴趣，而且是爱艺术的跳舞的演员。"4．B　根据上下文的语境，应是理解understand。但学生易选A.accept 意为接受。但本句所表达的意思是"我不能理解Peter 要结婚之事"。Peter 结婚与作者无任何关系。无所谓接受不接受。　　5．C　此句是作者很想知道是不是他的妻子要设法阻止他的冒险生涯。　　6．C　从上句可知．　　7．A　本句是指猜想他妻子是法国人，他常常在法国度假。这里的where 引导定语从句指地点。　　8．D　固定结构，意思为 "毫无疑问"。　　9．C　them both ，both 为代词作宾补。　　10．C　前面是dancer ，只能选theatre，指在影剧院。　　11．C　因为妻子是跳舞的，因此她说，从没有爬过六十多个台阶。　　12．A　语意应是有他自己的兴趣。　　13．D　根据语意，此句是在说尽管两人的爱好不同，但也没有令他们俩困惑的事。　　14．B　作者在问他们俩在哪里度的蜜月。　　15．D　far from 意为远离。　　16．A　show 意为表演。　　17．A　peter 不想错过好天气．尽管是在度蜜月，但是两个人都各自做着各自爱好的事。　　18．B　指Peter去了瑞士爬Eiger 这座山的北面。　　19．C　Great fun 指爬山这件事非常有乐趣。　　20．A　show sB．sth.意为向某人展示某物.这里肯定是照片。这里肯定是在向作者展示他们的照片。[双向细目表] 重点词汇: show sB．sth.; far from(八)The world always makes way for the dreamer.　　When I was twelve years old, my father took me to see Zig Zigler. I remember sitting in that dark hall listening to Mr. Zigler
everyone's spirits up to the ceiling, I
there feeling like I could do anything. When we got to the car, I turned to my father and said, "Dad, I want to
people feel like that." My father asked me
I meant. "I want to be a motivational （激励人的）speaker just like Mr. Zigler,"
I replieD．A
was born.　　Recently, I began seeking my dream of motivating others.
a four-year relationship with Fortune 100 Company
as a sales-trainer and ending as a regional sales manager, I left the company at the height of my
. Many people were
that I would leave after earning a six-figure income. And they asked
I would risk everything for a dream.　　I made my
to start my own company and leave my secure（无忧虑的）position after12
a regional sales meeting. The vice-president of our company delivered a
that changed my life. He asked us, "If a god would offer you three wishes, what would they be?" After giving us a
to write down the three wishes, he then asked us, "Why do you need a
?" I would never forget the power I felt at that moment. I realized that
I had accomplished in the past had prepared me for this moment. I was ready and didn't need a god's help to become a motivational speaker. A motivational speaker was
.　　Having made that decision, I was immediately
. One week after I gave notice, my husband was laid off from his job, and now we had no
. But I held fast to my dream. The wonder really began to happen. In a short time my husband found a better joB．And I was able to book several
engagements with new customers. I discovered the incredible power of dreams.1．A．rise B．blow C．put D．raise2．A．left B．came C．arrived D．slipped3．A．get B．hope C．make D．cheer4．A．that B．what C．which D．if5．A．dream B．idea C．girl D．speaker6．A．After B．Before C．Because D．While7．A．beginning B．working C．acting D．regarding8．A．life B．love C．income D．career9．A．disappointed B．moved C．surprised D．delighted10．A．when B．why C．if D．how11．A．plan B．promise C．decision D．mind12．A．attending B．joining C．entering D．holding13．A．newspaper B．book C．report D．speech14．A．day B．second C．week D．moment15．A．help B．job C．god D．company16．A．everything B．anything C．nothing D．something17．A．alive B．dead C．missing D．born18．A．examined B．searched C．checked D．tested19．A．help B．harm C．income D．money20．A．selling B．speaking C．writing D．listening参考答案及解析1-5 DACBA
6-10 AADCB
11-15 CADDC
16-20 ADDCB1．D
raise 及物动词，"提高，提升"的意思。2．A
我听了Zig Zigler的报告，受到激励，离开的时候"感觉"我什么都能做。3．C
make people feel like that "使人们感觉到自己有能力做任何事情"。4．B
what 引导宾语从句。5．A
一个梦想诞生了。这里是说：我想做一个像 Zig Zigler 一样的人，通过报告会去激励人们。6．A
连词after。意思是：工作四年后。7．A
根据下文的ending 一词，我们判断这里用beginning。意思是：在这个公司由一个销售培训师做到了区域销售经理。8．D
在我事业最高峰的时候，我离开了这家公司。9．C
很多人对我的离开感到惊奇，10．B
他们问我为什么要为理想冒失去一切的风险。11．C
在参加了一个区域销售会议后，我决定开办自己的公司。12．A
attend a meeting 参加会议。13．D
deliver a speech 发表演说。14．D
给我们一会儿时间去写下三个愿望。15．C
根据上下文，这里填god。意思是：为什么要神来帮助我们实现愿望了？也就是说：为什么我们不能靠自己的努力去实现愿望呢？16．A
那个时刻我感觉到力量，我在过去所完成的一切已为我辞职去开办自己的公司，实现自己的梦想做好了准备。17．D
一个motivational speaker诞生了。18．D
我很快受到了"考验"。19．C
没有了"收入"。20．B
一个motivational speaker的工作就是speaking。[双向细目表] 词法 重点词汇: attend a meeting.(九)　　Since my family were not going to be helpful about my taking a cooking job, I decided I
look for one all by myself and
them about it till I'd get one. I had seen an agency advertised
a local paper, so
there was no one about to say " Where are you going? ", I rushed out of the house
it. I was widely
and was nervous as if I
on the stage. Finding the place quite easily, I tore up three flights of stairs, and swung breathlessly
a door which said " Enter without knocking, if you
. "　　　　The simple atmosphere of the office
me, and I sat carefully down on the edge of a chair. The woman at the desk
looked at me for a while through her
, and I was about to move my feet
I realized that she was questioning me in a low voice. I answered softly and I started to feel
helpless.　　She made
to me in a way that she wondered
I was looking for this sort of joB．I felt even more helpless when she told me that it
difficult to get a job without
or reference. Then I heard her say, "
, I've got someone in the office at
moment who might suit. "1．A．would
D．liked2．A．told B．not tell
C．not told D．not to tell3．A．on
D．in4．A．as soon as
D．as5．A．search for
B．in search of
C．finding
D．looked for6．A．excited
B．worried
C．exciting
D．worrying7．A．was going
B．were coming
C．was coming
D．were going8．A．through
D．to9．A．pleased
B．pleasant
D．pleasure10.A．calmed
B．excited
C．moved D．frightened11.A．opposite
B．against
D．face12.A．glass
B．glasses
D．eye13.A．while
D．when14.A．rather B．fairly
D．little15.A．it
D．it known16.A．how
C．whether
D．where17.A．were
B．should be
C．would be
D．was18.A．experience
B．experiment
D．money19. A．In a fact
B．As a matter of factC．As to fact
D．As a matter20.A．a very
B．very a C．very the
D．this very参考答案及解析1-5 ABDAB
6-10 ADACA
11-15 ABDAD
16-20 BCABD1．A 根据上句 were not going to be 可判断下句为过去将来时。故选 would 。2．B and 连接两个并列谓语，把助动词提前，故根据语意应是 not tell 。3．D 在报纸上应为 in 。4．A 时间状语从句，意思是没有一个人来得及问我，我就冲出去了。5．B 介词短语 in search of 在这里作目的状语。6．A 根据上下文的语义语境，本句是作者描写当时自己的心情，又兴奋又紧张。7．D as if 后面接的虚拟语气。而动作将要发生，所以应是 were going 相当于 would go8．A 这里所要表达的意思是"穿过门"。 through 有穿门而过之意。9．C 此句所要表达的意思是 : "如果你愿意......" 因此是条件状语从句，而条件状语从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时 ． 故选 C 。10．A 本句意思是：办公室的简朴的气候使我镇静下来。 calm 此处是动词意为使我平 静下来 ． 故排除了 B ， C ， D 三个答案。11．A 工作面试，当然是面对面坐着。 opposite 对面之意。12．B 本句意思是：透过眼镜看...... ．13．D 从语境及本句所要表达的意思可知 ． 且... was about to do ... when ...是一固定结构。 意思是 : 刚要干......这时......14．A 前句回答问题有气无力，作者从内心感到自己相当无助。 rather 修饰贬义形容词强调程度。15．D 固定结构 make sth. known 意为把某事向某人公布。16．B 从上下句语境中可知，人家在问"为什么我想得到这种工作。"17．C 间接引语，得到这项工作将是很困难的。18．A 意思是说 : 没有经验很难得到这项工作。19．B as a matter of fact 相当于 in fact 。20．D At this very moment ，就在此时。[双向细目表] 重点词汇: very (adj.)（十）　　An eight-year-old child heard her parents talking about her little brother. All she knew was that he was very sick and they had no money left. When she heard her daddy say to her
mother with whispered desperation（绝望）, "
a miracle（奇迹） can save him now", the little girl went to her bedroom and took out her piggy bank. She
all the change out on the floor and counted it carefully. Then she
her way six blocks to the local drugstore（药店）.　　"And what do you want?" asked the chemist.　　"It's
my little brother,"
the girl answered back. "He's really, really sick and I want to buy a
. His name is Andrew and he has something
growing inside his head and my daddy says only a miracle can save him."　　"We don't
miracles here, chilD．I'm sorry," the chemist said, smiling
at the little girl.In the shop was a
customer. He stooped (弯腰) down and asked the little girl, "What kind of miracle does your brother
?"　　"I don't know," she replieD．"He's really sick and mommy says he needs
. But my daddy can't pay for it, so I have brought my
."　　"How much do you have?" asked the man.　　"One dollar and eleven cents,
I can try and get some more,"
she answered quietly.　　"Well, what a coincidence（巧合）,"
smiled the man.
"A dollar and eleven cents - the
price of a miracle for little brothers.
me to where you live. I want to see your brother and
your parents."　　That well dressed man was Dr Carlton Armstrong, a surgeon（外科医生）. The operation was completed without
and it wasn't long before Andrew was
again and doing well.　　The little girl was happy. She knew exactly how much the miracle cost ... one dollar and eleven cents ... plus the
of a little child.1． A．tearful B．hopeful C．helpless D．kind2． A．Simply B．Just C．Only D．More than3． A．drew B．pulled C．put D．poured4． A．followed B．made C．took D．found5． A．to B．as C．for D．on6． A．hope B．doctor C．favor D．miracle7． A．bad B．small C．extra D．impossible8． A．have B．offer C．sell D．store9． A．gently B．sadly C．strangely D．coldly10．A．well dressed B．kind hearted C．well behaved D．good looking11．A．have B．need C．care D．like12．A．a doctor B．a surgeon C．an operation D．a kindness13．A．savings B．wishes C．ideas D．suggestions14．A．since B．as C．after D．but15．A．same B．exact C．proper D．necessary16．A．Show B．Help C．Take D．Follow17．A．help B．encourage C．persuade D．meet18．A．difficulty B．delay C．charge D．result19．A．happy B．well C．strong D．home20． A．cleverness B．faith C．courage D．devotion参考答案及解析1．A
看到儿子病重，家里又花光了钱，因此母亲伤心，选 "眼含泪水的" 符合逻辑。2．C 下文有提示，只有出现奇迹才能救孩子的命。此处是 "只有"，而不是 "仅仅"，故不选A或B。3．D
从储蓄罐里把零花钱 "倾倒" 出来符合语境。4．B
make one's way to... "向......走去"。5．C
此处表示目的或对象，故用介词for。6．D
前后文都有提示，小孩用自己的零花钱去买 "奇迹"，符合小孩的性格特点。7．A
弟弟病重，因此是头里长了 "坏的"东西。Extra "额外的"，不符合小孩的语言特点和认知水平。8．C
药店里是 "卖" 药，而不是卖 "奇迹"。9．B
药剂师已经了解了小女孩弟弟的情况，但不能帮助小女孩，因此 "伤心地" 微笑。10．A
下文有提示，这儿刚刚出现这位 "穿着体面的" 顾客，不能马上断定他是 "好心的"，故不选B。11．B
这位顾客不明白小女孩的弟弟需要什么样的奇迹，故有此问。12．C
前面出现了小女孩的弟弟头中长了 "坏" 东西的信息，后面有提示，因此小女孩知道需要 "手术" 才能救弟弟的命。A项 "医生" 太笼统，B项 "外科医生"，概念太专业，超出了小女孩的认知水平。13．A
从后面这位顾客问小女孩有多少钱，可得出答案，小女孩告诉对方把自己所有的 "积蓄" 都带来了。14．D
前后应该是转折关系。15．B
此处这位顾客了解了小女孩的用意，故幽默地说：1美元11分钱 "正好" 是买一个奇迹的钱，说明这位顾客决定帮助小女孩的弟弟。16．C
这位顾客要到小女孩 "带"他去她家里去。17．D
这位顾客要去"见见"小女孩的父母，以便进一步了解情况。18．C
说明Dr Carlton Armstrong富有爱心，无偿地为小女孩的弟弟做了手术，因此是没有收费。其他选项不合题意。19．D
小女孩的弟弟不久就回了家痊愈了，注意此选项与后面doing well的并列关系，其他三个选项与doing well在意义上重复。20. B
用1美元11分钱买来奇迹，反映了小女孩的 "信念"，其他的不合题意。[双向细目表] 重点词汇: make one's way to...; pour.