Climax是什么意思？
Climax是什么意思？
名词 n. [C]1. 顶点,最高点&2. 高潮&3. (修辞学中的)层进法及物动词 vt. 1. 使达到顶点(或高潮)不及物动词 vi. 1. 达到顶点(或高潮)希望采纳
其他回答 (7)
climax：['klaimaeks]
n. 高潮,极点,层进法
climaxn.高潮, 顶点
高潮；顶点；层进法；极点
高潮，顶点。比如说某个表演里的高潮。
climaxKK: []DJ: []n.[C]1. 顶点,最高点His election to the presidency was the climax of his career.他当选为总统是他职业生涯的顶峰。2. 高潮The story reached a climax in chapter ten.故事在第十章到达高潮。3. (修辞学中的)层进法vt.1. 使达到顶点(或高潮)The evening was climaxed by his memorable speech.他令人难以忘怀的演讲把那个晚会推向了高潮。vi.1. 达到顶点(或高潮)The play climaxed in the third act.那出戏在第三幕达到高潮
climax& ['klaimaeks]n.顶点, 极点高潮The climax of the book happens in Egypt.该故事的高潮发生在埃及。
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The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular
structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term
&succession& to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and
ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer
community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a
climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change
over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes&in plant numbers and the mix of
species&are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of
time greater than about 500 years.
An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged
in a year&s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will
tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of
an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the
ecosystem.
At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems
stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the
ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting
climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species
diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent
stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme
example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of
bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In
contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate
considerable damage from weather to pests.
The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first
problem is that ecologists do not all agree what &stability& means. Stability
can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community
would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least
over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an
ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a
fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax
communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can
require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.
Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always
associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum
diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax
community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and
the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general,
diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of
ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem
stability&just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general,
more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle
is more likely to break down than a child&s tricycle.
Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the
resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are
being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused
by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United
States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We
need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community&s
resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax
communities comes not from diversity but from the &patchiness& of the
environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds
of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes
extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if
the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the
niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.
Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their
particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use
the term &succession& to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities
and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a
pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is
called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said
to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes&in plant numbers and
the mix of species&are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over
periods of time greater than about 500 years.
1. The word &particular& in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Natural
○Final
○Specific
○Complex
2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax
communities?
○They occur at the end of a succession.
○They last longer than any other type of community.
○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.
○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it
relatively unchanged in a year&s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the
number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say
that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual
organisms that compose the ecosystem.
3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of
ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?
○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the
○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are
○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.
○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem&s
properties
Paragraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made
ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable
the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting
climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species
diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent
stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme
example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of
bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In
contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate
considerable damage from weather of pests.
4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the
following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?
○Pioneer communities
○Climax communities
○Single-crop farmlands
○Successional plant communities
Paragraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however.
The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what &stability& means.
Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax
community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes
the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with
which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance,
such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case,
climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they
can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.
5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability
complicated?
○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.
○Ecologists often confuse the word &stability& with the word
&resilience.&
○The exact meaning of the word &stability& is debated by ecologists.
○There are many different answers to ecological questions.
6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax
communities?
○They are more resilient than pioneer communities.
○They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.
○They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.
○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over
Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is
not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones,
maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax
community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and
the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general,
diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of
ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem
stability&just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general,
more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle
is more likely to break down than a child&s tricycle.)
7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood
○They become less stable as they mature.
○They support many species when they reach climax.
○They are found in temperate zones.
○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.
8. The word &guarantee& in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Increase
○Ensure
○Favor
○Complicate
9. In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that &(A
fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child&s
tricycle)&?
○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using
an everyday example
○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be
applied to help understand stability in other situations
○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability
increases with diversity
○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of
ecosystems
Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors
contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over
the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The
destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the
northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction
caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important
to the community&s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
10. The word &pales& in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Increases proportionally
○Differs
○Loses significance
○Is common
Paragraph 7：Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability
of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the &patchiness& of the
environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds
of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes
extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if
the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the
niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.
11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in
the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in
important ways or leave out essential information.
○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of
diversity rather than patchiness.
○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high
species diversity.
○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not
support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.
○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able
to support a wide variety of organisms.
12.The word &adjacent& in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Foreign
○Stable
○Fluid
○Neighboring
Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors
contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over
the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The
destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the
northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction
caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important
to the community&s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
13.Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence
could be added to the passage.
In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than
damage by natural events and processes.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to
the passage.
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage
is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices
that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not
belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the
passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can
change over time.
Answer choices
○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax
community can be seen in one human generation.
○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable
ecosystem.
○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term
stability.
○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of
ecosystems.
○Disagreements over the meaning of the term &stability& make it difficult
to identify the most stable ecosystems.
○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction
caused by humans.
托福阅读真题参考答案：
1. ○3 2. ○3 3. ○1 4. ○2 5. ○3 6. ○2 7. ○3 8. ○2 9. ○1 10. ○3 11.
○4 12. ○4 13. ○2 14. ○2 3 5
托福阅读真题译文：
生态系统的长期稳定
植物群体可以自由地聚集，他们特殊的结构取决于聚集区域的具体历史。生态学家使用&演替&来诠释植物群落和生态系统随着时间推移所发生的变化。演替中的第一个群落被称作先锋群落，而处于演替最后那个长期生存的群落被称为顶极群落。先锋群落和紧接着的植物群落的变化周期是从1到500年不等，植物数量和混合种类数量的变化是慢慢积累的。顶极群落本身也改变，但其变化周期超过500年。
现代一个研究池塘的生态学会发现池塘在一年当中相对而言是不变的。个别鱼类可能被替换，但一年一年鱼的总数都趋于一致。也就是说，生态系统自身的性质比组成生态系统的单个生物体更为稳定。
生态学家们一度认为物种的多样性使生态系统稳定，生态系统物种越多样则生态系统越稳定。通过观察得出的结论支持了这个观点，长期持久的顶极群落通常要比先锋群落具备更为复杂的食物网和更多的物种。生态学家家们得出的结论是：顶点生态系统的稳定性明显取决于他们的复杂化程度。举个极端的例子，在单一作物的农田中，一年的恶劣天气或单一害虫的入侵就可以摧毁所有作物。与此相反，在一个复杂的顶极群落里，如温带森林，他们便可以抵御来自气候和害虫的入侵。
不管怎样，生态系统稳定性的问题非常复杂。首先，不是所有的生态学家都赞同&稳定&的含义。稳定性可以简单地定义为缺乏变化。如果是这样的话，顶极群落将被视为最稳定的，因为根据定义，他们随着时间推移而变化是最少。另外，稳定性也可以界定为生态系统在经历了严重破坏之后回复原貌的速度，比如火灾。这种稳定性也被称作弹性。在这种情况下，顶极群落将是最脆弱和最不稳定的，因为他们可能需要数百年时间才能恢复到顶点状态。
即使是这种被定义为简单地缺乏变化的稳定性并非总是与最多样的物种联系起来。至少在温带地区，会经常在演替过程中发现最多物种，而不是在顶极群落中。例如，红树林一旦成熟，其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少。总的来说，多样性本身并不能保证稳定性，生态系统的数学模型也可以得出同样的结论。一般来说，一个更复杂的系统可能比一个简单的系统更容易被破坏(一个十五速的赛车比一个孩子的三轮车更容易损坏)。
生态学家们更想弄清楚到底哪些因素有助于促成群落的恢复，因为世界各地的顶极群落都因为人类活动而遭受到严重的损坏或毁坏。就像美国西北部圣海伦火山的猛烈喷发所造成的破坏，在人类活动对环境造成的的破坏面前也相形见绌。我们必须了解对群落抵抗破坏和恢复来说哪些是最重要的。
现在的很多生态学家们认为，顶极群落相对长期的稳定性并非来于自多样性，而是来自环境的&补缀&，随处变化的环境比统一的环境更有利于多种有机体的生存。当地物种灭亡后，马上就会被相邻群落的取代。即便是另一种不同的物种，他们也可以填补那些已灭绝生物的空缺，并保持食物网的完整。
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托福阅读真题原文及参考答案:TPO 3 The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems
时间: 11:14:00 来源:可可英语 编辑:mike
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years. An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem. At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests. The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle. Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact. Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○natural ○final ○specific ○complex 2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities? ○They occur at the end of a succession. ○They last longer than any other type of community. ○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change. ○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time. Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem. 3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond? ○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system. ○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced. ○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next. ○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’s properties. Paragraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests. 4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems? ○Pioneer communities ○Climax communities ○Single-crop farmlands ○Successional plant communities， Paragraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state. 5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated? ○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear. ○Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word “resilience.” ○The exact meaning of the word “stability” is debated by ecologists. ○There are many different answers to ecological questions. 6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities? ○They are more resilient than pioneer communities. ○They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities. ○They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances. ○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time. Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle. 7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests? ○They become less stable as they mature. ○They support many species when they reach climax. ○They are found in temperate zones. ○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages. 8. The word “guarantee” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○increase ○ensure ○favor ○complicate 9. In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle”? ○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example ○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations ○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity ○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. 10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○increases proportionally ○differs ○loses significance ○is common Paragraph 7: Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact. 11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. ○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness. ○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity. ○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments. ○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms. 12.The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○foreign ○stable ○fluid ○neighboring Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. 13.Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. 14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over time. ● ● ● Answer choices ○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation. ○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem. ○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability. ○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems. ○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems. ○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.
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