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2016成人学士学位英语/成人英语三级考试翻译练习
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1.这所房子花了我一大笔钱。（cost）
主要考点：单词cost
一般过去时（对应中文时态虚词&了&）
提示：cost/spend/take三个词的辨析是词汇题部分的核心考点
参考译文：The house cost me a great deal of (a lot of/much/lots of) money.
提示：&了&表示&花&动作发生在过去，因此这个句子谓语部分应使用一般过去时态；cost的过去式和过去分词均与动词原形相同：cost-cost-cost
小结：汉语句子里出现&了&，句子谓语部分通常使用一般过去时态或现在完成时态
2.昨天的大雨使我们没能踢球。(prevent&from&)
主要考点： prevent&from&（阻止&使其不能&）
一般过去时（对应中文时间状语&昨天&）
非谓语（动名词作介词(from)的宾语）
零冠词：表示球类的名词前不带冠词
参考译文：The heavy rain yesterday prevented us from playing football.
3.位于中国的东部。（lie）
主要考点：lie/be located（位于）
一般现在时态（陈述客观存在的事实）
to the east of （在&的东部）（位于&范围之外）
零冠词（国名前不出现冠词）
参考译文：Japan lies/ is located to the east of China.
4.在业余时间里，他专心致志地&学习。(devote&to&)
主要考点：in one's spare time（在某人业余时间）
(devote oneself to&)专心致志地&
一般现在时态（陈述经常性发生的事情）
非谓语（动名词作介词(to)的宾语）
参考译文：He devotes himself to studying in his spare time.
5.你每天花多少时间上网？（spend）
主要考点：spend time doing&（花时间&）
一般现在时态（陈述经常性发生的事情， 对应时间状语&每天&）
surf the Internet (go online)上网
英语特殊般疑问句的构成（疑问副词位于句首，助动词/情态动词/be动词提到主语前面）
参考译文：How much time do you spend surfing the Internet every day?
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电话：010-1求专业人士翻译一下：（英语） 1，据说这种应对英语考试的方法很奏效。这消息极大地振奋了许多学生。_百度知道
求专业人士翻译一下：（英语） 1，据说这种应对英语考试的方法很奏效。这消息极大地振奋了许多学生。
用work out和cheer up2,谢谢你对组织的支持。你的好心捐赠一定会得到残疾人的感激。用be
appreciated3,我永远忘不了那位朋友在我困难的时候，他总帮我摆脱困境。用who和help out
我有更好的答案
1、It is said that this effective method works out in the English examination very well. This news greatly cheers many students up.2、Thank you for your support to the organization. Your kind donation will be appreciated by the disabled.3、When I am in trouble, I will never forget the friend, who always helps me out.
还有一句！谢谢
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我们会通过消息、邮箱等方式尽快将举报结果通知您。英语长句翻译（注：来自网络）
对于每一个英语句子的翻译, 并不只是使用一种翻译方法,
而是多种翻译方法的综合运用, 这在英语长句的翻译中表现得尤为突出。长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁,
因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点, 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出, 所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。在翻译长句时,
首先，不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理，因为，无论是多么复杂的句子，它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构,
找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思, 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式, 正确地译出原文的意思,
不必拘泥于原文的形式。
一、英语长句的分析
一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。
在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:
&O& 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
&O& 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
&O& 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语,
它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
&O& 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
&O& 注意插入语等其他成分。
&O& 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:
例1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an
environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her
capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater
intellectual development.
分析: (1) 该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist
suggest that-clause 结构。
(2) 该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop,
experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句;
who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为 where there
are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为 which develop his or
her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为
在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual
development.
在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法,
就可以把该句翻译成汉语为:
行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么,
儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
例2. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as
well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited
entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement
elsewhere. (85年考题)
分析: (1) 该句的骨干结构为it is more … to do sth than to do sth else.
是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。
(2) 该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper
to … 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home,
并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。
(3) 句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example,
with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to
sit comfortably at home.
综合上述翻译方法，这个句子我们可以翻译为：
譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目,
这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
二、长句的翻译
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时,
要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。
（一）顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如:
例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,
electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating
our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. (84年考题)
分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: A.
既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时; B.电仍在为我们工作; C. 帮我们开动电冰箱; D. 加热水; E.
或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句翻译成:
即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。
例2. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are
limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of
their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all
known sources and reserves of these materials. (84年考题)
分析: 该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that…”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is
even possible to …结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time …是“expectation of
life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: A.
可是现在人们意识到; B. 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的; C. 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”; D.
将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就翻译为:
可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说,
经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
下面我们再列举几个实例:
例3. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were
stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique
individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed
by the male-dominated culture.
在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人;
他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。
例4. This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of
situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as
widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?”
and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one
这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈,
是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”
例5. It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and
it grows as a mature interest in the variety and
complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible
it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man`s life of all
the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of
wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.
我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣; 其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来,
我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣; 对历史的爱好,
最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。 对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡,
所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人，都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。
例6. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and
realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and
developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment
, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the
child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.
如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,
他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。
（二）逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如:
例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because
nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being
combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which
it has a strong affinity.
分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容,
全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A. 铝直到19世纪才被人发现; B. 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C.
由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧结合; E. 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后,
这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:
铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以,
铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
例2. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students
are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much
more detailed information about courses and more advice.
分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “……变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容,
全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: A. ……变的越来越重要; B. 如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会; C.
得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成:
因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,
作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
下面我们再举几个实例:
例3. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to
appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become
increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of
the language have been understood.
一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。
例4. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological
progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that
previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of
对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动,
因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
例5. A great number of graduate students were driven into the
intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor
became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise
of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late
50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人,
正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。
例6. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are
often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming
white collar workers.
许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。
例7. Insects would make it impossible for us
they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if
it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating
假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。
(三)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语化成句子,
分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如:
例1. The number of the young people in the United States who can`t
read is incredible about one in four.
上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成:
没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。
这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为:
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。
例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current
events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and
politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both
instructive and entertaining. (85年考题)
分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句,
这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在翻译时, 可以采用分句法,
按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:
人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
下面我们再举一个例子:
例3. All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays,
films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to
mention（更不用说）political discussions and the latest exciting football
match. (85年考题)
他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧,
以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。
例4. Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started
somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent
patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is
bound（a.一定的） to be a natural part of the universe.
虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式,
但是行星的数目如此之多,以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。
(四)综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,
而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下,
一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合,
主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:
例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the
police had been ordered to stand by（准备行动）in case of
emergency（紧急情况）, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody
分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门; B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况; C:
警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, 而A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序,
我们作如下的安排:
尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。
下面我们再举几个例子:
例2. Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks,
requires revision（修订）at short intervals（间隔）if their authors wish to
keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.
对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话,
那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。
例3. Taking his cue from Ibsen`s A Doll`s House, in which the
heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband`s
treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would
need mone she must have economic rights to
易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示,
从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。
例4. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the
immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity,
business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the
到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊,
而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。
考研英语翻译中一些常用的结构及其翻译
all but：几乎，差不多
as anything：非常地
anything but：根本不
apart from：除了
but for：要不是
by far：远不，……得多
by no means：根本不
by any means：无论如何
due to：由于
except for：除了
far from：远非
in contact with：与……联系
instead of：而不是
on account of：因为
on the basis of：根据
only to：结果是
might/may as well：还是……的好
not so much…as：与其说……不如说
not really：远不
not to mention：更不用说
let alone：更不用说
no more…than…：和……一样都不
no less than：简直是
nothing less than：完全是
cannot…too…：再……也不过分
rather than：而不是
owing to：由于
It is assumed that：人们认为
It is said that：据说
It is learned that：据闻
It is supposed that：据推测
It is considered that：据估计
It is believed that：人们认为
It is reported that：据报道
It is well-known that：众所周知
It is asserted that：有人断言
It is clear/obvious/evident that：很显然
It can’t be denied that：不可否认
It must be admitted that：必须承认
It must be pointed that：必须指出
考研英语长难句
1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number
of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene
copies transmitted. （难度系数5，下同）
译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。
难句类型：倒装、省略
a本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts
an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies
transmited will be favored.但是因为主语That
sex　ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will
be favored之后。
b在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants
that an individuall will have中，　an individuall will
have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the
number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And
hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。
意群训练：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number
of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene
copies　transmitted.
2. （This is）A desire to throw over
reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the
desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist
to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a
flower .(5++)
难句类型：复杂+倒装+省略;
（这是一种）照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说家和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和纹理的那种意义上的欲望。
解释：本句子的难度在一切GRE、GMAT包括LSAT考试中所出现的难句中堪称登峰造极，可以确定地讲，类似此句子的难度的语言，在计算机考试的现场绝无可能出现。如果对此句话不感兴趣，可以把其废掉不读。
A、 这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因，是因为它根本就不是一个句子。句首省略了this is
。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。
B、 desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light
是被倒装到了over reality之后，正常应是throw a light over
reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。
C、 第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that
might never be given
away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to
B，是A让位于B，而A be given way to B，　则是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部
分修饰后面的desire，what引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。What从句中的不定式to recored exactly
and concretely the structure and texture of a
flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是to recored the structure and texture of
a flower exactly and concretely。
就算能够看懂这句话的结构，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代(注：人名老的冲动是一种简单的、说明现实的欲望，新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究一个东西的特点那样的欲望（新冲动），前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。
意群训练：（This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never
was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we
might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and
concretely the structure and texture of a flower .
3. Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control
the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his
unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky
ones. （3）难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词
译文：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。
解释：介词from的宾语有两个并列的部分，由and所连接，在and之后的第二个from前，省略了前面一样的谓语动词derive。本句之所以难，有两个原因，一是derived
from 后面的成分太长，初学者难以一下子看下来；二是作为一篇文科文章，用词抽象，难以迅速理解。
意群训练：Hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to
control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from
his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky
4. Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in
writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been　ignored by the
critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests
very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic"
novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and
with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词
译文：弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）在创作《黛洛维夫人》（Mrs.
Dalloway）时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家（poetic
novelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。
解释：本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难，但总的来讲比较好懂，since引导的原因状语从句较难。 A、
since之后的it指前面的statement，highlight的宾语an aspect之后有两个修饰成分，一个是of her
literary interests，　另一个是以that引导的定语从句that is very different from the
traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修饰an
aspect的。Novelist后面又有由and 连接的两个介词结构concerned with doing
修饰novelist.
B、 句中有两处省略，一是在her literary interests that is very different
from当中，修饰interests的定语从句中引导词＋be that is 一起省略了。第二处在and之后，由于concerned
with与前面的concerned with重复，所以concerned被省略。
C、 本句另外一个难懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象词。这是文学市评论题材的文章的一个特点。
意群训练：Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in
writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the
critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests
very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic"
novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and
with following the intricate pathways of individual
consciousness.
5. As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not
a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because
of anything Ch and yet , as we read him , we
are absorbing morality at every pore .”（5-）
抽象词、抽象词组、比喻
就像她在《致普通读者》一书中所表达的那样，“尽管可以毫无疑问的说，没有任何法律被指定出来，也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么；然而，当我们读它的书的时候，我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德”
这句话不但用了词抽象，还用了比喻的修辞手法。是指没有因为乔叟的言论而产生任何实际的行为规则或政治机构，但我们受其影响之深，以及其影响力之大。
意群训练：As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that
not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another
because of anything Ch and yet , as we read
him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”
6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level
is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to
attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism ,
by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to
the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .（4+）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词
译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert
into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。
解释：本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解，从leaving开始句子变难；leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语；分词中又包含了三个状语，其中的两个via
oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入语的作用，把be converted
into拆成两段。本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids,
oxidative和resynthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的，lactic acid,
metabolism和muscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用，大家应该背下来；而glycogen这种东西则没办法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出现了这种专有名词，出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的，所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。
意群训练：With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid
level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal
vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative
metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in
part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .
7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was
frequent，he shows that the slaves’考研preference，revealed most
clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for
stable monogamy. （3+）
难句类型：插入语
译文：虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。解释：本句中插入语的使用revealed
most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半个分句中的主语that
slaves' preference与系动词was离得太远，造成阅读的困难。
意群训练：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was
frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly
on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable
8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black
family encouraged　the transmission of-and so was crucial in
sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious
expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves
were continually fashioning out of their African and American
experiences. （4）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
译文：古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。
解释：由that引导的宾语从句中，encouraged的宾语the transmission of the Black
heritage被同时表示并列和转折的and so
分开，给读者造成了阅读上和理解上的困难。最后一个逗号后面的部分是修饰前面的black heritage的同位语。
意群训练：Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black
family encouraged　the& transmission of-and so was
crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and
religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that
slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and
American experiences.
&9. This preference for exogamy，Gutman
suggests，may have derived from West African rules governing
marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to
another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with
close kin. （3+）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union
with close kin）的禁止。 解释：本句有两个插入语，第一个插入语Gutman
suggests割裂了主句的主语和谓语。West African rules后跟着两个修饰成分，第一个是分词修饰(governing
marriage), 第二个是以which引导的非限定性定语从句，从句中出现了第二个插入语though they differed
from one tribal group to another，又割裂了从句引导词与谓语之间的联系。
意群训练：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived
from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they
differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of
prohibition against unions with close kin.
10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination
against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial
prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group
generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic
competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward
such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in
medieval Europe.（4+）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
译文：该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的定义——即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”——可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。解释：本句长度惊人，插入部分比较长，再加上不乏抽象词，所以较为难懂，在表示转折的后半个分钟中，长长的插入语as
raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally
accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作为主语his
definition of racial
prejudice的同位语，使分句中的主谓相隔千山万水。除此之外，本句用词抽象，语义难以理解，对读者的词汇功底要求较高。考试现场如无法读懂，宜用合理化原则中的取非读法，but之前的分句说的是其论点对美国黑人的种族歧视是较为管用，转折后的内容就应该说其理论对华人和犹太人相对无用。
意群训练：His thesis works relatively well when applied to
discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his
definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative
prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any
given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also
including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in
California and the Jews　in medieval Europe.
11. Such variations in
size，shape，chemistry，conduction speed，excitation threshold，and the
like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in
significance for any possible correlation with the manifold
dimensions of mental experience.（5）
难免类型：复杂修饰
译文：类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化，当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候，他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。解释：即使是初练难免的人其实也很熟悉such
something这样的语言方式，可是当中间的小东西thing居然变成了一个长达十二个单词的大东西的时候，实在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something
到底为哪方神圣。再加上以such as
为中心的长主语距离系动词remain太远，更增加了本句的难度。请读者反复阅读，直到读出这样的感觉：顺序阅读原文时，原文似乎就是几大块，就好像是such
things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.
意群训练：Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed,
excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in
nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible
correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience.
12. It was possible to demonstrate by
other methods refined structural differences
however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its
condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed
instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural
circuits .(5)
有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异；可是，这样的证据是缺乏的，即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。
难免类型：复杂修饰、倒装
解释：与很多人的印象相反，lack从来就不能作形容词，它只有动词或名词的词性。其形容词的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。
本句的在however 之前和之后的两个分句，是两个倒装结构，前一个是小倒装，正常语序是：to demonstrate refined
structural differences among neuron types by other methods:
however后面是个大倒装，lacking之后的that引导的同位语人名是修饰主语proof的，但是因为它太长，所以为了避免头重脚轻，被放到lacking之后，正常的语序应该是proof
that the quality of ..was lacking
意群训练：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined
structural difference however, proof was
lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was
influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence
the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
13. Although qualitative variance among
nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was
generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve
impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted
as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. （4）
尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。
难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定
解释：前半个分句中有一个双重否定，was never rigidly
disproved,这种表示法用中文说出来还是比较好懂的，原因是我们熟悉中文的这种表示法，但在英文中出现，因为在以前的学习中见得少，所以感觉上很别扭。因此，同学们的任务，就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟悉这样的英语。其实在英文表达中，很多双重否定与中文表达是一样的，表示肯定；如not
unlimited就等于limited。但是值得读者注意的是在GRE和GMAT这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻要求的考试中，如果这种双重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的词汇，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited)，则双重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的not
disprove, 不能理解为agree，
不反对者中，的确有人会同意，但通常心存疑虑，随大流者居多。不但如此，大双重否定中加上限定词以后，在否定的范围上也有所变化，如本句的be
never rigidly
disproved，没有完全被反对，不能理解为从来都被严格支持的，而应该理解成从来都可能有人支持的。综上所述，对双重否定的句子，简单的把其置换为肯定，不是最精确的理解。而最好的办法，就是通过多读、多练来熟悉其语言表达及其逻辑方式，按照其字面的表达理解成没有完全否定，然后大脑中反应出其目前的生存状态是一个仍未消失的状态；这种理解才是在考试现场既快速又精确的理解。运用前面所说的用合理化原则中的取非读法，可以很容易的读出作者在后半个分句中想说前面的那种观点被反对了。但是，初学者会对这个分句中的something
be abandoned in favor of something
else这种语言表达感到突然，如果理解成因为喜后者而抛弃了前者，虽然也能说得通，但是其实原文从来没有这种因果关系，in favor
of强调的是这两种动作的同时性；抛弃了前者，而转向后者，namely之后的内容是前面的opposing view的同位语。
意群训练：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never
rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of
the oppsing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially
homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency"
throught the nervous system.
14. Other experiments revealed slight
variations in the size，number，arrangement，and interconnection of
the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were
concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each
other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute
differences. （4 -）
尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异，但是就心理-神经的关系而言，这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语as far as psychoneural correlations were
concerned。在后面的分句中，主语the obvious
similarities之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有很多读者看到相隔很远的more remarkable
than时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者更明显。其简化形式应为：similarities seemed more remarkable
than differences。意群训练：Other experiments revealed slight variations
in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve
cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the
obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed
much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes
familiar，its internal　representation becomes more holistic and　the
recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of
evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis，at least for
objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
（4+）虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serial
hypothesis），至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略
解释：在Although引导的分句中，谓语shows后面跟着一个长长的宾语从句，从句中先出现一个插入语as an object
becomes familiar,之后的内容是由and
连接的两套并列的主谓宾。其实and前后就是两个句子，只不过作者省略了后面的句子中与前面相同的引导词that和谓语become。
句子中有一个生词holistic，其实即使不认识，也能用合理化原则猜出它是后面serial的反义词、parallel的同义词，大约是统一、完整或同时的意思；其实只要能理解到其是与serial相反的意思即可。
意群训练：Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes
familiar，its internal　representation becomes more holistic and　the
recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of
evidence　seems to support the serial hypothesis，at least for
objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
16. In large part as a consequence of　the feminist
movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in
recent years on determining more accurately the status of women
in　various periods. （3+） 在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动（feminist
movement）的缘故，史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。 Focus A on
难句类型：倒装
解释：focus A on B指把A集中于B，本句中介词on的宾语determining/more accurately the
status of women invarious periods中有一个小倒装，正常语序应该是determining the
status of women in various periods more accurately。意群训练：In large
part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have
focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining
more accurately the status of women in various periods.
17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it
becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies
were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact &real
Amazonian societies & but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the
supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society . (4)
如果我们先研究一下为什么古人会提到亚马逊人，下面的一点就变得清晰了，那就是古希腊对于这种社会的庙睡不是太多的被用来表达观察的历史事实——真正的亚麻逊社会的——而是为了对于妇女在其社会中的统治的预期后果提供一种“道德教导”。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释：有两个词汇需要先解释一下：something be meant to represent是use something to
mean的被动语态。mean在这里不是常用的"……的意思是"的意思，而是表示做某事所表达的目的、意图，其英文释义为：to serve
or intend to convey, show, or indicate。句中的结构为：something be meant
not so much to,,, but rather to, 实际上是把be meant to和not rather
的两个固定搭配套在一起，意思是：不是为了...而是为了...
另外，suppose的意思很抽象，不容易理解。此词既有据信、被认为的意思，也有预期的意思，还有表示贬义的假想的被想当然的意思。
本句的supposed用法极其特殊，在此处的意思，用以上任何一个释义来理解居然都可以成立，既是在说一个预期的社会状态，又是在说一个虚构出来的、本来不存在的社会状态，其用法类似于中文中的一语双关，是文章作者自以为文笔精妙之处。意群训练：If
one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes
clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant
not so much to represent observed historical fact- real Amazonian
societies- but rather to offer"moral lessons" on the supposed
outcome of women's rule in their own society.
18. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to
learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a
literally correct description of this atom，but only an
approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of
spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this
corrected　equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an
infinite set of　quantum field-theoretical equations. （5）
因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已，即薛定谔（Schrodinger）的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式；而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略
解释：读到此句时，数学家不见得震惊，晕倒的考生恐怕不在少数。不但句子结构复杂，而且罗列了大量的专有名词。对于不是理科的同学来讲，在阅读这篇文章的现场清楚地明白应该读到什么程度远比研究这些生僻的专有名词更重要。其实是否知道薛定鄂方程对读者来说并不见得重要，GRE考试的出题者也不见得知道它；关键是要读懂句子的主要意思；数学家不能理解不精确和近似值的伟大意义。不过在本书中，出现的句子均以阅读训练为目的，所以读者仍要把句子的结构读清楚。主句中的主语it是一个开工主语，其具体的内容应该是从to
learn开始一直到句子结束的长达八行的不定式，但是此不定式实在太长，如果放在句首则句子无法平衡。Learn后面带着两个以that引导的宾语从句，中间以分号和and分开，可以把分号以后的句子看成是and
it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn
that的省略形式。意群训练：Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to
mathematiians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the
hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom,
but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation
taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and
and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect
approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical
equations.&
19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument
that is　convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the
assumptions on　which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an
argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable
under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
（5+）物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理，因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据，一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化，便会失去它一部的作用；而与此相反，一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据，在其基本假设（underlying
assumption）稍微受干扰的情况下，仍然有可能是站得住脚的。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句在文章中就是一个自然段，虽然长度比不上前面第一章中所举的那个长达10行的例子，但是难度绝不在那句话之下。本句堪称句子的大杂烩，连主句带从句居然一共有八个。从大往小说，由whereas连接了两个大句子，whereas后面的句子中的主语an
augument之后又跟了一个定语从句that is convincing though imprecise，
修饰augument。whereas前面共有六个句子，由the
physicist作主语的主句；由since引导的原因状语从句，修饰since从句中主语an
augument的由that引导的定语从句，此定语从句中的条件状语从句o
since从句中的条件状语从句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly
changed,以及修饰此从句中的主语assumptions的定语从句on which it is
based一共八个句子，从句套从句，实在令人叹为观止。
然而，在考试现场去数句子的数目，是只有呆子才会干的事，读者们惟一要干的事就是反复阅读这句话，什么时候练到不必去想其语法结构就能按原文顺序读懂，才算初步掌握；再进一步把它读顺，直到你看不出这个句子有什么特别的地方，看上去还挺舒服就算训练成功。
意群训练：The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an
argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its
force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,
whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be
stable under small perturbations of its underlying
assumptions.
20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to
regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of
female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated
from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.
起初，蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，随着她们获得的凝聚力，她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体，并拥有了一种妇女团结意识，而这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存，因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句读到表示并列的连词and开始变难。and之后的不定式与前面的不定式是并列的，to的前面省略了一个与前面一样的谓语came。　lacking之后的分词作定语修饰a
sense of female
solidarity其后的由who引导的定语从句又修饰逗号前面的salonnieres此从句中又有一个定语从句that each
salonniere held in her own
salon修饰其前的primacy,但是由于引导词that在从句中作宾语，因此被省略。
意群训练：However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestocking came to
regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of
female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated
from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.
21. As my own studies have advanced ，I have been increasingly
impressed with the functional　　similarities between insect and
vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences
that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf
between them. （5）
随着我的研究不断深入，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻，而对结构上的差异印象愈发淡漠，虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈越的鸿沟。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略
解释：本句子的中间一段impressed with the functional similarites between insect
and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural
differences容易令人看晕，其中的insect and vertebrate societies and less so
with由两个and连接了三个部分，然而它们其实不是同一层次的并列，第一个and实际上是between insect
societies and vertebrate societies的一部分，是并列的，而and之后的less so
with其实是对于一个完整的表达方式I have been increasingly less impressed
with的省略形式，去掉了与前面重复的成分。
后面修饰的structural differences的定语从句that seem, at first glance, to
constitute such an immense gulf between them中，又出现了一个别扭的插入语at first
glance，把应该连在一起的seem to 粗暴地分开，令人不熟悉此类难句的人倍感不适。
意群训练：As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly
impressed with the functional similarities between insect and
vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences
that seem, at first glance, to constiture such an immense gulf
between them.
22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political
circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways
other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories
primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the
fictional enterprise.（4）
虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出反应的，而将小说和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨，会在相当程度上阻碍小说事业。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句从句子的结构上来讲，惟一的难度在于and之后的句子的主语talking about novels and stories
primarily as instruments
ofideology太长，以至于看到谓语circumvent的时候已经搞不清楚主谓了。更大的难度恐怕还在于对两个词汇的理解circumvent和enterprise。我们以前所背过的circumvent有两个词义，一个是规避，一是以计谋战胜，但是这两种意思放到此处都显然不通；其实circumvent有一个我们没有背过的最常用的意思是包围、限制或陷害；至于enterprise常用的意思是企业，这里的指事业。
意群训练：Although fiction assuredly springs from political
circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways
other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories
primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the
fictional enterprise.
23. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to
forge，a different kind of aesthetic？ （3）
这究竟是一种缺陷呢，还是这些作者想要按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行创作，抑或是在试图创立一种与众不同的美学体系？
难句类型：插入语
解释：本句的句子既短，意思也不难理解，但插入语(or trying to forge)的干扰作用却极强。意群训练：Is this a
defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a
different kind of aesthetic?
24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s
Cane, verges on expressi does this technique
provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the
fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually
conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ?
（5）不仅如此，有些黑人小说（比如JT的甘蔗）的风格接近与表现主义和超现实主义；这种技巧是否为流行的主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢？这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命运，这是一个通常用更为自然主义的表现手法所表达的主题。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：在本句中有三个词需要先解释一番：verge
on这个词组是接近于、濒于的意思，hero在文学作品中是主人公的意思，pit作动词时，除了挖坑、窖藏之外，还有使竞争、使斗争的意思，其英文释义为：to
set as gamecocks into or as if into a pit to fight, to set into
opposition or rivalry usually used with against.在此用的是后一种语义的被动语态fate
againt which Black heros are pitted.如果用主动语态则是：pit black heros
againt fate。
另外本句的结构复杂，分号之后是一个一般疑问句，但是由于修饰成分过多，过长，使得读者看不清楚这个句子在问什么。其实如果没有最后的那个prevalent
theme的同位语a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of
expression，本句会易懂得多。
意群训练：In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean
Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism； does this
technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that
portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme
usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?
25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our
attention in the　process some fascinating and little-known works
like James Weldon　Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.
（4）注意：bring A to B ——〉bring to B A
《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说，在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊（James
Weldon Johnson）的《一个曾经是有色人的自传》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored
Man）。难句类型：倒装
解释：在以bringing开头的作状语的分词中出现了倒装，bring A to B被倒装为bring to B
A,其倒装的原因仍是为了避免头重脚轻，正常的语序应该如下：bringing some fascinating and
little-known works like James Weldon johnson's Autobiography of an
Ex-Colored Man to our attention in the process.
意群训练：Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels， bringing to
our attention in the　process some fascinating and little-known
works like James Weldon　Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored
26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible
wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is
concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the
longer-wavelength，infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s
surface，radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into
space. (4)虽然这些分子允许可见波长（visible
wavelength）的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此——不受阻挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长（longer-wavelength），亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射（infrared
emission），这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。
难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词
解释：前面的分句中有一个不算很长的插入语，但是因为它插入的位置正好在固定搭配allow something to do
somthing中间，将allow和to分得很远，所以读起来让人感觉很不舒服。
后面的分句中的最后一行radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into
space是其前面的infrared
emissions的同位语。其中的otherwise是副词作状语，表示如果后面的分句所说的they absorb some of
the longer-waverlength, infrared emissions不发生时的后果。
意群训练：Although these molecules allow radiation at visible
wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，
to pass through， they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，
infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface， radiation
that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space.
27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of
dictating　the details of human behavior but one　of imposing
constraints—ways of　feeling，thinking，and acting that "come
naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. （4）
这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种限制强加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略
解释：尽管我们很熟悉the role of something的这种表达，但本句中the role
of被作者胜利很活。首先，在role后面有一个省略了引导词that的定语从句(因为role在从句中作ascribe的宾语)，这样就把role和系动词is隔得很远。其次，but前面的句子的主要结构The
role is not of doing something其实是The role is not the role of doing
something的省略形式，因为后面的the
role与前面的完全重复，如果不把它省略掉，谁看到都要觉得啰嗦。因为同样的道理，but之后的one of imposing
constraints实际上是is one role of imposing constraints的省略形式。
意群训练：The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of
dictating　 the details of human behavior but one　of imposing
constraints— ways of　feeling， thinking，and acting that　　"come
naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.
28. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate
analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus
“constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human
（5）以下哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的“人类行为细节”相对“人类所受限制”之间的差异，从人类形态的角度上提供了一个合适的类比？
难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词
解释：本句子在所有GRE或GMAT阅读题的题干中是最难读懂的题干之一。本句不但结构复杂，而且用词抽象，使得读者如果想根据语义来搞清楚谁修饰谁，也变得极为困难。分析如下：本句的主干是Which
of the following provides an analogy for the details versus
constraints distinction?.
Versus是一个介词，等于against，即体育比赛中的VS。其他的所有成分均是一些修饰成分。其中一个对答题最重要的限制条件是from
human morphology，　说明这种类比的比较双方所比的必须是人类形态上的特征。
意群训练：Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate
analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus
"constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human
29. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of
grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers　had removed
most of the algae. （3+）
在存在大量食草动物的同时却只有少量的水藻花粉囊，这暗示出——但没能证明——食草动物已吞噬了大部分水藻。难句类型：插入语
解释：本句主语很长，而且谓语suggested与that引导的宾语从句间被插入语but did not
prove隔开，造成阅读障碍。当suggest与but did not
prove连在一起使用的时候，其意思不是建议，而是指一种基于主观臆测的推理，中文翻译成“暗示”。其英文释义为：to call to
mind by though or association the explosion suggested
sabotage。GRE、GMAT及LSAT文章中，常用suggest，but do not
prove来描述一种没有真凭实据、可能有问题的理论，然后在后面的叙述中把它否定掉。意群训练：A low number of algal
cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did
not prove， that the grazers　had removed most of the algae.
30. Perhaps the fact many of these
first studies considered only algae of a size that could be
collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked
the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers
are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of
grazers in subsequent research.
（5）可能这样一个事实，那就是很多这样的最初的研究只是考虑了那些能够用网捞起来的大小的水藻，这样一个忽视了更小的浮游生物（而这些浮游生物我们现在知道是捕食者主要的食物）的做法，导致了在接下来的研究中对于捕食者的作用的贬低。难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：句子的结构繁杂。句子的主语令人吃惊地长，在最后一个逗号后的led以前，全是主语！其实句子的主干简单，就是the fact led
to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers。但是本句的主语the
fact后面的修饰成分长得吓人，先是个定语从句；定语从句中又套了一个定语从句。然后逗号后面的a
practice引导的部分是前面的主语的同位语兼任插入语，practice后面的修饰它的一大堆东西又是定语从句套着定语从句。本句是典型的层层修饰结构。
意群训练：Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered
only algae of a size that could be collected in a net(net
phytoplankton), a pratice that overlooked the smaller that we now
know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of
the role of grazers in subsequent research.
31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community
grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton
species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing
rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of
grazers. （5）
由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落捕食速率。难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句对阅读者的阅读能力提出了更高的要求，不但要求读者读清楚句子的复杂的结构，而且对读者的词汇能力也提出了更高的要求。
By以前结构无需解释，by以后有两个作介词宾语短语的动名词结构，measuring和后面表示并列和顺接的and
then之后的computing，说的是计算方法；前一个measuring说的是先算出实验室中浮游动物品种的单位捕食速率，后面的computing前其实省略了一个by，而且在这个动名词结构中还包括一个分词结构using
the known population density of
grazers，用已知的捕食者的种群密度计算出其野外的群体捕食速率。整个的by以后的计算过程简单了就是：实验室单位速率&野外密度＝野外群体速率
另外本句中的词汇也颇有迷惑性；虽然没有太难的单词，但是很多单词都是同义词和反义词，容易让人读混；（斜线分隔同义词，冒号分隔反义词）
estimate/measure/ feeding rates/
zooplankton/ natureal/
individuall
意群训练：Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community
graz-ing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton
species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing
rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of
32. In the periods　of peak zooplankton
abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，Haney
recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for
nutrient-poor　lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and
114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. （3+）
在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言，分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.
难句类型：插入语
解释：句中有两组插入语，每组两个插入语，尤其是第二组，把rate
of从中间劈开。不过因为句义尚好理解，所以本句只是有一点别扭，但不算太难。
意群训练：In the periods　of 　peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the
late spring and in the summer，Haney recorded maximum daily
community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor　lakes and bog
lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily
phytoplankton production.
33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic
in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which
water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into
liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the
ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of
atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.
水文循环（hydrologic
cycle），作为该学科中的一个主要课题，指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程，开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态，由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略
水文循环（hydrologic
cycle），作为该学科中的一个主要课题，指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程，开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态，由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。
解释：beginning开始的一系列分词都是修饰主语The hydrologic
cycle的，分别是beginning/passing/passing/returning。值得注意的是，thence along
and into the grund surfacee 是thence passing along and entering into
the ground
surfacee的省略形式，但是看上去意思却很清楚。类似这样的省略，是出题者合理地利用了省略来达到改编学术论文时压缩文章篇幅的目的。
意群训练：The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the
complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as
atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as
precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally
again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of
evaporation and transpiration.
34. Only when a system possesses
natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it
the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed
hydrogeologic.（4）
只有当一个系统拥有自然的或人工形成的边界来把边界中的水与水文循环联系起来的时候，才有可能把整个的系统恰当的成为与水文地质学有关。
难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装
解释：only放在句首时，主句的情态动词may倒装，这是我们高中就已经学过的东西。然而句首的only与倒装的may距离如此之远，这在以前却没有见过，所以读上去让人不习惯。另外一个难点在于，前面的由when所引导的时间状语从句中，宾语boundaries后面跟了一个定语从句，that
associate the water within it with the hydrologic
cycle,而且从句中的associate with又被water within
it所分开，读者还要分神去考虑it所指的是什么，所以读到后面倒装的may的时候，难免不知所云。意群训练：Only when a
system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate
the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system
properly be termed hydrogeologic.
35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the
agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United
States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the
internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new
land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system.
史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳（Frederick
J.Turner）于十九世纪九十年代著述道，美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区（internal
frontier）的封闭而更趋加剧——亦即是说，美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：典型的句子套句子。主句是F.J.T. wrote that，宾语从句中主干是the agrarian discontent
had been precipitated by the closing of the internal
frontier，在从句的主语the agrarian discontent后面又来了一个定语从句。意群训练：The
historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian
discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States
　since about 1870 had been precipitated by the　　closing of the
internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new
land　needed for further expansion of the American farming
36. In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe
（which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300
to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to　　investigate
more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3
percent who comprised the political　and social elite：the
kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local　magnates who had
hitherto usually filled history books. （4）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
译文：二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数（杨鹏的书中：第一次以大量的数据），开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。
解释：句子中有两个插入语，一个是跟在preindustrial Europe之后的which we may define here
as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to
1800,这个插入语的直接作用是解释前面的preindustrial
Europe的年代，而起到的客观作用则是把主句中的主语和谓语分割得很远；第二个插入语是在began，for the first
time in large numbers, to investingate中间，把一个好好的began to斩为两段。
这句话另外一个难以理解的地方是more of the preindustrial European population than
the 2 or 3
percent，表示的是在工业化以前的欧洲人口中超过了那2%到3%的人，亦即占97%到98%的人民群众。
意群训练：In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial
Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from
roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in l