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Nimue, The Lady of the Lake, shown holding the infatuated
trapped and reading from a book of spells, in
Lady of the Lake is the titular name of the ruler of
in the . She plays a pivotal role in many stories, including giving
his sword , enchanting , and raising
after the death of his father. Different writers and copyists give the Arthurian character the name Nimue, Viviane, Vivien, Elaine, Ninianne, Nivian, Nyneve, or Evienne, among other variations.
Merlin And Vivien (1912) by
Cycle provides a backstory for the Lady of the Lake, Viviane, in the prose Merlin section, which takes place before the , though it was written later. There, Viviane learns her magic from , who becomes enamored of her. She refuses to give him her love until he has taught her all his secrets, after which she uses her power to trap him either in the trunk of a tree or beneath a stone, depending on the story and author. Though Merlin, through his power of foresight knows beforehand that this will happen, he is unable to counteract Viviane because of the "truth" this ability of foresight holds. He decides to do nothing for his situation other than to continue to teach her his secrets until she takes the opportunity to entrap and entomb him in a tree, a stone or a cave.
"Arthur meets the Lady of the Lake and gets the Sword ". A 1919 illustration by
for 's Tales of Romance
The 's second Lady of the Lake is called Ninianne, and her story is nearly identical to the one in the Lancelot-Grail, though it adds her bestowal of the magic sword
to Arthur. Sir
also uses both Ladies of the Lake in his ; he leaves the first one unnamed and calls the second one Nimue. Malory's original Lady is presented as an early benefactor of King Arthur who grants him Excalibur when his original sword is damaged. She is later beheaded by
as a result of a kin feud between them (she blames him for the death of her brother and he blames her for the death of his mother) and a dispute over an enchanted sword. According to the Vulgate Merlin, had its charm, given to Diana, which caused Viviane (the Lady of the Lake) to be so tempting for Merlin. The Vulgate Lancelot tells us that she was the Queen of Sicily, but considered a goddess by his subjects, pagan fools. The continuation post-vulgata Merlin describes how he killed her lover to be with another man, but then he was beheaded by this man to be a murderess. This story was later transferred to a lake in France, and was later called the Lake of Diana.
In Sir Thomas Malory’s text, Le Morte D’Arthur he refers to Nymue as one of two Ladies of the Lake. Malory strives to dissociate Nymue from the general title of the Lady of the Lake. This is due to the fact that Sir Balin kills one of the ladies of the lake and if the woman that dies is Nymue, Malory loses a key element to the plot of his tale. Malory takes the time to mention Nymue as the “chief” and most important lady. Throughout Malory’s tale, Nymue plays a pivotal role in Arthurian court. Without Nymue the Arthurian tale would not be as potent as it is with her. Malory’s Nymue does not conform to the stereotypes surrounding her role. Firstly, it is not Nymue’s hand that juts out the lake to hand Excalibur to Arthur. According to Malory, this hand belongs to the unidentified first Lady of the Lake. Furthermore, Malory starts to break Nymue out of the stereotypical role that women in Arthurian literature tend to fall under. Instead of only serving the plot as a temptress, Nymue becomes a recognizable force for good. In Malory’s text Nymue’s character evolves from the dependent maiden to a woman who subtly take charge in order to help and save the men around her. She is married to Sir Pelleas’ and outwardly acts as an obedient wife, while at the same time subtly helping sway the court in the right direction. When Malory was looking at other texts to find inspiration for his characters, he chose the best aspects of all the other Lady of the Lake characters. He changed Nymue into a compassionate, smart and strong willed sympathetic character. Nymue is a different kind of woman, one who does not shrink behind the male figures in her life. Instead, she is pragmatic, unflappable, and knowledgeable.
Similarly, Malory also introduces a character named Nyneve. This woman is another character for whom the title Lady of the Lake fits. Similar to Nyme, Nyneve is sympathetic to Arthur and also marries Pelleas. She heavily stresses justice based on the greater good. In Malory’s text, Nyneve is loosely related to Arthur receiving Excalibur. In Le Morte D’Arthur this king receives Excalibur three times. Once from the stone, once from the unidentified Lady of the Lake and once in a battle from Nyneve. The distinction between the Lady of the Lake and Nyneve is evident through this example. It is important to note that when Arthur is in need, some incarnation of the Lady of the Lake, or her magic, reaches out to help him. Nyneve appears as the ch her appearance hints to the reader that something new will happened. This trend follows the logic that Malory is in a conspiracy of sorts with his reader. In this scenario, the author and the reader are in cahoots in order to achieve the wanted interpretation of the Arthurian legend. The first time the named character Nyneve appears is at Arthur’s wedding. This also happens to be the same time the Round Table is presented. The Round Table is known to symbolize the chivalric code of Arthur’s court, thus Nyneve is presented at the same time to symbolize that this woman is also connected to the justice system of Camelot. Furthermore, through her, the reader is able to gage how to judge other female characters. Before Nyneve, there had been no standard for which to compare the other female characters. There were only men and they did not undergo the same struggles/challenges that the women did. Nyneve at Arthur’s court is a microcosm for the flow of justice throughout the realm. Though the characters of Nymue and Nyneve have distinct differences, they also possess many similarities. This makes sense because the characters were written by the same author. However, there are still other accurate spellings of the names which are not mentioned above.
Both characters appear in many other episodes of Malory's work. Each time the Lady reappears, it is at a pivotal moment of the episode, establishing the importance of her character within Arthurian literature, especially Le Morte d'Arthur. In that work, she transcends any notoriety attached to her character by aiding Arthur and other knights to succeed in their endeavors. After enchanting Merlin, Malory's Nimue replaces him as Arthur's adviser. She becomes the lover and eventual wife of Sir
and mother to his son Guivret. After the , she reclaims Excalibur when it is thrown into the lake by Sir . Nimue is one of the four magical queens who bear the wounded Arthur away to , a setting tied to the Lady of the Lake in some literary traditions.
Viviane and Merlin in 's 1868 illustration for 's
The full name of the
is translated "Our Lady of the Lake," making reference to the
as the Lady of the Lake, evidencing fusion between Arthurian legend and middle-Christian history.
wrote an influential poem, , in 1810, drawing on the romance of the legend, but with an entirely different story set around
of . Scott's material furnished subject matter for , an
which debuted in
in 1819. It was the first of a fashion for operas with Scottish settings and based on Scott's works, of which 's
is the most familiar. The three "Ellen songs" from Scott's poem were set to music by
( – "Ellens Gesang I", "Ellens Gesang II", and ""), although Schubert's music to
has become far more famous in its later adaptation, known as "Ave Maria".
adapted several stories of the Lady of the Lake for his
poetic cycle . He splits her Viviane is a deceitful villain who ensnares Merlin, while the Lady of the Lake is a benevolent figure who raises
and gives Arthur his sword.
The Lady of the Lake in a 1903 illustration from 's
Modern authors of Arthurian fiction adapt the Lady of the Lake legend in various ways, often using two or more bearers of the title. Versions of the Lady (or Ladies) of the Lake appear in many other works of Arthurian fiction, including novels, films, television series, stage musicals, comics, and games. Though her identity may change, her role as a significant figure in the lives of both Arthur and Merlin remains consistent. Some examples of such 20th and 21st century works are listed below.
Some authors choose to emphasize a single character. Nimue appears in 's 1958 novel
as a water nymph and Merlin's enchantress. True to the legend she traps Merlin in a cave, but Merlin does not convey it as negative, and even refers to it as a holiday.
's 1979 novel
radically recasts the story of Merlin and Niniane, completely removing the aspect of malicious seduction and treachery dominant in the traditional version. In this depiction Merlin takes Niniane on as an apprentice, with her at first disguised as a boy, and willingly teaches her his magic. When her identity as a woman is discovered, they fall in love despite their age difference. As he gives her the secrets of his psychic abilities and how to control them, he seems to lose them himself – which Merlin does not mind. In a depleted, weakened condition, he takes ill and falls into a coma, and is believed to be dead. Niniane has him buried within his "crystal cave", where he awakes some time later. He escapes after a few weeks, through a combination of chance luck and ingenious planning, and travels incognito to let Arthur know he is still alive. Niniane takes Merlin's place as the court wizard-seer, while Merlin retires to the crystal cave and lives a quiet and happy life as a hermit.
's 1983 novel
takes the tradition of multiple Ladies one step further. In Bradley's works, both the Lady of the Lake and the Merlin are offices. The Lady of the Lake is the title of the ruling priestess of Avalon, and the Merlin is a
who has pledged his life to the protection of Britain. Various characters assume the title of the Lady, including Viviane, Niniane,
(called "Morgaine" in this version), and Nimue, a sympathetic and tragic young priestess who falls in love with the Merlin but is duty bound to seduce and lure him to his death – following which she drowns herself. Even more Ladies of the Lake appear in Bradley's extended Avalon prequels.
In the 1998 miniseries
and its 2006 sequel , the characters of the Lady of the Lake and Nimue are separated, with the former being a goddess-like fae who is the twin sister of , and the latter being a noblewoman who is the object of Merlin's affections.
drama series
also features two characters based on the Lady of the Lake. Nimueh serves as the primary antagonist of the series 1. The character has no connection to Merlin beyond his opposition to her plans, and her only connection to a lake is her use of a location called the Isle of the Blessed. The ninth episode of the series 2 is titled "The Lady of the Lake", wherein a sorceress named
dies and vows to repay Merlin for his kindness to her. In the series 3 finale, Freya, now a water spirit, gives Excalibur to Merlin so that he can give it to Prince Arthur Pendragon. In the series 5 finale, which features the Battle of Camlann, a despondent Merlin casts the sword back into Lake Avalon, where a hand, presumably Freya's, catches it.
Pilgrim the antagonist Birdie (or Mrs Pleasance) is gradually revealled to be responsible for trapping Merlin ("The Drowned Mage") beneath a lake. Her story draws on that of Nimue.
This interpretation is followed by
in the musical ; Nimue lures Merlin away with the song "Follow Me".
Vivienne is the Lady of the Lake in , while Nimue is , her youngest sister, and their middle sister is
(given name, Morgana), and their surname is Inwudu. The Lady of the Lake has appeared in , , and her sister's series.
The Lady of the Lake is featured in
in the stories of . Her real name is Niamh Chinn Oir and she is an inhabitant of .
In the comic book series , Nimue is a witch who seduced Merlin and stole his powers, sealing him – still alive – in a tomb. But without his help, she lost control of those powers and went mad. The other witches killed her, cut her body into pieces, and buried her. She has since returned as the Queen of Blood, to raise an army against man, but is opposed by Hellboy who possesses the sword Excalibur (and thus is technically king of England).
She appears in "Lady of the Lake" (also titled "Spirit of Avalon"), the penultimate episode of the
animated series , where she gives Princess Gwenevere the Staff of Avalon holding powerful magic to defeat the evil sorceress Lady Kale and save her friends.
In the 2009 video game , Nimue, the Lady of the Lake, is portrayed by
(voiced by ). In the game, she tests Sonic's character to see if he is worthy of being a knight.
In the 2011 video game , there is a pond slightly Northeast of Bleakwind Basin with a skeletal arm holding a leveled sword, which is a reference to the Lady in the Lake holding Excalibur.
In the 2012 video game , the sorceress Nimue is an enemy who kidnapped Merlin. A shape-shifting fairy-battle takes place between Nimue and Merlin's apprentice Morgana Le Fay inside a fairy Fading Tower.
series of science ficion novels by , one of the main characters, Merlin Athrawes, is a cybernetic avatar of a long-dead Federation naval officer named Nimue Alban.
The comedy film
references the story of the Lady of the Lake as to how King Arthur became king, which is immediately dismissed by an
peasant, stating that "strange women lying in ponds distributing swords is no basis for a system of government".
She appears in the musical , which is in turn based on the film . Among her works she turns Dennis the peasant into Sir Galahad, counsels Arthur in a time of doubt, and uses her "Laker Girls" to help put on musical numbers.
In Charmed: After the Dark Knight discovered where the Lady of the Lake resides, she sent a message to Piper Halliwell begging for her help. After the Charmed Ones orbed to the lake, the Lady emerged from the water with a sword in hand. She screamed that the sword did not belong to him and he soon attacked and killed her with an athame. However, when the Lady was struck in the back, Excalibur flew from her hands and landed into a nearby stone. With her death, her corporeal body changed into water.
A number of locations in Great Britain are traditionally associated with the Lady of the Lake's abode. They include , , , , , , , and Aleines.
in , in France, she is associated with the forest of .
from the Anglo Saxon
(Welsh site of the "Lady of the Lake" legend)
Holbrook, S. E. "Nymue, the Chief Lady of the Lake, in Malory's Le Morte D’arthur." Speculum 53.4 (1978): 761-777. JSTOR. NCSU University Libraries, Raleigh, NC. 15 March 2009.
Sue E Holbrook: "Nymue, the Chief Lady of the Lake, in Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur" in Speculum Volume 53 No. 4 (1978): Pages 761-777.
M. Rible. . web.stanford.edu 2014.
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. Bbc.co.uk. .
. Geography (History) 2014.
Darrah, John. Paganism in Arthurian Romance. Rochester, NY: Boydell, 1997. Print. Ellis, Peter Berresford. Celtic Myths and Legends. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2002. Print. Green, Miranda J. The World of the Druids. New York, N.Y.: Thames and Hudson, 1997. Print. Hodges, Kenneth. “Swords and Sorceresses: The Chivalry of Malory’s Nyneve.” Arthuriana 12.2 (2002): 18. JSTOR. Web. 19 Nov. . Holbrook, S.E. “Nymue, the Chief Lady of the Lake.” Speculum 53.4 (1978): 16. JSTOR. Web. 19 Nov. 2014. Loomis, Roger Sherman. Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia UP, 1927. Print. Malory, Thomas, and Janet Cowen. Le Morte D'Arthur. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Baltimore: Penguin, 1969. Print. Tatlock, J.S.P. “Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Vita Merlini.” Speculum 18.3 (1943): 22. JSTOR. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
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21:14苏丶姚 | 分类：英语考试 | 浏览162次提示：1.not to spit in public places2.not to draw pictures on the wall3.not to throw any litter on the ground4.to help spread the message about protecting the env_百度作业帮
麻烦帮我写个英语作文.keep our city clean
21:14苏丶姚 | 分类：英语考试 | 浏览162次提示：1.not to spit in public places2.not to draw pictures on the wall3.not to throw any litter on the ground4.to help spread the message about protecting the env
14苏丶姚 | 分类：英语考试 | 浏览162次提示：1.not to spit in public places2.not to draw pictures on the wall3.not to throw any litter on the ground4.to help spread the message about protecting the environment
City cleanness is the symbol and reflection of the civilization of that city.It is obvious that if one comes to a clean and bright city,he will have a comfortable feeling and will be in a joyful mood.On the contrary,a dirty and polluted city may drive him away.So the deanness is very important to a city.But how can we get it?　　The key lies in the citizens’awareness of the importance of deanness.Citizens are the owners of their city.If everyone dwelling in the city keeps the city clean enthusiastically just as they keep their house clean,then streets will become cleaner and cleaner,buildings brighter and brighter,and consequently,the city will surely become more and more beautiful.　　Some measures must be taken to keep our cities clean.For example,we should set a limit to noises and exhaust gases,and invest in the planting of trees and flowers.Moreover,some education and punish ment are necessary too.I believe in the future our city will become more beautiful gardens in a common effort of all the urban inhabitants.