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求翻译：The thinking pattern of English can be called linear type of thinking.是什么意思？
The thinking pattern of English can be called linear type of thinking.
问题补充：
英语思维模式可称为直线型的思维。
英文的思考方式可以称为线性类型的思维。
英语的想法的样式可以称认为的线性类型。
英语思维模式可以调用直线型的思维。
英语的有思考力的模型可以被叫为认为的线的类型。
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请输入您需要翻译的文本！螺旋与直入的思维差异对英语写作的影响
张焰明韩山师范学院外语系
【摘要】中国人的螺旋式思维和西方人的直线式思维构成中西思维中的一个主要差异。这种思维差异在语言上体现在修饰语与中心词之间、句子之中和篇章结构上。因此，要向学生讲解这种思维差异以及在语言上的表征，以便使他们写出地道的英语作文。
【关键词】螺旋式思维 直线式思维 修饰语与中心词 句子 篇章
【中图分类号】 H315 【文献标识码】 A【文章编号】 （32－03
【Abstract】The Chinese spiral thinking and the Western linear
thinking constitute a major difference between the Chinese thinking
pattern and Western thinking pattern. This difference, as far as
language is concerned, shows itself in the following: between the
modifier and the central word, within a sentence, and in the
structure of a text. Therefore, it is necessary for a teacher to
explain this difference to his students so that they should write
authentic English essays.
【Key words】Spiral thinking& Linear thinking The
modifier and the central word A sentence A text
批改学生的英语作文时，常见到类似下面的句子： We appreciate your words about our two
countries’ relations. When I stayed in Guangzhou, you helped me. I
am grateful for
that。每当见到这种情况，笔者不由自主地想，英语专业大二的学生的词汇和语法掌握得已经很好了，按说其英语水平应该能够写出像样的英文句子，怎么还是屡见不鲜的
Chinglish呢？看到墙报上他们的汉语文章写得头头是道，有条不紊，而英文段落和全文的篇章往往是中心不突出，逻辑显混乱。思来想去，本人悟出了一个道理：他们学英语只停留在语言表面，对隐藏在语言背后的西方思维方式缺乏了解。我们知道，语言与思维的关系是“水”与“源”的关系：语言是思维的载体，思维是语言的深层生成机制。即在教学中只进行语言讲解，不讲生成语言的思维特点，学生只知道其原，不懂得其所以原。因此，笔者抽出时间给学生讲解中西思维方式的差异，包括综合与分析、悟性与理性、主观与客观、螺旋与直入、具象与抽象等，以及由这些思维差异产生的不同语言表达形式，学生颇有所悟。限于篇幅，这里只谈螺旋与直入的思维差异对英语写作的影响，以便在英语写作教学中，区别这种思维的差异，防止汉语螺旋式思维的负迁移。
提到螺旋与直入的思维差异，不能不提到 Robert B.
Kaplan在对比五个民族所写的段落时勾勒的几种思维模式。［1］这里勾画的是中西思维模式。
中式思维模式西式思维模式从图中可以看到中国人的思维是圆式的或迂回式的（spiral）：由远及近，由宏观到微观，由大到小。而西方人的思维是直线式（
linear）的：由近及远，由微观到宏观，由小到大。这种思维模式的划分同中国的一些学者对此的划分基本相同。何善芬说：“总体看来，英汉语篇的确分别呈直线性与圆式（迂回式）的逻辑特征。这从根本上讲是中西方各自重综合与重分析的思维习惯的表现。”［3］成中英认为“中国人的方法和思考都是一个整体，跟西方的分析哲学是个对比。中国人是本体的，西方人是分析的。中国人重视整体的和谐..强调从多归结到一，统一的观念非常强烈。西方人重视分析的差异..由一到多进行分析。”［4］
写作就是思维表达的一种形式。刘宓庆认为“思维支配语言”。［5］许均认为“思维对语言起决定作用，许多语言现象产生的原因必须从思维与语言的关系中去找。
”［6］中国人螺旋思维方式体现在语言上就是中国人说话写文章喜欢在主题外兜圈子，“经历一个由次要到主要，由背景到任务，从相关信息到话题的逐步达到高潮的表达过程。
”［7］西方人直线式的思维方式体现在语言上就是西方人说话写文章喜欢开门见山，把关键性的话放在开头，然后再论及其它次要的内容。而写作涉及到语言的方方面面，从语言的结构上来说最基本的因素包括遣词、造句和篇章。螺旋与直入的思维差异就会影响到这诸方面，具体包括修饰语与中心词、句子和篇章。
一、修饰语与中心词&
英语的修饰语，如介词短语、动词不定式、分词、定语从句等皆放在被修饰语的后面；而汉语的修饰语无论长短、繁简，皆置于被修饰语的前面。体现了直入与螺旋的不同的思维方式。例如：&
1．The scientists everywhere in the world are looking for the
efficient methods to make the air clean and protect it from the
pollution by all kinds of industrial harmful waste
汉语“全世界的科学家”，修饰语在前，中心词在后，而英语则是中心词在前，修饰语在后。“净化空气、防治空气受到各种有害工业废气污染的有效方法”同样是修饰语在前，中心词在后，而英语则相反。&
2．We appreciate your words about the relations between our two
countries.&
汉语“有关我们两国关系的谈话”，修饰语在前，中心词在后，而英语则是中心词在前，修饰语在后。“有关我们两国关系”，同样是修饰语在前，中心词在后，而英语则相反。&
3．The hungry boy ate up everything he could have his hands on from
the refrigerator.
“他从冰箱里所能拿到吃的东西”，修饰语在前，中心词在后，而英语则是中心词在前，修饰语在后。
4．The problem arose of how to fairly distribute the world natural
resources.&
比较而言，该句主语太长，谓语太短，构成了不连续性修饰语，不过还是有些突兀，但修饰语还得后置。而汉语“怎样合理分配世界自然资然的问题”仍是修饰语在前，中心词在后。
二、句子（主要指偏正关系的配列和并列关系的配列）&
英语句子开门见山，其主谓结构是全句的“纲”，其余成份是“目”，一般先下结论，后叙事，从近到远，新近发生的事先出现，重心落在句首。汉语句子一般以逻辑关系和时间的先后顺序排列，一般先叙事，后下结论，由远及近，重心落在句尾。这种差异体现了直入与螺旋的不同的思维方式。中国学生在英语写作时往往会受汉语思维的影响，写出下面的句子：&
1．a）When I stayed in Guangzhou last month, you helped me. I am
grateful for that.&
2．a）Tom’s mother died when he was only two years old, so he did not
remember her.&
3．a）After we left China in 1959, the natural calamities happened
one after another for three years in the country. While we read
about it at home, we had been dismayed.&
4．a）It looked rain that evening, yet Dad came all the same. That
made us very joyful.&
如果按英语直入的思维方式，以上几句要改写成：&
1．b）I am very grateful for your help to me during my stay in
Guangzhou last month.&
2．b）Tom did not remember his mother who died when he was only two
years old.&
3．b）We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural
calamities that happened one after another for three years after we
left China in 1959.&
4．b）It looked rain that evening, yet to our great joy, Dad came all
这种思维方式的转换要是更复杂一点，对中国学生来说，是需要操练的。例如：&
1．我认为如果他们初次相识时，她很穷，他未必会爱她。这位女性由于对他有好感而帮助他，使他心存感激，这种感激之情很容易发展成为真挚的爱情。&
I do not suppose he would have loved her if she had been poor when
he first knew her, but the gratitude which he felt for the help
which he owed to her kindly interest in him easily developed into a
sincere affection. （条件关系和多层因果关系的转换）&
2．她去深圳参加一个会议，会议结束后，她就到香港去购物，昨天才回来。&
She came back yesterday from Hong Kong where she had gone shopping
after the meeting in Shenzhen.（时间顺序的转换）
三、篇 章&
这里篇章包括段落和全文。总的而言，英文篇章，一般都采用直线型的形式，尤其是说明文和议论文，更是一般——具体式的。英语篇章是 a
writer-responsible
pattern，即作者在篇章中有责任、有义务向读者交代其主旨或目的。为使读者省时高效，英语篇章开门见山，一开头就直接点明段落的主题句（
topic sentence）或全文的中心思想（ thesis
statement），即亮明作者的观点、态度、看法等；或者以引言开门，即“首先用一个熟悉的事实、观点、故事、引言等开头，然后直接见到作者全文的观点思想”。［8］尔后按照一定的逻辑关系，即采用一定的结构粘连或语言衔接手段，层层推进。这种类型的段落或文章中心思想在前，其余部分为主题服务，明显具有演绎型（
deductive approach）的特点。汉语篇章一般都采用螺旋型的形式，是 a reader-responsible
pattern，即文中的主旨或目的读者要细心琢磨，仔细地体会。文章的开头起铺垫作用（汉语段落一般不讲主题句），围绕主题转来转去，直到末尾才见到中心思想，有时中心思想含而不露，让读者自己领会。正如蔡基刚先生所说的：“恰如一支笋，文章的展开犹如层层剥笋，直到最后才见笋心——文章的中心思想”。［8］这种类型的文章沿着具体——一般的模式展开，明显具有归纳型（
approach）的特点。在英语写作中，学生往往受汉语思维的影响，写出的英文是英语的形式＋汉语的思维。这一点在王希墨等对中国学生英语作文的调查中得到证明：中国学生最缺乏的语篇思维模式是直线型。［9］&
但首先要说明，“英语段落有两种：主题段落和功能段落。前者表达某一单一而又完整的思想，作者通过它向读者传达信息。后者主要是为行文发展服务的。
”［10］具体来说，后者一般包括起始段、转折段、结尾段等。这里讨论的是主题段落，例如：&
Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who cut through
argument, debate and doubt to offer a solution everybody can
understand and remember. Churchill warned the British to expect
“blood, toil, tears and swear”; FDR told Americans that “the only
thing we have to fear is fear itself”; Lenin promised the war-weary
Russians peace, land and bread. Straightforward but potent
很显然，起始句是作者的观点，是段落的主题句，中间的句子分别举例证明这一观点，最后一句是全段的总结，明显是采用一般——具体式的。
但是受汉语螺旋的思维方式的影响，中国学生往往采用归纳式的思维方式写英语段落，使英语读者觉得别扭，废话太多，中心不突显，文理不顺畅。下面的例子可见英汉语篇的差异：
（1）Because most of our production is done In China now, and it’s
not really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997, and since
I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV
advertisement is necessary because of the expense. So, I suggest
that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its
（2）I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco
makes its decision. That’s because I think a certain amount of
caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of
the expense. In addition to that, most of our production is done In
China now, and it’s not really certain how Hong Kong will be like
after 1997.&
通过对比可以看出，段落（ 1）和（
2）内容相同，但语言组织方式不同。段落（2）主题豁显，段意明晰，符合西方人的直线式思维。看看下面一段英汉对比，［11］更能觉察出英汉这一思维差异在语言中的表现：&
Mrs. Clinton receives about 5,000 letters a week, according to
Lawrence senior Jenny Dunlavy, who spent the fall term in D.C. as
part of American University’s Washington Semester Program. Working
in the Office of First Lady’s Scheduling Correspondence, Dunlavy
and others sorted through as many as 100 invitations a day
requesting Mrs. Clinton to attend everything from birthday parties
to baby showers.
由于参加“全美大学华盛顿秋季见习计划”，劳伦斯大学四年级学生邓拉维整个学期都在华盛顿特区为第一夫人日常信函办公室工作，每天她和同事要处理
100多封请柬，都是邀请克林顿夫人参加从生日宴会到婴儿洗礼等各种活动。据她透露，克林顿夫人每周大约收到共 5000封信函。
英语段落中主题句在前，后面的部分都是作补充说明的，而译文为符合汉语读者归纳式的思维习惯，只好作了相应的调整。&
就写作体裁而言，英语的叙述文一般采用问题解决型的模式，而说明文和议论文多采用一般——具体型的模式。但即使是叙述文，英语作文也倾向于一般——具体式的模式。
例如，《新概念英语》第三册第 31课 A lovable
eccentric是这样组织全文的。&
True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to
themselves. They disregard social conventions without being
conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary. This
invariably wins them the love and respect of others, for they add
color to the dull routine of everyday life.&
Up to the time of his death, Richard Colson was one of the most
notable figures in our town. He was known to us all as
Dickie dislikes snobs intensely. Though he owned a large car, he
hardly ever used it, preferring always to go on foot. Even when it
was raining heavily, he refused to carry an umbrella. One day, .On
another occasion.
这是典型的英式演绎型作文。
起始段作者就亮出对
eccentrics的观点和看法，并分析其原因和结果。第二段对文中的主人公作了简介或提供了背景；第三段首句是该段的主题句（ topic
sentence），第二、三句是对主题句的解释和说明，同时也更有利于与下面的具体实例衔接得更紧凑；接着，作者举了两个具体例子阐述了主题。文章结构呈倒金字塔，行文干脆利索，无拖泥带水。其实，这是一篇叙述文，如果是说明文或议论文，文章的组织结构就更属演绎型了。
中国学生英文写作时，受汉语归纳型（ inductive
approach）影响，即在主题外团团转，迟迟不入题。蔡基刚教授［7］举了一个很中肯的例子。关于 How I Overcame My
Difficulties in Learning
English的一篇文章，一位考生是这样开头的：&
With the open-door policy, more and more foreigners come to China.
They come to China for the purpose of business. For example, they
establish joint ventures. Others come to China for traveling.
Obviously learning English becomes more and more important, because
we need to use English to communicate with
此开头不仅中心思想未涉及，就连主题也未露面。蔡基刚教授是这样修改的：&
With the adoption of the open-door policy, English has become
increasingly important in our life. Although many people are eager
to master it, it is not easy for the Chinese. However, I find some
effective ways to overcome the difficulties I have in learning the
foreign language.&
经过修改，中心得到突出，语义连贯，语句按直线式发展，鱼贯而出：首先一句引言后，就出现主题，末句中心思想很自然导出。
由以上分析可知，西方人的直线式思维和中国人的螺旋式思维存在明显的差异，体现在语言中，几乎渗透到语言的各个单位，包括词汇、句子、段落和全篇。当然，笔者无意说思维模式孰好孰坏，正如我们不能断言文化模式孰好孰坏一样。但作为学英语的中国人，学原汁原味的语言是我们要达到的最高境界。自然，这里的语言也应包括
discourse或
text。因此，教师在英语写作教学中要有意强调英汉思维对比以及在语言上的表征，因为一种思维是一种文化长期的积淀，它已进入该民族的潜意识，根深蒂固，如果只教语言本身，学生不会知其所以然，一旦到了使用语言时，汉语思维自然突现，写出
Chinglish，浑然不知。除此之外，还要求学生多背诵和模仿英语精典文章，如《新概念英语》第三册上的文章，笔者认为皆为语言的精华，不但文词优美，每课都是一篇范文，原汁原味，多读这样的文章，一定对学生有启发。由此看来，老生常谈而又令人费解的“学会用英语思维”，倒不如换个说法——学会英汉思维转换，即让学生懂得英汉思维的差异，在平时读书中去真实地领悟，久而久之，他们会写出地道的英文来，至少不会写出那么多的
Chinglish（这里更多地是指句子和篇章）。
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linear thinking constitutes spiral thinking of the Chinese people
and Westerners and Western Thinking in a major difference.
Differences in
this way of thinking is reflected in language modifiers center
between words into sentences and discourse structure.
Therefore,
to the students to explain the differences in this way of thinking
as well as the characterization of the language, in order to enable
them to write authentic English essay.Key words spiral thinking linear
thinking modifiers with the the center word sentences
chapter[CLC] H315
[Document code] A [Article ID]
11-0032-03[Abstract]
The Chinese spiral thinking and the Western linear thinking
constitute a major difference between the Chinese thinking pattern
and by Western thinking pattern. This difference, as far as
language is On concerned, shows itself in the following: between
the modifier and the central word
within a sentence, and in the structure of a text. Therefore, it is
necessary for a teacher to explain this difference to his students
so that they should write authentic English
essays.Key
words Spiral thinking Linear thinking The modifier and the central
word A sentence A textMarking
students 'English writing common to sentences like the following:
We Pu Jiang Business Travel Campany your words about our two
countries' relations. When I stayed in of Guangzhou, you helped me,
I am grateful for that.
Whenever see this, I involuntarily think the vocabulary and grammar
of the English major sophomore students have a good grasp of the
supposedly their English level should be able to write a decent
English sentence, how or uncommon Chinglish? See the poster
on their Chinese articles written clearly and logically,
methodically, The English paragraphs and chapters of the full text
often is not prominent center, the logic is significant
confusion. Thought to want
to learn English, I realize the truth: just stop at the lack of
understanding of language surface, hidden behind the language of
Western ways of thinking. We know that the
relationship between language and thought is the relationship
between "water" and "source": Language is the carrier of thinking,
and thinking deep language generation mechanism.
teaching the language to explain, do not speak generate thinking
characteristics of the language, students only know the original,
do not know have lent so original.
Therefore, I draw out the time to the students to explain the
Thinking Ways differences include comprehensive and analysis of
perception and rational, subjective and objective, spiral and
straight into, with elephant and abstract, etc., as well as
generated by these thinking differences in different languages, the
expression of the form, students quite enlightened. Due
to space limitations, here to talk about spiral and straight into
the Thinking Differences on English Writing order to distinguish
differences of this kind of thinking in the teaching of English
writing, prevent spiral Chinese thinking negative
migration.Mentioned
spiral and straight into the differences of thinking, can not fail
to mention the Robert B. Kaplan outline several contrast paragraphs
written by five national mode of thinking. [1] here sketched Western modes of
thinking.Chinese
thinking mode Western mindset can be seen from the figure the
thinking of the Chinese people is a circle or roundabout (spiral):
from far and near, from macro to micro, from large to small.
thinking is a straight line (linear): from near and far, from the
micro to the macro, from small to big. This mode of thinking is divided with
some scholars of this division is basically the same.
Heshan Fen said: "Overall, in English and Chinese Texts Indeed,
respectively, was a straight line with the circle (roundabout)
logic characteristics. Fundamentally in Western respective
comprehensive analysis and re-performance of the habit of
thinking."
Cheng Zhongying methods and thinking of the Chinese people is a
whole analytic philosophy with the West is a comparison of the
Chinese body Westerners analysis Chinese people attach importance
to the overall harmony .. stressed from multi-attributed to
concept is very strong. Westerners emphasis on the analysis of
differences .. one multi analysis. "[4]Writing is a form of thinking expression.
The Liu Miqing that the "thinking
dominated language".
[5] consider that "play a decisive role in the thinking of
language, many language phenomena must be to find the relationship
between thinking and language." [6] China spiral way of thinking is
reflected in the language that the Chinese people speaking or
writing in
like to beat around the bush outside the theme, "experienced a
minor to major, from the background to the task, the to reach
climax expression gradually from the relevant information to the
topic." [7] the Westerners linear way of thinking embodied in the
language is the West talking to people to write
articles like straight to the point, the key words in the
beginning, and then with the other minor. Writing involves all
aspects of the language, from the structure of language, the most
basic of factors including diction, syntax and discourse.
Spiral and
straight into the thinking differences will affect these aspects,
including modifiers and the center of words, sentences and
chapters.Modifiers center
wordEnglish
modifiers such as prepositional phrases, infinitive, word
attributive clause mused Chinese modifiers,
regardless of the length of sophistication, are placed in front of
modifiers. Embodies a
different way of thinking straight into the spiral.
For example:1.
The scientists everywhere in the world are looking for the
efficient methods to make the air clean and protect it from the
pollution by all kinds of industrial harmful waste
gases.Chinese scientists
worldwide, modifiers front, the central word in English is the
central word in front modifiers in the post. "Clean air,
against air by a variety of harmful industrial emissions pollution
the same modifiers former central word in English
opposite.2.
We appreciate your words about the relations between our two
countries.The Chinese talk
about our bilateral relations ", the modifiers front, the central
word in English modifiers in the former central word.
About our bilateral
relations, same modifiers former, the central word in English
opposite.3.
The hungry boy ate up everything he could have his hands on from
the refrigerator."He can from the
fridge to get something to eat" modifier former central word in
English is the central word in front modifiers
The problem arose of how to fairly distribute the world natural
resources.By contrast, the
sentence subject is too long, the predicate too short, constitute a
discontinuity modifier, but still somewhat abrupt, but modifiers
have rear. Chinese "how reasonable
distribution of the world's natural resources natural" is still
modifier former central word in the post.Second, the sentence (mainly referring
to slightly positive relationship with the columns and side-by-side
relationship with the column)Straight
English sentence, the verb structure is a full sentence "Gang", the
rest of the ingredients is the "head", and the general conclusion
first, after the narrative from near to far, recently occurred
prior appears, the focus falls on the beginning of the
sentence. Chinese sentences
are generally arranged in the order of logical relationship and
time, usually the first narrative, after a conclusion, from far and
near, the focus falls on the end of a sentence. This difference reflects the different ways
of thinking straight into the spiral. Chinese students in English
writing often influenced by the Chinese thinking, to write the
following sentence:1.
a) When I stayed in Guangzhou last month, you helped me. I am
grateful for that.2.
a) Tom's mother died when he was only two years old, so he did not
remember her.3.
a) After we left China in 1959, the natural calamities happened one
after another for three years in the country. While we read about
it at home, we had been dismayed.4.
a) It looked rain that evening, yet Dad came all the same. That
made us very joyful.If the English straight into ways of
thinking, more than a few words to be rewritten
b) I am very grateful for your help to me during my stay in
Guangzhou last month.2.
b) Tom did not remember his mother who died when he was only two
years old.3.
b) We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural
calamities that happened one after another for three years after we
left China in 1959.4.
b) It looked rain that evening, yet to our great joy, Dad came all
the same.If the conversion of this way of
thinking a little more complicated for Chinese students, need to be
drilled. For
example:1. I think if they first met, she was poor,
he may not love her. The women liked him
and help him to make him grateful Such gratitude can easily develop
into genuine love.I
do not suppose he would have loved her if she had been poor when he
first knew her, but the gratitude which he felt for the help which
he owed to her kindly interest in him able to control developed
into a sincere affection (condition relations and multi-
layer causality
conversion)2. She went to Shenzhen to attend a
meeting, after the meeting, she went to Hong Kong to go shopping,
came back yesterday.She
came back yesterday from Hong Kong where she had gone shopping
after the meeting in Shenzhen. (In chronological order of
conversion)Third, the
chapterHere chapter,
including paragraph and full text. Total, the English
chapter generally linear form, especially expository and
argumentative, more general - specific style. English
chapter is a writer-responsible pattern, that of the chapters have
the responsibility and obligation to explain to readers the subject
or purpose.
English textual saving and efficient readers straight to the point,
a beginning direct indication that light out of view, attitudes,
views of the topic sentence of the paragraph (topic sentence) or
the full text of the central idea (withthesis statement); or
Introduction open the door, that
"First of all with a familiar facts, opinions, stories Introduction
at the beginning, and then directly to see the author Full view
thinking." [8] Later in accordance
with certain logical relations, that structure adhesions or
language convergence means layers of advancing. Paragraph
or article of this type the central idea of ​​the front, the rest
of the theme of service, obviously has the interpretation of the
characteristics of the type (deductive approach).
Chinese discourse generally spiral form, is a reader-responsible
pattern, the text in the subject or target audience carefully
pondering carefully appreciate. Foreshadowing
role (Chinese paragraph generally do not speak to the topic
sentence) from the beginning of the article, and turn around the
theme, just seen until the end of the central idea, and sometimes
the central idea of ​​including but not exposed, let the reader
understand. As Mr. Cai
Jigang said: "just as the commencement of a bamboo shoot, articles
like peels back layers until the central idea of ​​the last to see
the shoots heart - article. [8] This
type of article along specific - general mode start obviously has
summarized the characteristics of the type (inductive
approach). English writing, students
are often influenced by the Chinese thinking and write English is
the English form of + Chinese thinking. Prove it in of Wang
Xi ink on Chinese students' English writing survey: Discourse
Patterns of Chinese students is most lacking is linear.
ParagraphBut
first, to explain, "Paragraph two: theme of paragraphs and function
paragraph. Former expression of a single and complete thought of
through which to convey information to the reader. Latter wording
development services." [10 Specifically, the latter generally
include the initial segment, turning segment, the end
section. Discussed here is the
theme paragraph, for example:Great
leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who cut through
argument, debate and doubt to offer a solution everybody can
understand and remember. Churchill warned the British to expect
"blood, toil, tears and swear"; FDR told Americans that "the only
we have to fear is fear itself "; Lenin promised the war-weary
Russians peace, land and bread. Straightforward but potent
message.Obviously,
the opening phrase of the author's point of view, is the topic
sentence of the paragraph, the middle of the sentence exemplifies
this view, the last sentence of the summary of the whole paragraph,
obviously general - specific style.But
by the impact of the Chinese way of thinking of the spiral, the
Chinese students tend to adopt the way of thinking of the inductive
write English paragraphs, so that English readers feel
uncomfortable, too much nonsense, the center does not highlight,
not smooth ARTS. The following
example visible differences in English and Chinese
Discourse:(1)
Because most of our production is done In China now, and it's not
really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997, and since I
think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement
is necessary because of the expense. So
, I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco
makes its decision.(2)
I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes
its decision. That's because I think a certain amount of caution in
committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense.
In addition to that, most of our production is done
In China now, and it's not really certain how Hong Kong will be
like after 1997.As can be seen by comparing
the paragraphs (1) and (2) the same content, but the language
organization in different ways. Paragraph (2) theme exclusion
significantly, paragraph meaning clear, to meet Westerners straight
thinking. Chinese Contrastive take a
look at the following paragraph, [11] more aware of this thinking
of the English-Chinese differences in
language:Mrs.
Clinton receives about 5,000 letters a week, according to Lawrence
senior Jenny Dunlavy, who spent the fall term in DC as part of
American University's Washington Semester Program. Working in the
Office of First Lady's Scheduling Correspondence, Dunlavy and
others sorted through as many
as 100 invitations a day requesting Mrs. Clinton to attend
everything from birthday parties to baby
showers.Due
to participate in the National University of Washington in autumn
Attachment Programme Lawrence University fourth grade students Deng
Ravi entire semester in Washington, DC, for the Office of the First
Lady routine letters a day, she and her colleagues have to deal
with more than 100 letters invitations are invited Clinton
Mrs. participate from birthday
parties to infant baptism and other activities. She said, Mrs. Clinton received about a
week to a total of 5000 letters.English
paragraph topic sentences were for the front, the back part of the
supplement, and asked to comply with Chinese readers inductive
habits of mind, had made the appropriate
adjustments.2. Whole chapterWriting genre,
English narratives generally use the problem-solving mode, and text
and argumentative general - specific type mode. But even if the narrative text,
English composition tend general - specific
mode.For example, the
third volume of the "New Concept English Lesson 31 A lovable
eccentric so that the full text of the
organization.True
eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to
themselves. They disregard social conventions without being
conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary. This
invariably wins them the love and respect of others, for they add
color to the dull routine of everyday
to the time of his death, Richard Colson was one of the most
notable figures in our town. He was known to us all as
Dickie.Dickie
dislikes snobs intensely. Though he owned a large car, he hardly
ever used it, preferring always to go on foot. Even when it was
raining heavily, he refused to carry an umbrella. One day,. On
another occasion.This is
the typical composition of the English
interpretation.The author of the initial
segment to air our views and opinions of eccentrics and analyze its
causes and results.
The hero of the second paragraph of the text provides a brief
introd the third paragraph of the first
sentence of the paragraph the topic sentence (topic sentence), the
second, three topic sentence explanations and also more conducive
to convergence with the following
specific e Then, the author cited two specific
examples elaborated theme. The article structure was inverted
pyramid, which reads simply agile, dragging its feet.
In fact, this
is a narrative text, expository or argumentative, the
organizational structure of the article is more an interpretation
of the type.Chinese
students' English writing, by the Chinese the summarized-type
(inductive approach) impact, themes, round and round, the delay
would not join the title. Professor Cai Jigang [7] For a very pertinent
How I Overcame My article Difficulties in Learning English, a
candidate so at the beginning:With
the open-door policy, more and more foreigners come to China. They
come to China for the purpose of business. For example, they
establish joint ventures. Others come to China for traveling.
Obviously learning English becomes more and more important,
because we need to use
English to communicate with them.The beginning not only central idea is not
involved, even the theme also did not show up. Professor Cai Jigang is
amended:With
the adoption of the open-door policy, English has become
increasingly important in our life. Although many people are eager
to master it, it is not easy for the Chinese. However, I find some
effective ways to overcome the difficulties I have in
learning the foreign
language.Modified
centers are prominent semantic coherence statements linear
development, filed out: First a quote on the topic, the last
sentence of the central idea is very natural
export.From
the above analysis, linear thinking and Westerners spiral thinking
of the Chinese people there are obvious differences, reflected in
the language, almost penetrated into the various units of the
language, including vocabulary, sentences, paragraphs and whole
chapter. Of course, I have no
intention to say that mode of thinking is good or bad, is good or
bad, as we can not assert that cultural patterns like.
However, as the
Chinese people to learn English, learn authentic language we want
to achieve the highest state. Natural language here should include
the discourse or text.
Therefore, teachers in the teaching of English writing intended to
emphasize English and Chinese Thinking contrast and
characterization in the language as a way of thinking long-term
accumulation of a culture, it has entered the national
subconscious, ingrained, if only to teach the language itself,
students do not know why, to
use language, Chinese thinking naturally emergent write Chinglish
In addition, students recite and imitate the classic English
articles, such as the article on the third volume of the "New
Concept English", I believe that are the essence of language, not
only beautiful diction, each lesson is a model essay
authentic, multi-read this
article, have inspired some of the students.
In view of this, the platitudes and puzzling "learn to think in
English, it would be better to put it another way - to learn
English and Chinese Thinking conversion, that allow students to
understand the differences in English and Chinese thinking, usually
reading to truly comprehend the passage of time,
will write idiomatic English, at least not to write so much
Chinglish (here refers more to the sentence and
discourse).References1
Kaplan R B. Cultural Thought Patterns in Intercultural Education
[J]. Language Learning, 1996 (2): 112 ~
E mode of thinking and writing strategies Exploration [J] Journal
of Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, 2008 (1): 154 to
156He Shanfen. Comparative
study of English and Chinese [M] Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign
Language Education Press, 4 percent in
Britain and the modernization of the Chinese culture and the world
of [M]. Beijing: Chinese Peace Press,
114<span TITLE="5 李瑞华.英汉语言文化对比研究［ C］.上海：上海外语教育出版社， Jui-hua comparative
study of English and Chinese language and culture [C]. Shanghai:
Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,
1996:34With the 6 Yang Zijian,
Liu Xueyun. New Translation Theories [C]. Wuhan: Hubei Education
Press, 7 Fujing Min, Lv
Hongyan Contemporary Translation [M] Shanghai: Shanghai University
to 378 Cai base just
comparative study of English and Chinese writing [M] Shanghai:
Fudan University Press, Wang
Xi ink, Li Jin Chinese students' English Discourse Patterns Survey
[J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1993 (4): 63 ~ 6610
Zhang Aiqing College English Writing Talk (b) - from paragraph to
essay [J] College English,
1999 (3): 43 to 4411
Revisited Yuan Xiaoning. The Text Translation reconstructed
phenomenon to explore [J]. Southeast University (Philosophy and
Social Sciences), 2008 (3): 102 to 106
/view/457d0eccbf859d.html
Cultural thought patterns in
inter-cultural education.
Landmark Essays on ESL
Writing. T. Silva and P. K. Matsuda. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates: ...
ksuweb.kennesaw.edu/~djohnson/6750/kaplan.pdf
Cultural Thought Patterns in
Inter-Cultural
Education by Robert B. Kaplan '. The
teaching of reading and composition to foreign students does diifer
from the ...
/doi/10.1111/j.66...x/abstract
CULTURAL THOUGHT PATTERNS IN
INTER-CULTURAL EDUCATION.
B. Kaplan. Article first published online: 27 OCT 2006 ...
/doi/10.1111/j.66.tb00804.x/pdf
CULTURAL THOUGHT PATTERNS IN.
INTER-CULTURAL
EDUCATION. Robert
B. Kaplan. University of Southern California. THE TEACHING OF
reading and ...
www1./elt/14/8.htm -
研究段落结构的美国南加州大学Kaplan首次在其Cultural
Thought Patterns in
Intercultural
Education一书中首先提出直线式的英语思维模式，即以主题句开头,
然后一 ...
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北外中国外语教育研究中心论坛www./forum/ 求Kaplan, R.B. 1966
Cultural Thought Patterns in
Inter-cultural Education 做论文
/.../cultural-thought-patterns-in-intercultural-education
St. Amant further notes that the growing dominance of
computer and online
writing in international professional communication has created an
expectation
/.../communication-and-cultural-thought-patterns/
2 Jun 2010 ... Getting Angry at
Work: Affective and Neutral Cultures → ... Cultural
patterns in intercultural education”
you should be able to find it.
/.../Cultural_Thought_Patterns_in_Intercultural_Education_by_Robert_B_Kaplan_powerpoint_ppt_presentation
Sarah Reef. Detonyah Reynolds. Ethos (1) '...diversity
affects not only the
languages, but also the culture...language in its ... & A free PowerPoint
1 Nov 2010 ... Cultural Thought Patterns in Inter-Cultural Education. Being an undergraduate
with Japanese and Asian Studies minors of course entitles me to
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